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The aim of this special issue is to explore the history of the French external Resistance through its international networks. This introduction argues that we should think about the ‘Resistance’ as an international phenomenon, played out in a number of sites across the world, both within and beyond the Free French capital cities of London, Brazzaville – which declared its adhesion to Free France on 28 August 1940 – and (later) Algiers. Our study takes into account official members of Free France, the French National Committee (September 1941–June 1943) and the French Committee of National Liberation (June 1943–June 1944), as well as ‘unofficial’ members of the Resistance who gravitated around Free France, such as members of the Free French committees scattered throughout the world. Studying the activities of these networks can offer historians a framework through which to reconsider the role of cultural propaganda as well as the tensions and antagonisms that traversed the external Resistance notably anti-Gaullism and anti-Semitism. By ‘de-centering’ the history of the External Resistance, we argue, we can better understand the multiplicity of exiles’ identities that were shaped and transformed outside the metropolitan territory and had long lasting consequences in the post-war period.

The distance and dissension that characterized the relations between the internal and external resistance movements have had a deep and lasting impact on memories of the Second World War. For decades, the French ‘maquis’ played a central role in maintaining this dichotomy between the two Resistances. There were nonetheless links between them. The British, American and French archives reveal that some of the Free French worked tirelessly to support the internal Resistance and its maquis. Their negotiations on behalf of the internal Resistance during summit meetings are well known. This paper addresses a lower level of the hierarchy, examining how the Free French in charge of liaisons with the internal Resistance fulfilled their task. Therefore, the networks between Free France, the French maquis and the Allies are the focus of this study. By investigating the identities of those involved in this cooperation, it sheds light on the connections and solidarity which were built among the French maquis, ...

The contribution of external resistance to mass transfer during pasta drying was quantified for a range of pasta properties, extrusion conditions, and drying temperatures. Comparison of drying mode...

A novel two-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) operation with a continuous anaerobic–aerobic decolorization system was developed to improve the degradation of the triphenylmethane dye, Victoria blue R (VBR). In addition, bioelectricity was generated during the VBR degradation process, and the operation parameters were optimized. The results indicated that the VBR removal efficiency and electricity generation were affected by the VBR concentration, liquid retention time (LRT), external resistance, gas retention time (GRT), and shock loading. The optimal operation parameters were as follows: VBR concentration, 600 mg L−1; LRT, 24 h; external resistance, 3300 Ω; and GRT, 60 s. Under these operating conditions, the VBR removal efficiency, COD removal efficiency, and power density were 98.2% ± 0.3%, 97.6% ± 0.5%, and 30.6 ± 0.4 mW m−2, respectively. According to our review of the relevant literature, this is the first paper to analyze the electrical characteristics of a continuous two-chamber MFC operat...

The aim of the present work was to ascertain the effect of ultrasonic waves on convective drying performance. In the tested range of process and operating conditions, it was proved that compared to a traditional convective process, ultrasounds enhanced the drying rate of cylindrical carrot samples. The obtained results suggested that ultrasound waves actually affected the external resistance to heat and mass transfer, thus improving the drying process mainly during the constant rate period. The heat transfer coefficient was estimated as a function of both air velocity and food diameter, thus allowing a quantitative comparison between traditional and acoustic-assisted convective drying.

The drying mechanism of fermented sausages (sucuks) that were cylindrical rod shaped, 40 cm long and 4 cm diameter, during ripening under natural convection conditions at different temperatures (15 to 30°C) was examined. To simulate the experimental drying curves, three empirical models and a diffusional model assuming negligible external mass transfer resistance were evaluated. The drying rate curves of sucuk samples were also simulated taking into account the influence of the external mass transfer resistance. The equation was solved using the trial-and-error solution algorithm developed in this study and the mass transfer coefficient, k c , and effective moisture diffusivity, D eff , were simultaneously determined (1.44 × 10−8 to 1.93 × 10−8 m/s and 4.30 × 10−10 to 6.85 × 10−10 m2/s, respectively). The proposed model considering the effect of external resistance allowed the accurate simulation of the experimental drying data of sucuks at different temperatures.

The drying curves of halved and deseeded apricots obtained during convective drying at different temperatures (from 50 to 90°C) have been examined, and a diffusional model, solved by a finite elements method, has been proposed to simulate the drying kinetics. The importance of taking into account both the internal and the external resistances to mass transfer when modeling the drying curves is discussed. Due to the geometry of halved apricots as a hemisphere losing water only through the flat section, the mass transfer coefficient (kc) was not correctly estimated through an empirical correlation. Only the identification of this coefficient from the experimental results allowed an accurate simulation, decreasing the mean relative error from 12.3±3.8% when kc was calculated through the Pasternak and Gauvin correlation to 2.9±1.0% when kc was identified.

The drying of raw cured ham proceeds under natural convection. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of external resistance on the drying of frozen and salted Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus. Natural convection drying kinetics were obtained at 5, 10, 15, and 20°C. The De values obtained neglecting external resistance were underestimated. Activation energy, Ea, agreed with literature results. The use of a De value from literature and a calculated Ea allowed us to calculate De for the temperatures used in this study. The mass transfer coefficient (k) was estimated from a model taking external resistance and the calculated De into account. The k values agreed with the ones in literature; thus, under natural convection conditions, external mass transfer resistance must be considered.

This paper discusses whether or not and to what extent captives as corporate risk financing tools potentially provide benefits for Japanese corporations and the first captive domicile, Nago City of Okinawa. The success story of the city of Dublin City, Ireland, illustrates that captives have significant influences on the domicile such as increasing local employment, creating chances for financial education, enhancing information and improving transportation infrastructure. Our simulation indicates that one hundred captives and their related firms over a ten‐year term add around 210 billion yen to the local economy, 233 billion yen to the prefectural tax income and 2,200 new jobs. This paper shows that captives provide benefits for corporations and the domicile in Japan in varieties of ways. There is a concern, however, that the Nago City initiative can end up as a failure due to the emergence of strong internal and external resistance as exemplified by the cases in Germany, Italy and France, countries in ...

Drying persimmon pieces is recognized as a way to preserve and add value to the excess production of the fruit in Spain. To this end, air drying kinetics of persimmon cylinders (30 mm height and 13 mm diameter) were determined under different drying conditions: 8 air drying velocities (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 m/s) with and without application of high-intensity ultrasound (21.8 kHz and 154.3 dB). The drying process was modeled using two diffusion models with and without the influence of external resistance to drying. From the effective diffusivity and the mass transfer coefficient identified from the data it was concluded that high-intensity ultrasound increased the drying rate at the lowest air velocities tested, affecting both external and internal resistances.

A useful formula for calculation of the external resistance, added (per phase) to the rotor of an induction motor, is derived. The criterion is to decrease the starting current of the motor in a prescribed proportion.

A novel two-quadrant multiplier design compatible with MOS technology is presented in this article. It is based on the transient response of an operational amplifier and does not require any external resistance. The circuit has been experimentally tested and some significant data are also included

Tolerance of additional external resistance to inspiration has been investigated in 158 mine rescue workers during exercise. Peak inspiratory pressure, minute volume, and respiratory work rates were calculated in order to determine which factor best correlated with subjective tolerance of resistance. A method of defining an acceptable limit for inspiratory resistance is presented, which considers the additional respiratory work load in terms of unit ventilation. St is concluded that excessive pressure exerted during inspiration is a major factor in determining subjective tolerance. It is suggested that 90% of a population breathing through apparatus with low-resistance expiratory valves should experience no discomfort, if the pressure across the apparatus does not exceed 17 cm H2O.