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Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), also referred to as King salmon, is a premium aquaculture species farmed in New Zealand and to a small extent in western Canada. Despite the high research investment in the 50s and 60s, literature on nutrition on chinook salmon from recent years is sparse, particularly when compared to other salmonid aquaculture species, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To improve fish productivity, it is essential to provide specific and efficient diets based on satisfying chinook salmon requirements for nutrients and energy and adapting these to life-stage, season, and production variables. Diet specifications for chinook salmon have to date largely been based on knowledge derived from other salmonid species and may not be optimised for chinook salmon. Thus, there is a lack of knowledge in some fundamental areas. This review explores the production status and literature related to the macro and micronutrient requirements, and general nutrition of chinook salmon. In doing so it compares these requirements to other farmed salmonids to understand some of the differences between species and highlights the main gaps in the literature.

In ShortOur 2019 survey found misalignment between institutional-level innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) priorities and the current reward system for university faculty across 99 diverse U.S. i...

Despite rapid growth in criminological studies of police technology, examinations of police land mobile radios are absent in the literature. This is troubling given the central role mobile radios s...

Near repeat analysis has been increasingly used to measure the spatiotemporal clustering of crime in contemporary criminology. Despite its predictive capacity, the typically short time frame of nea...

Context: There is an unmet need to discover new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. This study determined the anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, DPPH free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of Carpolobia lutea G. Don (Polygalaceae). Objective: The objective of this study is to quantify C. lutea anti-AChE, DPPH free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activities and cell cytotoxicity. Materials and methods: Plant stem, leaves and roots were subjected to sequential solvent extractions, and screened for anti-AChE activity across a concentration range of 0.02–200 μg/mL. Plant DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined, and cytotoxicity evaluated using human hepatocytes. Results: Carpolobia lutea exhibited concentration-dependent anti-AChE activity. The most potent inhibitory activity for the stem was the crude ethanol extract and hexane stem fraction oil (IC50 = 140 μg/mL); for the leaves, the chloroform leaf fraction (IC50 = 60 μg/mL); and for roots, the methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous root fractions (IC50 = 0.3–3 μg/mL). Dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity and reducing power were observed with increasing stem, leaf or root concentration. Total phenolic contents were the highest in the stem: ∼632 mg gallic acid equivalents/g for a hexane stem fraction oil. Total flavonoid content was the highest in the leaves: ∼297 mg quercetin equivalents/g for a chloroform leaf fraction. At 1 μg/mL, only the crude ethanol extract oil was significantly cytotoxic to hepatocytes. Discussion and conclusions: Carpolobia lutea possesses anti-AChE activity and beneficial antioxidant capacity indicative of its potential development as a treatment of Alzheimer’s and other diseases characterized by a cholinergic deficit.

Information sharing research has largely focused on capturing operational practices related to the exchange of information. A noticeable shortcoming of this developing literature is the lack of scholarly attention focused specifically on analytic personnel. The present study employs semi-structured interviews with 23 personnel that comprise the analytic unit within a regional fusion center located in a large metropolitan area in the United States. Findings indicate that there is significant ambiguity surrounding the organizational and geographic audiences to which intelligence products should be tailored. Moreover, it appears information sharing is sparse and reliant upon personal relationships between analysts and external organizations. Lastly, analysts do not receive feedback pertaining to the content and effectiveness of intelligence products created. These findings may be generalized to other analytical organizations whose primary goal is to gather, analyze and disseminate intelligence. Actio...

Since the Cold War the USA has articulated and implemented explicit strategies of democracy promotion. One interesting target of such efforts is Latin America, in part because of the region’s geographic proximity to the USA and of the mixed record of US support for democracy there. This paper examines the impact of the end of the Cold War and the 9/11 episode on the nature, purposes, targets and consequences of US democracy assistance to Latin America. Examining democracy aid allocations, social and political factors and other variables, it traces changes in aid strategies, purposes and recipients generated by these paradigm shifts, and assesses the impact of such assistance on the politics of the region. It concludes with implications of these findings for US democracy promotion policies.

Research examining police departments' use of technology is underdeveloped relative to other areas of policing. This gap in the literature is troubling as policing models are becoming more data-driven and thus, relying more heavily on information technologies. Arguably, the most commonly utilised technology in policing practice, and examined in policing research, has been mobile computers. However, there has been little insight into the technological advancement in data communications that directly influence the functionality of mobile computers. This research seeks to inform this shortcoming by examining a police department that implemented a dedicated wireless mobile broadband system. A mixed-methods approach is employed within a medium-sized department in the northeast region of the USA. Survey data were gathered from 76 uniformed police personnel. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key personnel to further contextualise survey results. Survey results suggest tentative support for i...

Fractured rocks, specifically sedimentary sequences, present a particular challenge for grouting, as major connected fractures that must be sealed will rarely be intersected by vertical groutholes. The aperture controlled grouting (ACG) method can be readily applied using discrete fracture network (DFN) analysis approaches to understand the pattern of fractures that need to be grouted. Aperture controlled grouting then utilises a combination of the principles of fracture grouting and grouting intensity number (GIN) grouting for practical and cost-effective grouting of tunnel, dam, shaft, or environmental restoration projects. This paper illustrates the application of DFN techniques for fracture assessment for grouting design and then compares the ACG approach to more conventional grouting approaches based on recent grouting experience.

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The lack of information sharing among law enforcement agencies leading up to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks has been well documented. An emphasis on interaction among law enforcement agencies with other government and private sector organizations has been reinforced in contemporary counter-terrorism efforts. Despite this emphasis, very little is known with respect to which law enforcement agencies are collaborating with which public works and private sector organizations to fulfill this critical mission gap. The present research utilizes two federally funded national surveys to explore the collaborative relationships between law enforcement, other government organizations, and private sector organizations. Findings suggest collaboration across sectors exists; however, it appears significant room for improvement remains.

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has articulated and implemented explicit strategies of democracy promotion by providing assistance to governments, political parties, and other non-governmental groups and organizations all over the world. One particularly challenging region has been the Middle East and North Africa, where democratic development and democracy aid opportunities have been limited and constrained by a variety of factors related to social, economic, and political characteristics of the region and policy priorities of the United States. This article examines the impact of two major paradigm shifts – the end of the Cold War (1989) and the 9/11 episode (2001) – on the nature, purposes, and consequences of US democracy assistance to the Middle East. Examining democracy aid allocations, social, democratic and political factors in the region, and other variables, the analysis traces the shifts in aid strategies, purposes, and recipients generated by these paradigm shifts and assesses...

The intent of this study is to explore organisational factors that, both conceptually and operationally, facilitate or inhibit a police agency from adopting intelligence-led policing (ILP). Research to date is yet to explore organisational factors related to ILP among American law enforcement agencies. Drawing from original survey data of national law enforcement agencies as part of a 2009 US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice-funded project, the present study incorporates force field analysis to explore factors of ILP adoption in the USA. Findings suggest state and local agencies' familiarity with the intelligence-led concept and utilisation of open source and received information appear to be driving adoption. Conversely, formal policies, lack of sufficient personnel, training and a lack of intelligence-led decision-making appear to be inhibiting change towards the ILP paradigm. It appears agency size has minimal influence on an agency's shift towards ILP. Access to necessary resources...

Today's law enforcement officers—both conservation and police—find themselves adapting to an emerging and dynamic threat environment. Policies and practices aimed at the prevention of threats have focused primarily on federal, state, and local police agencies. At a time when terrorists, extremists, and activists have begun to widen their array of attack methods, collaboration across all sectors of law enforcement becomes essential. More specifically, an increased vulnerability to biological threats has not been met by steps to prevent or mitigate these threats. Conservation officers have a unique and integral role to enhance homeland security efforts given their day-to-day operations and interactions with the community, especially rural America. This article will discuss the role of conservation officers as it relates to homeland security—a significant conceptual component to research and practice that has largely been ignored by both academics and professionals. The integration of conservation officers i...

A method of marking wildlife for mark–recapture studies should be long lasting, dependable and discreet. The use of radio frequency identification in studies of hard-shelled gastropods is a promising technique for recognition of individuals. Passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) can be attached to snails with easy-to-use adhesives (glues). However, anecdotal evidence suggests that the use of adhesives may attract predatory rats to tagged snails. In this study, we presented ship rats with empty Powelliphanta traversi tararuaensis land snails with PIT tags attached using three different adhesives. We measured the number and duration of any behavioural interactions associated with foraging directed towards different adhesives. We found that rats interacted more with shells that had Loctite® adhesive, and recommend that this glue should be used with caution in a field setting, as it may predispose marked snails to depredation by rats. Selleys Liquid Nails® appears to be the best adhesive choice ...

A series of tragic events over the last three years has further strengthened the emerging preventative and proactive philosophies adopted by US law enforcement post-September 11, 2001. Law enforcement and the American public now have a heightened awareness of homegrown terrorism. While these terrorist actors operate independent of traditional terrorist networks and groups, they are often influenced by such groups through a process where they enter as a non-violent individual and exit as a violent ‘true believer’. Efforts by law enforcement to mitigate or prevent such threats rely on the implementation of intelligence-led policing practices. Central to these practices is the input of raw information into the intelligence cycle. This paper will discuss the importance and application of suspicious activity reporting as it impacts law enforcement intelligence practices to prevent threats from self-radicalized terrorism.

Alternative splicing of the last exon (exon 8) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pre-mRNA is a key element in the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic VEGF isoforms in exudative age-related macular degeneration (exAMD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Three splicing factors, SRp40, ASF/SF2, and SRp55 are predicted to control alternative splicing by binding to exonic splice enhancers (ESE) in VEGF exon 8. This pilot study examines whether there is an association between angiogenic eye disease and splicing factor polymorphisms, and whether there are sequence variations in the alternative splice sites of the VEGF gene.A case:control pilot study comparing 163 individuals with angiogenic eye disease (94 exAMD and 69 PDR patients) with 95 age-matched controls. Splicing factor polymorphisms were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing, and the VEGF alternatively spliced region was assessed by denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (dHPLC) using a transgenomic WAVE heteroduplex analyzer.No variations were observed in the alternatively spliced region of VEGF exon 8. ASF/SF2 polymorphisms showed no association with exAMD or PDR. For PDR, we observed a trend in SRp40 (rs6573908) where the 5136CC genotype was more frequent in controls (p = 0.0517) and a significant association of the SRp55 (rs2235611), where the 2994C allele was more common in the PDR group (p = 0.03). This remained strong, but not significant, after logistic regression for age, sex, disease type, and duration (p = 0.06).The lack of variation in the VEGF alternatively spliced region suggests the importance of sequence conservation in this area in maintaining the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic VEGF isoforms. The link between PDR and the SRp55 2994 polymorphism suggests a disease-specific association between factors controlling VEGF splicing and ocular angiogenesis.

Particle accelerators have many important uses in scientific experiments, in industry and in medicine. This paper reviews the variety of technologies which are used to accelerate charged particles to high energies. It aims to show how the capabilities and limitations of these technologies are related to underlying physical principles. The paper emphasises the way in which different technologies are used together to convey energy from the electrical supply to the accelerated particles.

Since World War II, a small group of assertive MCs have chosen to lead on foreign policy issues about which they care, without waiting on the administration to take action. Significant foreign policy innovation has been the result. From the coldest days of the Cold War to the changed circumstances after 9/11, important congressional initiatives attributable to a few key individuals can be found. Drawing on an original quantitative dataset of post-World War II congressional foreign policy activity, interviews with members and their staffs, and primary and secondary research, this paper: (a) discusses the characteristics and impact of these policymakers; (b) develops categories of entrepreneurs, drawn from issues to which entrepreneurs have devoted their attention; and (c) derives strategies of entrepreneurship drawn from the activities and avenues utilized by the entrepreneurs.

If inhaled, welding fumes can be harmful to health, thus exposure must be controlled. A commonly used method of control is local exhaust ventilation (LEV) in the form of moveable capturing hoods but, to achieve efficient capture, this type of ventilation must be positioned close to the fume source and moved as welding progresses, although in practice re-location may not always occur. Alternatively, control may be exercised using a low volume high velocity system (LVHV), fitted either to an existing welding torch or manufactured as an integral part of a torch. This type of system is commonly referred to as ‘on-gun’ extraction. Its primary benefit is that the extraction is always positioned close to the fume source and that it extracts less air than traditional moveable capture hoods. However, welders complain that the high velocity of the extracted air can remove the shielding gas and, hence, compromise weld metal integrity.Following tests to evaluate the effect of extract nozzle position, the capt...

For those who must import oil to maintain their economies and quality of life, any disruption in the delivery of imported oil is a highly threatening prospect. How would U.S. policymakers react to such a threat in the contemporary era? We examine the potential policymaking roles and impacts of bureaucratic actors operating at the intersection of energy and security issues. To do so, we explore a comparative approach using an original simulation that envisions an energy supply “crisis” in the United States due to events in a hypothetical state somewhat inspired by Hugo Chavez's Venezuela. The simulation is run at three very different universities in three different courses, yet the results are surprisingly similar. Despite the obvious security implications of an oil shortage during a time of war, we find more engaged roles for those representing nonmilitary bureaucracies, a greater reliance on diplomatic and economic tools to respond to the crisis, less reliance on military policy instruments than might ha...

As junction depths in advanced semiconductor devices move to below 20 nm, the process of disorder evolution during ion implantation at ultra low energies becomes increasingly influenced by the surface. This may also hold for shallow regrowth and dopant redistribution processes during subsequent thermal annealing of the substrate. The investigation of these near-surface processes requires analytical techniques with a depth resolution of≤1 nm. Medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) has the unique capability of simultaneously providing quantitative, high-resolution depth distributions of implant disorder (displaced Si lattice atoms) and of implanted atoms, albeit not of light species. We report here a comparative MEIS investigation into the growth mode of shallow disordered/amorphised layers during≤1 keV B+ and 2.5 keV As+ ion implantation into Si. In both cases the growth of the damage depth profiles differs significantly from the energy deposition function, as it is strongly determined on the one hand by the ...

A significant axis this paper addresses is the interrelationship of the nation and its cinema, particularly during the early years of national independence during which time the cinema may be used as a tool to cement national identity and unity – as is the case in Morocco's post-independence cinema history from 1956 to 1970. The paper investigates the link between national films and national identity during this important post-independence, nation-cementing era for Morocco. It provides the initial orientation to the cinema developments in Morocco inherited from French colonisation and emphasises that cinema production practices and institutions did not change drastically with Morocco's move to independence in 1956. The author focuses upon films made in Morocco by Moroccans subsequent to independence, overviews the original laws and regulations maintained by the CCM, and investigates early expectations of those first Moroccan filmmakers, and how the filmmakers worked with various institutions. Additionally...

A partial but largely articulated skeleton of a ‘rauisuchian’ archosaur from Late Upper Triassic strata of the Durham sub-basin, Deep River basin, Newark Supergroup, North Carolina, represents a new species of Postosuchus Chatterjee, 1985. It represents the first record of this taxon from eastern North America. The well preserved specimen includes cranial bones, a largely articulated right manus, right and left pedes, pubes, axis, several postaxial cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, chevron bones, osteoderms, interclavicle, clavicles, cervical ribs, a sacral rib, and a complete set of gastralia. The skeletal elements are described and compared to those of other ‘rauisuchians’. An apparant autapomorphy of Postosuchus alisonae includes a well developed flange on the proximal portion of metacarpal II fitting into strongly proximally grooved metacarpal I. The new specimen includes many bones previously unknown for Postosuchus and it allows a more complete differentiation of Postosuchus from othe...

The English Catholic historian Christopher Dawson (1889–1970) and the former president of Iran, Ayatollah Mohammed Khatami (b. 1943) have made passionate appeals for an international programme of order and dialogue that transcends nationalism, power politics, and strictly materialist ends. Although Dawson's musings were written over half a century before Khatami's speech to the United Nations in 2000, his tone and choice of themes are remarkably similar to those in Khatami's paper: Western culture; metahistorical dialogue; art as dialogue; cultural intrusion and homogenization; religious mysticism; and the resurgence of religion in global politics. A comparison of the vision of these two men is a timely and important contribution to interreligious dialogue. Further, Dawson's thoughts on global history, Europe, and international relations provide excellent insight into the changes in the Western mind which occurred during the twentieth century, Pope Benedict XVI's views on Europe and Muslim–Christian dialo...

Background Consumption of tart cherry juice has been reported to effectively reduce inflammation, muscle damage, and muscle soreness following bouts of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if consumption of a powdered form of tart cherries derived from tart cherry skins prior to and following intense endurance exercise promotes similar positive results as seen with tart cherry juice consumption.

Background A number of nutritional strategies have been developed to optimize nutrient delivery prior to exercise. As a result, a number of pre-workout supplements have been developed to increase energy availability, promote vasodilation, and/ or positively affect exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of ingesting a preworkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine on energy metabolism and cardiovascular hemodynamics. Methods

Background Consumption of tart cherry juice has been reported to effectively reduce inflammation, muscle damage, and muscle soreness following bouts of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if consumption of a powdered form of tart cherries derived from tart cherry skins prior to and following intense resistance exercise promotes similar positive results as seen with tart cherry juice consumption.

Background A number of nutritional strategies have been developed to optimize nutrient delivery prior to exercise. As a result, a number of pre-workout supplements have been developed to increase energy availability, promote vasodilation, and/ or positively affect exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of ingesting a preworkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine on cognitive function, perceptions of readiness to perform, and exercise performance.

A new taxon of sphenosuchian crocodylomorph, Dromicosuchus grallator, is described on the basis of a well-preserved, largely articulated partial skeleton from Late Triassic strata in the Durham sub-basin of the Deep River basin (Newark Supergroup) of Durham County, North Carolina. The holotype was preserved directly beneath the skeleton of a rauisuchian archosaur; this association, along with apparent bite marks to the head and neck of the crocodylomorph, suggests that the two animals died and were buried together during the act of predation. Dromicosuchus grallator is most closely related to Hesperosuchus agilis from the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation (late Carnian or early Norian) of Arizona and New Mexico and Saltoposuchus connectens from the Middle Stubensandstein (Lowenstein Formation; middle Norian) of Wurttemberg, Germany. The monophyly of Sphenosuchia is only weakly supported at present.

A controversy has developed in recent years pitting those who see a resurgent Congress in U.S. foreign policy against those who argue that Congress remains largely acquiescent and uninvolved. This article addresses the disagreement, using a database of congressional foreign policy activity from 1946 to 1997 to weigh the competing claims. Our results show that congressional foreign policy activity has declined over the post-World War II era while congressional foreign policy assertiveness, relative to the administration's requests, has increased during this same period. Congress is thus less active but more assertive. Based on these results, we offer a two-dimensional model of congressional foreign policy behavior that better reflects the variety of congressional roles in U.S. foreign policy.

Earlier research has demonstrated that the conditions of dilution of engine exhaust gases profoundly influence the size distribution and total number of particles emitted. Since real world dilution conditions are variable and therefore difficult to simulate, this research has sought to develop and validate a method for measuring particle number emissions from vehicles driving past on a road. This has been achieved successfully using carbon dioxide as a tracer of exhaust gas dilution. By subsequent adjustment of data to a constant dilution factor, it is possible to compare emissions from different vehicles using different technologies and fuels based upon real world emission data. Whilst further optimisation of the technique, especially in terms of matching the instrument response times is desirable, the measurements offer useful insights into emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles, and the substantial proportion of particles emitted in the 3-7 nanometre size range.

Studies on the quantitative lysine requirements of fish are numerous and have employed a range of methods. In this review, dose-response dietary lysine requirements are shown to have considerable intraspecies variation that cannot be explained by the particular laboratory variables between experiments (dietary formulation, fish growth rate, statistical model, and response criteria). Alternatively, it is demonstrated that marginal lysine intake in dose-response experiments is utilized for liveweight gain (LG) with an equivalent efficiency (54.1 mg LG.mg−1 lysine intake). Equivalent lysine utilization for LG means the lysine requirements of fish are not dissimilar when expressed relative to LG — and estimated to be 18.5 g lysine.kg−1 LG. Expressed relative to LG, lysine requirements of rainbow trout range between 15.7 and 21.1 g lysine.kg−1 LG, which represents an order of difference of only 34%. Due to a constant lysine requirement for LG, dietary lysine concentration is determined by feed efficiency ratio...

It is shown that the Avrami-Johnson-Mehl (AJM) model of phase transformations described by Shewmon (1969, Transformations in Metals (New York: McGraw Hill)) requires slight modification to include the finite initial volume in a transformation event. It is then demonstrated that AJM approaches cannot satisfactorily explain experimental measurements of ion-irradiation-induced amorphization processes in semiconductors, and a model, based upon the thermal and radiation-induced annealing of the instantaneous amorphous fraction, is developed. Although more complex, the results are shown to compare qualitatively with the limited experimental data available on ion flux density and temperature dependences of amorphization rates and to predict the trends correctly. Irradiation-induced crystallization is amenable to a modified AJM approach but inclusion of a time-varying finite amorphized volume is necessary.

This evaluation research study adopted a whole‐school approach, within a case‐study framework, to developing the health‐related affective learning of adolescent peer‐group leaders. The attendant strategies were effected in anticipation of a multiplier effect of peer‐leader influence affecting lifestyle choices across the school population. Health educators used the dynamics of the adolescent peer group, and peer‐supported learning, as the primary strategies to facilitate the transfer of authentic health/sexuality knowledge and attendant social skills across the school community. The high school selected as the case‐study school attracted supplementary funding under the Australian Government's Priority Schools Programme addressing educational and social disadvantage. A cohort of adolescent peer leaders, together with members of their peer group(s), was identified within the population of a single outer metropolitan high school. Adolescent peer leaders participated in an extracurricular programme i...

A new traversodont cynodont, Plinthogomphodon herpetairus, is described on the basis of a partial snout from Late Triassic strata of the Newark Supergroup exposed in the Deep River basin (Durham sub-basin) of North Carolina. In the structure of its upper postcanine teeth, Plinthogomphodon most closely resembles Boreogomphodon from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Virginia and Luangwa from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Zambia. It differs from these taxa only in some features of these teeth.

The foreign trade literature typically sees Congress abdicating its policymaking role to the executive. In addition to a presidential model of policymaking, three other models are identified (the joint participation, congressional, and bureaucratic models) and Congress's significant post-cold war foreign trade policymaking across these models is examined. Policy outputs are also categorized, as instances of congressional victories, presidential victories, partial victories for each side, and instances of policy agreement. The findings indicate that Congress plays an active policymaking role in 78 percent of the cases and gets part or all of its policy desires enacted in 84 percent of the cases. Thus the congressional role in post-cold war foreign trade policy-making seems substantially more significant than much of the literature suggests. Further, Congress in this period seems particularly responsive to bipartisan and interest group pressures, but the presence of presidential lobbying shows some variance...

The foreign policy literature typically sees Congress abdicating its policy making role to the executive, implying a presidential dominance model is superior to other policy process models (joint participation, congressional dominance, and bureaucratic dominance). This article uses two theoretical approaches to investigate who actually makes U.S. trade policy: a political economy approach and an institutional approach. We look at the 1985 96 period and at individual presidencies: Reagan (1985-88), Bush (1989-92), and Clinton (1993-96). Contrary to the literature, we find strong evidence that Congress is an active participant in the trade policy making process. Using a variety of empirical techniques (crosstabs, the Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage, pairwise correlations, and stepwise logistic regressions), we confirm that the trade policy process for product-industry-specific policies tends to be dominated by Congress whereas the executive branch is more influential in the policy process for countr...

This book provides an excellent and authoritative introduction to the properties of superconducting materials and their applications. Although, the main focus is on particle accelerators the covera...

Public awareness of particle accelerators has increased since the opening of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in 2008 and the subsequent discovery of the Higgs boson. For this reason, the pu...

A new model is developed to describe the accumulation of amorphousness with increasing ion fluence in heavy ion implanted semiconductors. This is based upon simultaneous direct impact amorphisation and thermal relaxation to simpler disorder which can then be reamorphised. Although a defining equation for the amorphousfraction can be formulated and solved to a tri-exponential decay form neither the coefficients nor fluence exponents of this function can be determined exactly analytically but steady state conditions can be predicted analytically. Approximations show that the form of the amorphous fraction-fluence function and steady state amorphous fractions agree, qualitatively with respect to variations of ion flux and temperature, with experimental results.

Helix slow-wave structures have been proposed as the applicators for industrial microwave heating. The microwave characteristics of these applicators are calculated using an equivalent circuit model. Design formulae, based on the equivalent circuit model, are derived when the material to be heated is travelling along the helix axis. The formulae are simple and easy to use, and provide insight into the interactions between the helix dimensions and its microwave/heating characteristics. The design formulae can be used to determine the most suitable helix dimensions for heating a particular dielectric material. A design example is discussed for heating wool fiber at 2.45GHz.

A defining equation to describe the moments of the surface concentration-eroded depth profile of a marker species during sputter erosion, in the framework of ion bombardment enhanced diffusivity and which includes the process of ion penetration and trapping, is developed. Simplified trapping profiles illustrate the effect of this process in modifying profile moments. Estimates of large erosion depth quasi-exponential decay lengths are also made and, again, the role of ion trapping is elucidated. It is concluded that experimental measurements of these profile parameters (particularly the profile moments for which analysis is rigorous and exact) should be preferably compared with the results developed in this work rather than with previous treatments. The exceptions to this proposal are either when the sputtering yield is much larger than the total ion trapping probability, so that substrate dilation or compression can be ignored, or when it can be definitely assumed that the characteristic length ...

A new approach to modelling the multilayer growth of metal layers by ion beam induced dissociation of adsorbed organo-metal precursors is developed. This involves generation and solution of a hierarchy of mutation equations to describe adsorption and desorption, metal deposition and sputtering. It is shown that such an approach cannot account for contaminant incorporation into the growing film and so the model is improved to allow for this process. Steady state solutions for metal. contaminant ratios are obtained. It is further shown that, even with simple model assumptions, prediction of time dependent growth parameters is difficult.

Gitte S Jensen,1 Victoria L Attridge,1 Steve G Carter,1 Jesse Guthrie,2 Axel Ehmann,2 Kathleen F Benson1 1NIS Labs, 2Cerule LLC, Klamath Falls, OR, USA Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of consumption of an aqueous cyanophyta extract (ACE) from Arthrospira platensis on chronic pain in humans, in two clinical pilot studies. Design and interventions: The two pilot studies each involved 12 subjects experiencing chronic pain. The initial study followed an open-label 4-week study design involving consumption of 1 g ACE per day. A subsequent placebo-controlled, single-blind, crossover study involved consumption of 500 mg ACE, 250 mg ACE, or 0 mg ACE (placebo) per day for 1-week duration, separated by 1-week washout period. Subjects: Adult subjects of both sexes, with chronic joint-related pain for at least 6 months prior to enrollment, were recruited after obtaining written informed consent. Outcome measures: Visual analog scales were used to score pain at rest and during physical activity for each person's primary and secondary areas of chronic pain. An activities of daily living questionnaire was used to collect data on physical functioning. Results: The data showed rapid reduction of chronic pain in people consuming ACE, where the reduction in pain scores for each person's primary pain area reached a high level of statistical significance after 2 weeks of consumption (P

Thermal atom deposited thin films are usually under dense, voided and in a state of tensile stress. Simultaneous ion bombardment during film growth can increase density, modify tensile stress and even generate compressive stress. The present analysis evaluates a number of collisionally motivated densification processes and predicts the dependence of tensile stress evolution, in each case, upon the parameters of ion flux density and ion energy and atomic deposition rate. A further set of models for the development of compressive stress, associated with dislocation loop and dislocation formation either by direct interstitial loop punching from collision cascades or by agglomeration and capture of freely migrating interstitials, are also considered. More complex dependences upon processing parameters and possible dependence upon film thickness are deduced.