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Ion-exchange reactions are one of the most common separation methods used in chemical processes. Ion-exchange models often predict the composition of one phase from the measured concentrations in another phase. Fitting models to these systems can be complicated because of the potentially large number of ions involved and because models must be fit iteratively. An objective function is required for iterative model fitting. Previous work has determined that Aitchison's Distance is the best measure of the difference between multicomponent compositions. Therefore, the present study argues that the minimum Aitchison's Distance between measured and predicted compositions is the most appropriate objective function. An example application of this fitting method is presented, where a log-ratio model is fit to ion-exchange data for the Na+-Ca2+-K+-Mg2+-illite system. The log-ratio model is found to fit this system well overall. These results demonstrate that excellent model coefficients can be obtained by minimizin...

A simple method involving measurement of electrical conductivity of grapevine cane tissue was evaluated. ‘Sovereign Coronation’ vines on two sites were subjected to five irrigation treatments based upon reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and various crop coefficients (Kc): non-irrigated control; 100% ET0 × Kc = 0.75; 150% ET0 × Kc = 0.75 (ET0 × 1.12); 100% ET0 × Kc = 0.2 to 0.8; 150% ET0 × Kc = 0.2 to 0.8. ‘Chardonnay’ vines were likewise subjected to several irrigation treatments: non-irrigated control, early season deficit (irrigation until berry set), midseason deficit (irrigation until lag phase of berry growth), late season deficit (irrigation until veraison), and full season irrigation (irrigation until harvest). Cane samples were collected from December to March inclusive, and cane segments were subjected to multiple temperature treatments (−24, −26, −28, −30, −32°C) in addition to a non-treated control. Treated cane segments were thinly sliced and incubated in distilled water (t1) at room temperat...

Routine vaccination against smallpox (variola) ceased in the US in 1976. However, in 2002 limited coverage for military personnel and some healthcare workers was reinstituted. In March 2008, ACAM2000® replaced Dryvax® as the vaccine used in the United States against smallpox. Unintentional transfer of vaccinia virus from a vaccination site by autoinoculation or contact transmission, can have significant public health implications. We summarize unintentional virus transfer AEs associated with ACAM2000® since March 2008 and compare with Dryvax®.We identified 309 reports for ACAM2000® with skin or ocular involvement, of which 93 were autoinoculation cases and 20 were contact transmission cases. The rate for reported cases of autoinoculation was 20.6 per 100,000 vaccinations and for contact transmission was 4.4 per 100,000 vaccinations. Eighteen contact transmission cases could be attributed to contact during a sporting activity (45%) or intimate contact (45%). Of the 113 unintentional transfer cases, 6 met the case definition for ocular vaccinia. The most common locations for all autoinoculation and contact cases were arm/elbow/shoulder (35/113; 31%) and face (24/113; 21%). Methods We reviewed 753 reports associated with smallpox in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and CDC Poxvirus consultation log, reported from March 2008 to August 2010. Reports were classified into categories based upon standard case definitions.Overall, unintentional transfer events for ACAM2000® and Dryvax® are similar. We recommend continued efforts to prevent transfer events and continuing education for healthcare providers focused on recognition of vaccinia lesions, proper sample collection, and laboratory testing to confirm diagnosis.

‘Syrah’ vines in the Dunnigan Hills, California were trained to one of three canopy systems [Smart-Dyson (SD); southern sprawl (SS); full sprawl (FS)] over 3 years. The canopy system had little impact on yield components. The SS had the smallest berries in 2005, and in 2006, both SS and FS had the smallest berries. Soluble solids were highest in SS in 2005 and 2006 and lowest in FS in 2006. The SS had the highest berry titratable acidity (TA) in 2005 and 2006, FS had the highest TA in 2004 and the lowest in 2006, and SD had the lowest TA in 2004 and 2005. Color intensity was highest in SS in all 3 years and lowest in SD and FS in 2 of 3 vintages. In 2005, berry anthocyanins were highest in SS and lowest in FS. SD berries had the lowest phenols in all 3 years, with FS fruit having similar values in 2005 and 2006. SS berries had the highest phenols in 2005 and 2006. In 2005, SS wines had the highest blueberry and lavender aromas and lowest pepper and herbal aromas, along with the highest anise and lowest ch...

A single experiment is reported in which we provide a novel analysis of eye movements during visual search to disentangle the contributions of unattended guidance and focal target processing to visual search performance. This technique is used to examine the controversial claim that unattended affective faces can guide attention during search. Results indicated that facial expression influences how efficiently the target was fixated for the first time as a function of set size. However, affective faces did not influence how efficiently the target was identified as a function of set size after it was first fixated. These findings suggest that, in the present context, facial expression can influence search before the target is attended and that the present measures are able to distinguish between the guidance of attention by targets and the processing of targets within the focus of attention.

Inertial confinementfusion ignition experiments in the National Ignition Facility require a capsule containing deuterium-tritium fuel at cryogenic temperatures. To better understand how to produce and control the required uniform fuel ice layer, experimental layering targets are fabricated and assembled to be dimensionally similar to the ignition targets and vacuum leaktightat 18 K. Low production yield of these targets demanded a more quantitative understanding of the interfacial behavior of bonded joints and required the development of more deterministic assembly methods. Each sealing joint was individually analyzed, and target components, assembly processes, and tooling were modified as needed to make robust leaktight targets. The function, design, and assembly methods of experimental layering targets are described.

A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of three foliar applied organic fertilizers and their impact on yield, fruit composition, and plant nutrition in mature own-rooted ‘Baco noir’ grapevines in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. Three foliar fertilizer products (liquid fish fertilizer, seaweed extract, “Monty's Evergreen”) were applied biweekly as individual treatments as well as in the form of a complete (combination) application at dealer recommended rates from bloom to 2 weeks post-veraison. A control treatment consisted of 150 kg/ha ammonium nitrate (51 kg N/ha) added one week before bloom. Despite using less than 10% of the total N applied in the control, the complete foliar application equalled or surpassed the control in almost all yield, fruit composition, and vine nutrition variables. Despite severely reduced yield due to berry moth patterns experienced in the region in 2005, the complete foliar treatment increased yield by 15%, and this was considered sufficient to justify...

The solubility of solids in nuclear waste impacts many separation processes including evaporator set-points, pressure drops in ion-exchange columns, as well as the washing and leaching of sludge. Scheffe and Cox type empirical mixture models have long been used to model crystal stability in nuclear waste glass melters, and this methodology has now started being employed to model solubility in aqueous nuclear wastes. The large amount of theory and data available for aqueous systems allows for the opportunity to evaluate mixture models for solubility calculations. In the present paper, it is shown that Scheffe type mixture models should be employed when the pure component is the standard state of interest whereas the Cox type mixture models should be employed when infinite dilution is the standard state. An example application is used to demonstrate that mixture models can be used to predict solubility, even across a phase boundary, when combined with the standard thermodynamic equations for the so...

Four- and 14-year-old Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Meunier, Pinot noir, and 15-year-old Riesling vines located at Thirty Bench Vineyards in Beamsville, Ontario, were assessed in terms of vine age (2002 and 2003) and reflective mulch treatments (2003) with respect to berry, must, and wine composition as well as wine sensory attributes. In 2002, but not 2003, old vines had higher yields, clusters per vine, cluster weights, and berry weights than young vines. Berries from young vines tended to have higher Brix and lower titratable acidity (TA), pH, and total phenols than those from old vines in 2002; in 2003, age showed little impact on berry composition. Wines made from young vines in 2002 were higher in TA, and often lower in pH, color intensity, and anthocyanins than those from old vines, while in 2003, young vines produced wines with lower TA, and higher pH, intensity, and total phenols. Reflective mulch showed few effects on the berry, must, and wine composition of the red wine cul...

The present experiments investigated whether perception of a global face gestalt automatically interferes with processing of facial features. Upward- and downward-curved arcs were grouped into triplets to resemble faces with positive or negative expressions. The arcs were presented either in a uniform grey colour to facilitate global face perception or in mixed colours where individual arcs were coloured red to reduce global face perception. Experiments 1 and 2 induced a local processing orientation by requiring participants to count individual arc features. Negative face displays yielded slower and less accurate arc counting performance than positive face displays, but only when all arcs were the same colour. In Experiment 3, a global processing orientation was induced by requiring participants to count the number of arc triplets. This time, negative face displays yielded slower reaction times, regardless of feature colour. These results show that interference from emotional face gestalts is not automati...

‘Chardonnay Musque’ vines in Beamsville, Ontario, were subjected in one trial to three treatments: (1) control (hedged only); (2) basal leaf removal (BLR) and cluster thinning and; (3) cluster thinning during five stages of berry development. Berries and musts from each treatment were analyzed for soluble solids (Brix), pH, titratable acidity (TA), as well as free and potential monoterpenes (FVT and PVT). Wines produced from each treatment were evaluated by descriptive analysis for aroma and flavor intensities. FVT and PVT of berries were higher in thinned vines compared to non-thinned vines. Cluster thinning at veraison yielded fruit with the highest FVT and PVT concentrations. Leaf-pulled vines produced fruit with increased pH, reduced TA and highest FVT and PVT. Wines from BLR and thinning treatments generally had higher muscat and floral/perfumy aromas, and could be separated based on overall quality. The chemical and sensory data were incorporated into a multiple regression model used to con...

Gewurztraminer grapevines planted in 1989 were subjected to one of three durations of water stress (deficits imposed at postbloom, lag phase, veraison) in combination with three vineyard floor management strategies (clean cultivated, total herbicide, permanent sod). Data were gathered on vine performance, fruit composition, and water relations from 1991-96. Yield per vine, cluster weight, and berry weight were reduced linearly with duration of water deficit. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential were likewise reduced with increased duration of water stress. Titratable acidity decreased and pH increased with duration of water stress, but °Brix was unaffected. Decreasing duration of water stress increased free volatile terpenes (FVT) at harvest, as well as increased potentially volatile terpenes (PVT) at both veraison and harvest. Maintaining a permanent sod tended to reduce all yield components, especially berry weight, but basic fruit composition was unaffected. FVT were h...

Our previous work on real-valued function optimization problems had shown that cultural learning emerged as the result of meta-level interaction or swarming of knowledge sources, “knowledge swarms,” in the belief space. These meta-level swarms induced the swarming of individuals in the population space, “Cultural Swarms.” The interaction of these knowledge sources produced emergent phases of problem solving. In this article, we apply the approach to a real-world problem in engineering design. We observe the emergence of these same features in a completely different problem environment. We conclude by suggesting the emergent features are what give cultural systems their power to learn and adapt.

Emulsions of jojoba wax and canola oil were tested for efficacy against grape powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) and bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) on two Vitis vinifera grape cultivars ‘Auxerrois’ an...

In previous work it was observed that certain problem-solving phases emerged during the optimization process for a real-valued functional surface formed within a cones-world environment using a Cultural Algorithm. The Cultural Algorithm was configured using five knowledge sources in the belief space, and an Evolutionary Programming model for the population space. It turned out that the five knowledge sources exhibited a swarming behavior at the meta-level while solving the problem (Iacoban et al., 2003). In this paper we investigate whether this swarming behavior at the meta-level induces swarming at the population level. Our results suggest that the interaction or swarming of knowledge sources at the meta-level induce a swarming of individuals at the population level. That is, collective or flocking behavior rather than being initally intentional can be produced implicitly as a result of individuals using the same information to make their own individual decisions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the residential satisfaction of town home residents of an independent living facility. Twenty-one residents of a private-pay retirement facility with an assisted living facility on site participated in focus groups to explore themes of residential satisfaction. Seventy-nine residents responded to a follow-up mail survey. Results show that residents expected safe and supportive environments and stability in the environments they had chosen. These older residents valued good design and construction, friendly neighbors, privacy, efficient handling of maintenance concerns, and accessible management. The residents were most satisfied with neighborhood and housing characteristics and least satisfied with maintenance and management. Residents of nonsubsidized housing, who have more housing choices, may have high expectations of quality and maintenance. Managers should be aware of residents’ expectations of responsiveness and friendliness. Loss of control to ma...

A hydrophobic, CF3-functionalized silica aerogel has been applied to water-oil mixtures to determine oil absorbing capacity of the solid aerogel. Preliminary tests on Prudhoe Bay crude oil mixed with salt water, using the aerogel in powder form, show three regimes for absorbing based on oil to aerogel wt ratios (O/A):1) all oil is absorbed and the aerogel is dry, O/A 0?3.5; 2) all oil is involved in an oil?aerogel? water emulsion, O/A 4.6?14; and 3) some oil is involved in an oil?aerogel?water emulsion, but free-phase oil is seen, O/A > 16. For comparison, a silica aerogel that has not been functionalized shows maximum absorbing capacity without the appearance of free-phase oil at O/A < 0.1. Separation and extraction studies showed good aerogel recovery and moderate oil recovery. Extraction studies at O/A of 2.3 showed that the aerogel could be reused at least two times. Infrared studies show that the oil recovered from the absorbing material and the starting oil are structurally similar. These resu...

Micro- and Small Enterprises in Java The Republic of Indonesia, a geographically diverse country with a population of 207 million, has been able to achieve high rates of economic growth. However, despite three decades of rapid growth, the economic structure is still based on informal or traditional activities in which most people are employed. Indonesia's labor force is growing at a substantially faster annual rate (2.7 percent) than the population as a whole (1.6 percent) (World Bank 2000). The government of Indonesia is faced with a challenge of providing long-term sustainable employment and income opportunities for the growing rural labor force. The promotion of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) as a strategy to promote employment in rural areas has received considerable recent attention in Indonesia, as well as in other developing countries. Recent economic turbulence and concerns with growing economic and social inequalities in Indonesia has stimulated discussions of means and objectives of government policies regarding small businesses ( Singh et al. 1999). The potential contribution of MSEs to generating employment and income in densely populated rural areas of Asia has been documented(Liedholm, McPherson, and Chuta 1994). Their development is seen as away of providing aid to the poor and creating job opportunities for the under-employed (Humphrey and Schmitz 1996). Female-Owned Enterprises in Developing Countries The majority of female workers in developing countries has entered the labor force through the MSE sector, primarily because of ease of entry and limited access to other enterprises and employment opportunities. Research in Africa and Asia show that females and males exhibit significantly different priorities in production and consumption. Females contribute larger proportions of their personal income toward household expenditures than males and thus are able to retain less profit for reinvestment (Bruce and Dwyer 1988). Tinker (1987) and Downing (1990) suggest that females have different business strategies and objectives than men. Women's motivation is often household survival, whereas men are more often business-motivated. Therefore, male business owners are more likely to reinvest profits into the business. Effective policies and programs to support the development of MSEs depend critically on adequate knowledge of characteristics and constraints of MSEs. Also, given the growth of entrepreneurship among women, it is important to understand the social and economic factors influencing the success of female-owned small business. This article is an attempt to examine the micro- and small-scale enterprise at two levels: the individual and the enterprise. The specific objectives of this study are: (1) to present a descriptive profile of enterprises in Java by gender; (2) to examine the rate of growth of employment in Indonesia by gender and type; and (3) to determine the factors influencing the performance of female enterprises in Java. Such an understanding is crucial to the evolving policy debate involving the MSE sector. Factors Affecting Performance of Female-Owned Enterprises Prior studies suggest that social structures such as workplace, family and organized social life affect females' access to entrepreneurial opportunities and may influence performance (Aldrich 1989). Sekarun and Leong (1992) found that in South America, expectations that women's primary responsibilities are childcare and domestic tasks create a barrier to venture creation and subsequently venture performance. Research also reveals that female enterprises are frequently hindered by a lack of business information, advice, and access to networks and business support systems (Allen and Truman 1993). It is important to note that public policy initiatives designed to increase women's access to information, skill improvement, and funding are underway in many developing countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 1993; Allen and Truman 1993). …

Nickel plays both negative and positive roles in petroleum refining. Found as a naturally occurring trace element in many crude oils and bound in oil-soluble ligation, nickel concentrations range from a few to over 250 ppm. In the conversion of crude oils to transportation fuels, these concentrations generally cause problems. Nickel interferes with upgrading processes, severely deactivating many heterogeneous catalysts (such as FCC), catalyzing undesirable side reactions (such as carbonization), and devaluing any residual material in which it may be isolated (such as coke). Nickel also can play a positive role in refining, assisting in oil exploration, catalyzing upgrading processes (such as for N removal), and producing petrochemicals (such as hydrogenation production). With increasing environmental concerns, Ni also has been utilized to identify sources of unregulated releases of crude oil, such as spills and seeps. This paper presents these and other aspects of nickel chemistry with relationship in exp...

The efficacy of a novel inoculation technique for infecting conifer seedling roots with Phellinus weirii was demonstrated, Inoculum units were prepared from P. weirii-colonized stem segments of red alder (Alnus rubra) and branch segments of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). In one experiment, potted and outplanted seedlings of nine coniferous species of known susceptibility to P. weirii (Douglas-fir, grand fir, lodgepole pine, noble fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, western redcedar, western white pine, and yellow cedar) were inoculated using the novel inoculum units. For all nine species combined, transfer of ectotrophic P. weirii was greater for potted seedlings than for outplanted seedlings (93% vs. 48%). However, rates of endotrophic P. weirii infection were similar for potted and outplanted seedlings (81% and 77% respectively). Results of this experiment parallel reported species susceptibility to P. weirii. In a second experiment, rooted cuttings of English yew and Pacific yew, coniferous speci...

The Clean Air Act of 1990 has impacted the gasoline markets of the United States. Additives and reformulated gasoline have already been implemented in some cases to comply with regulations and emission standards, and gasoline will continue to be reformulated. The regulations for reformulated gasoline have been divided into Phases I and II, starting in 1995 and 2000, respectively, the second phase having more stringent requirements. Phase I is diuided into two compliance models—Simple and Complex. These models are designed to facilitate the determination of fuel formulation compliance without the expense of extensive testing of motor performance. The Simple Model can be used from 1995 to 1997, and the Complex Model from 1997 on. Diesel fuels are also impacted by the Clean Air Act. Other programs—such as CO oxygenate and California Phase 2—have been initiated in response to air quality issues.

Mass spectrometry (MS) of the porphyrin fraction of a demetallated shale oil from the LLNL Hot-Recycled-Solids retorting process exhibited homologous series of C25 to C33 (C28 maximum) for etio and C26 to C36 (C30 maximum) for DPEP (isocyclic) porphyrins, respectively. The sum of intensities after baseline correction yielded a ΣDPEP/Σetio ratio of 1/1. The petroporphyrin fraction was prepared by demetallation of the whole shale oil using methane sulfonic acid followed by isolation which involved extraction and purification by alumina chromatography. MS examination of silica purified fractions showed another type of homologous series, tentatively assigned as tetrahydrobenzo-DPEP por-phyrin. MS examination of porphyrin fractions isolated by alumina or alumina/silica chromatography without demetallation indicated Ni(etio) and Ni(DPEP) (isocyclic) porphyrins were observed with the same homologous series as seen in the demetallated fraction.

Product oils from the LLNL Hot-Recycled-Solids (HRS) retorting process were separated to isolate and concentrate the metallopetropor-phyrins. A modified column chromatography procedure developed previously for heavy crude oils and tar sand bitumens was used. The fractions were then examined by UV-vis spectroscopy to determine categories of porphyrins and other related metal-containing species. No porphyrins were found in the hexane fraction (least polar fraction); Ni porphyrins were found in the methylene chloride fraction (moderate polar fraction); and a free-base porphyrin-like species was found in the methanol fraction (the most polar fraction) of some of the oils. The CH2Cl2 fractions were further examined to quantify the amount of porphyrins detected. In the whole oil samples examined, ∼ 40 wt % of the Ni was found as Ni petroporphyrins. The vacuum residua of two product oils had ∼ 20 wt % of the Ni bound as Ni por-phyrins indicating that the vacuum distillation process destroys porphyrins.

Bitumens extracted from tar sands from various locations (Utah. California. Kentucky, and Alberta) were examined by size exclusion chromatography with on-line element-specific detection to study the Fe concentration as a function of size. In most cases, the resulting profiles exhibit unimodal distributions at relatively large molecular size with very similar times for maximum elution. Specifically, Sunnyside (Utah) and McKittrick (California) tar-sand bitumens exhibited very intense maxima consistent with extremely high bulk Fe contents. Arroyo Grande (California) exhibited an additional maximum at very large molecular size. This size behavior of the Fe appears to correlate with the large molecular size Ni and V components eluted under the same conditions.

Over the years, several analytical methods have been applied to various heavy crude oil residua and their processed products to understand the chemistry behind residuum upgrading processes. The ultimate aim has been to predict prccessability of specific feeds. However, few, if any analytical methods have been found which adequately perform this task. This paper examines selected processing experiments by the following techniques – clusion chromatography with element specific detection, D 2007-80 with as-phaltene precipitation (SARA) separation, hydrogen distribution and incorporation by NMR – cusses whether the analytical technique has any potential to predict prccessability From the size exclusion chromatography with element specific detection studies, an intimate relationship appears between the catalyst pore size and molecule size based on examination of the size behavior of feeds and pilot-plant products. From the D 2007-80 and asphaltene separations, the quality of asphaltenes appears to be ...

Maya 650{sup 0}F residuum (Maya AR) was prehydrogenated over a standard hydroprocessing catalyst. The 650{sup 0}F residuum of this product (HMaya AR) and Maya AR were then separately hydroprocessed further at selected conditions. The products were examined by elemental, {sup 1}H and {sup 13}C NMR analyses to determine the how hydrogen was incorporated during processing. For all processing steps, hydrogen was incorporated in capping fragments formed during cracking reactions, as well as in hydrogenation reactions, heteroatom removal, and hydrocarbon gas formation, but the distribution of the hydrogen was dependent upon the type and severity of the process. For the direct hydroconversion of Maya AR, 25 to 30% of the total hydrogen was incorporated for heteroatom removal and hydrocarbon gas formation. The remaining hydrogen was incorporated in hydrogenation and cracking reactions. The hydrogen incorporation during each specific processing step is discussed, along with an evaluation of the prehydrogenation step as a residuum conversion process option. These results are compared to previously reported hydrogen incorporation measurements on other feeds and processing methods.

The man-biting midge Leptoconops spinosifrons (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is a major nuisance on many beaches in Seychelles and, with a developing tourist industry, control is required. Malathion, applied weekly as a spray at 1000 g a.i./ha or twice a week with u.l.v. equipment at 1750 g a.i./ha, was not effective; this finding was supported by laboratory studies. DDT exercised control for five months when applied as a spray at 2200 g a.i./ha, at 1100 g a.i./ha control lasted less than one month. DDT residues were detected in Donax cuneatus, an intertidal filter-feeding mollusc, 15 months after the last application. Diazinon, applied as a spray at 6000 g a.i./ha produced good control for five months and applied at 600 g a.i./ha every two weeks gave excellent control. The importance of correlating times of spraying with the lunar tide cycle was confirmed.

Previously, we have examined the Ni and V in heavy crude oils, residua, and processed products by several metal speciation techniques to ascertain molecular structure and processing behavior. Two classes of metal compounds were found -metallopetroporphyrins and metallo-nonporphyrins - each having unique reactivity during processing. In efforts to better understand the binding of metals in the oil medium, we have now examined Ni and V in tar sand bitumens, the bitumen was solvent extracted from the sand matrix and was separated by column chromatography and the petro-porphyrin content was quantitated by UV-vis spectroscopy. The petroporphyrin contents ranged from virtually none to over 36% of the total metals. Asphalt Ridge (Utah) has primarily Ni petroporphyrins; Big Clifty (Kentucky) and Athabasca (Canada) have primarily V petroporphyrins; Arroyo Grande and McKittrick (California) have roughly equal amounts of both types; and Surmyside (Utah) has virtually none of either. Size characteristic prof...

We have applied size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) and reversed-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC), with element specific detection, [Inductively coupled and direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP and DCP)], to selected crude oils –– Boscan, Beta, Morichal, Arabian Heavy, and Maya –– and their separated fractions. By these procedures, we have further characterized both the V porphyrin and the V non-porphyrin compounds. From the SEC-HPLC-ICP profiles of the heavy crude oils we found the V compounds generally have a bimodal distribution, with maxima at approx. 800 and 9000 polystyrene equivalent (PS) molecular weight (MW). Arabian Heavy, though, had relatively few of the small V compounds. The crude oils were separated into porphyrin and non-porphyrin fractions by methanol extraction. From the SEC-HPLC-ICP profiles of the porphyrin fraction, we Identified and quantitated the maximum at approx. MW 800 (PS) as being V porphyrins. The remaining V compounds are non-porphyrin.

The variability of soil movement was studied using Young pit and T-bar techniques. Typical sample sizes required to estimate the true mean within + 0.50, ± 0.05 and 0.025 mm are presented. Sample sizes of less than 10 are usually sufficient to estimate mean annual movement in the surface 12.7 cm to ± 0.50 mm. To increase the precision of estimate to ± 0.05 mm a sample size of more than 100 observations may be required. T-bar movements were much more variable on south than on north facing slopes. The type of pin used in Young pit studies was shown to influence the amount of movement.

We analyzed thermally treated heavy residua by element specific size exclusion chromatography (SEC-ICF) to elucidate the fate of the V and Ni compounds. Thermal treatment, in addition to removing metals, significantly reduces the size of the remaining metal-containing compounds.We thermally treated the distillable and nondistillable metals separately. The distilled metals, primarily petroporphyrins, were completely removed under moderate conditions. The non-volatile metal-containing components, which constituted most of the Ni and V, were either removed, or reduced in size.when treating heavy residua over commercial fixed-bed hydroprocessing catalysts, the metal-containing molecules in the size range of the catalyst pore are preferentially removed. Those larger than the pore size appear to demetalate more slowly.The results argue demetalation is a function of the ligand structure and size of the metal-containing species and not necessarily the coordination sphere around the metal center.

The ozonation reactions of pesticides in aqueous solution have been reviewed. Degree of reaction and reaction product identity are included. Compounds are classified into five groups: chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus compounds, phenoxyalkyl acid derivatives, organonitrogen compounds, and phenolic compounds. Experimental conditions for each study are summarized. Much work has been carried out under conditions atypical of those encountered at drinking water treatment plants. Thus, the findings of the papers reviewed cannot be applied directly to potable water treatment.

Sunnyside (Utah) tar sand was subjected to programmed temperature pyrolysis and the volatile products were detected by tandem on-line mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in real time analyses. A heating rate of 4°C/min from room temperature to 900°C was employed. Evolution of hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing compounds was monitored by MS or MS/MS detection. Evolution of volatile organic compounds occurred in two regimes: 1) low temperature (maximum evolution at 150 to 175°C), corresponding to entrained organics, and 2) high temperature (maximum evolution at 440 to 460°C), corresponding to cracking of large organic components. Alkanes and alkenes of two carbons and higher had temperatures of maximum evolution at approximately 440°C, and methane at approximately 474°C. Aromatic hydrocarbons had temperatures of maximum evolution slightly higher, at approximately 450° C. Some nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-'ccntaining compounds were also detected in the volatile products....

The reactivity of a series of fatty acids toward ozone was examined in aqueous solution at low substrate concentration (μg.L−1 range). Saturated fatty acids were unreactive, unsaturated fatty acids were readily consumed. A number of reaction products or their methylated derivatives were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The products identified are consistent with a 1,3-dipolar cyclo-addotion reaction.

Heavy crude residua are analyzed by size exclusion chromatography with elementspecime aerecua(SECIP), to elucidate structural information about the S-contacining compounds. These compounds appear to fall into two categories those which are 1)moderately samll componetis (probablly thiophenid), and ) large components associated with apparent precursors offaphaltense.The effects of thermal hvdretDrocessine on the S-containine eemoounds were also examined. High and moderate thermal seventy appear to, in addition to removing S: 1) remove the larger S-containing compounds, 2) shift the total S profile to smaller molecular size, and 3) form S-containing compounds not existent in the feed. Low thermal severity appears to only partially remove the larger S-containing compounds. These results indicate the S-containing compounds behave similarly to the metal-containing compounds under the same processing conditions, Possible binding site relationships between some of the S- and metal-containing compounds in...

Boscan vacuum residuum (VR) has been separated into isooctane insoluble asphaltenes and isooctane soluble maltenes. The asphaltenes were dissolved in a minimum of toluene and were further separated by two additional reprecipitations using isooctane as the precipitating solvent. We examined the fractions, including the recovered isooctane soluble material, by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy to determine the effects, if any, the reprecipitations have on the size distribution of the metal-containing compounds. The asphaltene fractions show little change in size upon reprecipitation, but removal of a small amount of the metal components does occur. The first reprecipitation produces isooctane soluble material which is very similar in size to the original maltene fraction. However, the second reprecipitation removes small amounts of material in the size range of the asphaltenes. When the amounts were weight balanced, the resulting separat...

Chlorination is the most commonly used and best characterised process for disinfection of drinking water. Concern over the possible health risks of chlorination by‐products, particularly trihalomethanes, has led to a re‐evaluation of existing treatment processes and the benefits of using alternative disinfectants to chlorine. The general characteristics of, and the advantages and disadvantages of four possible alternative disinfectants (ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramines and potassium permanganate) in drinking water treatment are reviewed.

We applied electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to heavy petroleum fractions to characterize the first coordination sphere around the vanadyl +2 ion. The fractions were generated using a modified porphyrin extraction procedure. For the residual oil from the extraction, which contains the non-porphyrin metals, the first coordination sphere was dominated by 4N and N O 2S for Boscan, Beta, Morichal, and Arabian Heavy crudes. Maya had distinctively different parameters. These findings are significant for determining the overall structure of metal-containing compounds in heavy crude oils. We discuss the difference between the porphyrin and non-porphyrin behavior, possible blogenic precursors, and some process implications.

Maya 650°F residuum was mildly prehydrogenated over a standard, commercially available, hydrodesulfurization catalyst. The product was then distilled to yield hydrogenated Maya 650°F residuum. This prehydrogenated residuum, and the untreated Maya 650°F residuum were separately hydroprocessed further at different process severities. The resulting products were then examined by elemental analyses to determine the effects of die prehydrogenation step on overall conversion and product quality. The primary effect of the prehydrogenation step was to increase the overall conversions for sulfur, MCR, nitrogen, and asphaltenes. As a result, the hydro-conversion products derived from the prehydrogenation were substantially better quality than the corresponding direct hydroconversion products. The prehydrogenation step also lowered the severity required for equivalent residuum hydroconversion upgrading.

Seven atmospheric residua (343°C + [ 65O°F + ]) were separated into saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions for detailled assessment of feed structure. The weight percent distribution of the fractions revealed two groupings of the residua. One grouping exhibited 20 wt % saturate composition, while the other only 10 wt %. The residua also exhibited high polar content (resin and asphaltene fractions) consisting of over 40% of the total residua. These results are related to the sulfur composition of the residua, and Indicate a fundamental relationship between the aromatic content and sulfur content. Discussion of the accuracy of the separation technique Is also Included. The vanadium binding sites In the separated fractions were investigated by EPR spectroscopy. The resin and asphaltene fractions all appear to be dominated by 4N and N 0 2S coordination spheres. Discussion of this technique is also included.

Boscan vacuum residuum (VR), and Maya atmospheric residuum (AR), were separated into operationally defined components by an isooctane asphaltene precipitation followed by a modified D 2007-80 separation of the isooctane soluble material. These collected fractions were examined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with element specific detection employing inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) to investigate the effect the separation has on the the V and Ni compounds. The V and Ni SEC-ICP profiles of the asphaltene fractions indicated some of the metal-containing molecules are substantially larger in size than those observed in the residua. The asphaltene precipitation appears to cause an increase in molecular size through agglomeration of smaller constituents, and accomplishes only limited size separation of the metal-containing compounds. The resin fraction, the polar fraction obtained by modified D 2007-80 chromatography of the isooctane soluble portion, contained much of the ...

The number of American economists who have been to China is about equal to the number of astronauts who have been to the moon, so each returning traveler can add something to our limited knowledge of that vast and complex country. These notes are intended to supplement the reports of previous visitors without repeating things which are generally known.

Hondo 850 °F residuum was separated into saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions by a modified D 2007 and asphaltene separation. Two different asphaltene precipitation solvents were used — isooctane and heptane — and differences in selected physical and chemical properties of the derived fractions were compared. The principal difference in the use of the two solvents was weight recovery after the separation. Isooctane yielded good recovery, while heptane exhibited poor recovery. Isooctane precipitated substantially more asphaltenes, as predicted from the solubility parameters of the two solvents. The metals concentrations in the fractions were comparable for each solvent — no metals in the saturate and aromatic fractions, approximately 300 and 1500 ppm Ni + V in the resin and asphaltene fractions respectively. The relative distribution was also similar for both solvents, with the highest percentage coming from the asphaltenes.

SUMMARY The response of Sydney blue gum (.Eucalyptus saligna Sm.) seedlings to additions of very small quantities of fertilisers and a number of soil treatments was investigated. Phosphorus was found to be the main limiting factor in seedling growth. There was a direct relationship between seedling height increase, dry matter weight and fertiliser phosphorus content, and an inverse relationship between root shoot ratio and fertiliser phosphorus content. Magamp, a high phosphorus content fertiliser, produced seedlings with a very low root-shoot ratio, which are difficult to transplant. The organic fertiliser blood and bone produced the most suitable seedlings for transplanting. The recommended rate is 1.60 g mixed with the soil in each 24 cubic inch capacity polythene pot before seedlings are pricked out. The use of mixed fertilisers considerably reduces the length of time that seedlings have to be kept in the nursery. The use of coral sand in potting mixtures is not recommended because it produces high so...