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In the current research, attempt is made to fabricate a nanoemulsion (NE) containing an antifungal agent. The prepared formulation has been expected to enhance skin penetration. It is also studied for in vitro drug release and toxicity assessment. Spontaneous titration method was used for preparation of NE. Prepared NE were characterized for their charge, size, morphology, rheological behaviour, drug release profile, skin permeability. The drug permeation and skin irritation were investigated. The in vitro antifungal activity was inspected using the well agar diffusion method. Miconazole NE showed good penetration in the skin as compared to marketed products. SEM showed semispherical shapes of the droplets. Zeta potential and zeta sizer showed that size was in nano ranges having positive charge.

A circularly polarized (CP) scanning phased array antenna based on circular polarizer is proposed. An efficient technique is developed to introduce the novel scheme of the designed patch antenna an...

The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comparative account of the total synthetic approaches toward histrionicotoxins, alkaloids isolated from skin extracts of Colombian poison arrow frog Dendrobates histrionicus. We have summarized the maneuvers in each paper by graphically detailing the synthesis and associated reaction niceties of only the key intermediates by different researchers. Fascinating structural feature of histrionicotoxins is "8-hydroxy-l-azaspiro[5.5]undecane core" with two side chains at C-2 and C-7 which differ in their length and nature of unsaturation. All synthetic approaches to histrionicotoxins aim at the construction of key intermediate "azaspiro[5.5]undecane ring" and installation of side chains at C-2 and C-7.

This review paper describes a novel approach to plant cultivation under soil-less culture. At present, global climate change is expected to raise the risk of frequent drought. Agriculture is in a phase of major change around the world and dealing with serious problems. In future, it would be difficult task to provide a fresh and clean food supply for the fast-growing population using traditional agriculture. Under such circumstances, the soil-less cultivation is the alternative technology to adapt effectively. The soil-less system associated with the Hydroponic and Aeroponics system. In the aeroponics system, plant roots are hanging in the artificially provided plastic holder and foam material replacement of the soil under controlled conditions. The roots are allowed to dangle freely and openly in the air. However, the nutrient rich-water deliver with atomization nozzles. The nozzles create a fine spray mist of different droplet size at intermittently or continuously. This review concludes that aeroponics system is considered the best plant growing method for food security and sustainable development. The system has shown some promising returns in various countries and recommended as the most efficient, useful, significant, economical and convenient plant growing system then soil and other soil-less methods.

Flavonoids are natural compounds derived from fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. These compounds have been reported to possess various biological actions including anti-inflammatory, antioxid...

In recent past, social networking has received great attention and millions of geo tagged photos are placed online on different social networks websites like flicker, Facebook and Instagram. According to this, people used to share their photos and share their travel experience over social media. However, photos themselves has a lot of hidden information to share like position, time etc. We presented a new technique related to location travel for tourist by looking on to their time and preference needs. We used to acquire its preference based on his or her past time in one city and based on this information recommend another city. We executed certain experiments to support our technique and acquire data-set from publically available flicker database. Simulation results have revealed that our travel recommendation system has been devised according to user needs and outperformed other previous travel and recommendation methods.

The Otago region in the South Island of New Zealand was surveyed for cold tolerant species/strains of entomopathogenic nematodes. A total of 140 soil samples were collected from diverse habitats including some from high altitudes. After baiting the samples with Galleria mellonella larvae, 5% were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes. The molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA confirmed two species: Steinernema kraussei and S. feltiae. To our knowledge, this is the first record of S. kraussei from the Southern Hemisphere, and this study the first to report entomopathogenic nematodes from this area.

New lycoctonine-type dual cholinesterase inhibitor, swatinine-C (1), along with three known norditerpenoid alkaloids, hohenackerine (2), aconorine (5) and lappaconitine (6) and two synthetically known but phytochemically new benzene derivatives, methyl 2-acetamidobenzoate (3) and methyl 4-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)anilino]-4-oxobutanoate (4), was isolated from the roots of A. laeve. Structures of new and known compounds (1–6) were established on the basis of latest spectroscopic techniques and by close comparison with the data available in literature. In vitro, compounds (1–6) were tested against AChE and BChE inhibitory activities. Compounds 1 and 2 showed competitive inhibition against AChE (IC50 = 3.7 μM, 4.53 μM) and BChE (IC50 = 12.23 μM, 9.94 μM), respectively. Compounds 5 and 6 showed promising noncompetitive type of inhibitory profile against AChE (IC50 = 2.51 and 6.13 μM) only. Compounds 3 and 4 showed weak inhibitory profile against both AChE and BChE.

Nelumbo nucifera seeds’ essential oil (EO), crude extract and subsequent fractions were evaluated for their DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion-free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction and EO showed outstanding antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 191, 450 μg/mL (DPPH), 123, 221 μg/mL (ABTS) and 69, 370 μg/mL (superoxide anion). The ethyl acetate fraction and EO also caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 70 ± 0.6, 64 ± 0.8 and 75 ± 0.3, 58 ± 0.2, in dose-dependent manner. The first ever gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the EO obtained from N. nucifera seeds resulted in identification of 19 constituents, mainly comprised of oxygenated sesquiterpenes responsible for their promising bioactivity. The crude and fractions revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides in phytochemical investigation.

Recently, due to an increase in production demand in nuclear and oil and gas industries, the requirement to migrate toward larger pipe sizes for future developments has become essential. However, it is interesting to note that almost all the research on two-phase gas–liquid flow in vertical pipe upflow is based on small-diameter pipes (D ≤ 100 mm), and the experimental work on the two-phase gas–liquid flow in large-diameter (D > 100 mm) vertical pipes is scarce. Under the above circumstances, the application of modeling tools/correlations based on small-diameter pipes in predicting flow behavior (flow pattern, void fraction, and pressure gradient) poses severe challenges in terms of accuracy. The results presented in this article are motivated by the need to introduce the research work done to the industries where the data pertaining to large-diameter vertical pipes are scarce and there is a lack of understanding of two-phase gas-liquid flow behavior in large-diameter (D > 100 mm) vertical pipes.The uniqu...

The present study describes the spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Daphne oleoides Schreb. (Thymelaeaceae), exploring the possible underlying pharmacological mechanisms.Pharmacological investigation of Daphne oleoides to provide evidence for its therapeutic application in gastrointestinal motility disorders.Methanol crude extract of Daphne oleoides (Do.Cr) was studied in gastrointestinal isolated tissues.In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum preparations, Do.Cr at 0.3-3.0 mg/mL caused moderate stimulation, followed by relaxant effect at the next higher concentrations (5.0-10 mg/mL). In presence of atropine, spasmogenic effect was blocked and the relaxation was emerged, suggesting that the spasmogenic effect of Daphne oleoides is mediated through activation of muscarinic receptors. When tested against the high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, Do.Cr (0.3-5.0 mg/mL), like verapamil, inhibited the induced contractions, suggesting Ca++ channel blockade (CCB) effect. The CCB effect was further confirmed when pre-treatment of the tissue with Do.Cr shifted the Ca++ concentration-response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil.These results indicate that Daphne oleoides exhibits gut excitatory and inhibitory effects, occurred via cholinergic and Ca++ antagonistic pathways, respectively.