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This paper applies information-theoretic measures to consider the systemic effects on individual incomes of complex patterns of social and economic discrimination by race, ethnicity, and gender in ...

In this article, I argue that contemporary manifestations of social, political and economic discrimination – antihaitianismo – in the Dominican Republic towards their Haitian neighbours have become...

Crime inequality in neighborhoods by race is blamed on social inequalities borne out of segregation and economic discrimination. South Africa is a country synonymous with racial-spatial segregation...

This research examines the experiences of ‘older’ elite gymnasts competing in Women's Artistic Gymnastics in Australia, through the framework of athlete rights. Using a qualitative approach interviews were conducted with elite or former elite gymnasts who were at least 20 years old during their active career, and coaches and judges who worked with such athletes. This paper focuses on three key themes that emerged from the data. First was the relationship with the maturing body, which, combined with new coach policies toward athlete health, lessened gymnasts' risk of abuse in the form of weight control. Second, the changing coach–athlete relationship prolonged careers, although gymnasts had to demand their rights as adults. Finally, financial support provided a basis for continued participation for some, while others were excluded through economic discrimination. Such research should guide coaches and federations towards best practice when working with (adult) athletes.

This article explores India’s view of the world order and its role in it. As the world’s largest democracy and emerging power India is seen as a key actor and partner for the West in the global order. The article argues that India does not want to be merely co-opted into the existing liberal order and join the Western international community but pursue its own world-order policy. This policy is informed by the conviction that the future world order will be polycentric, in which multiple powerful actors with different political systems, cultural traditions and interests are interlocked in interdependent relations. Therefore, India must pursue a policy of multi-alignment and seek partnerships with all the relevant actors in the world, while avoiding overly close or one-sided relations with particular countries or groupings. India’s priorities are its foreign policy autonomy, socio-economic development and the overcoming of political and economic discrimination in the world order.

The study highlights the critical purchasing power disparity (gap) and its applicable solutions in the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area (Albany MSA). This disparity explains a high level of poverty among African Americans in the MSA. With an improved education, the article encourages minority businesses partnerships and entrepreneurship, and microfinancing to enhance minority capital formation. These have been proven to have a spread effect in reducing poverty and purchasing power disparity.

This study examines whether the exclusion of ethnic groups from political power is an important contributing factor to domestic terrorism. To empirically test this question, we employ a negative binomial regression estimation on 130 countries during the period from 1981 to 2005. We find that countries in which certain ethnic populations are excluded from political power are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks and to suffer from terrorist casualties; furthermore, ethnic group political exclusion is a more consistent and substantive predictor of domestic terrorist activity than general political repression or economic discrimination.

The evolution of Seattle's “Central Area” or “” is traced for eighty years from 1930 through 2010. Relevant theory about social and economic discrimination and urban development is presented first....

Can genocides be predicted? I present two models (and further robustness tests) to assess the risk of genocide onset one year into the future. The first model is global and includes all country-years for which data are available. While it does a good job at identifying the few cases of genocide onset in the sample, it also generates a high number of false alarms. The second model uses a smaller sample restricted to conflict-years. It correctly identifies nine of the ten cases of genocide onset and the number of false alarms is reduced, although the model needs further improvements before it can be put to practical use. While developing the models in an inductive, iterative way, I identify a number of factors that correlate with genocide onset, adding to existing research. These include direct threats to a government (riots, assassinations and, in one of the robustness tests, anti-government demonstrations) and economic discrimination against ethnic groups.

Some argue that we are experiencing a global shift toward a "social movement society" in which protest is a routine part of political bargaining. Postindustrialism and affluence are seen as combining with the growth of the state and neocorporatist bargaining in creating greater protest potential. We use a multilevel analysis of 41,235 respondents nested within thirty-five countries from the 1990 World Values Survey to examine this question. Net of standard controls for individual-level sources of protest potential, we find that economic affluence, state capacity, women as a percentage of the total labor force, and left corporatism contribute to greater aggregate protest potential. Ethnic grievances stemming from economic discrimination and percentage of Protestants also contribute positively while language dominance suppresses protest potential. Protest potential is an outgrowth of postindustrialism trends, the prevailing control strategy of left parties in neocorporatist states, and long-standing ethnic ...

Intimate partner violence (IPV) theory often locates violence equitably between women and men. Women, however, sustain greater degrees of injury than men and often use violence as a measure of protection rather than as an act of aggression. Yet measures of protection must be viewed in multiple contexts. In this case, the context is poverty, which reveals that violence by women in response to IPV is not the only way that women deal with the violence in their lives. This article explicates four strategies that battered women in poverty deploy in their protective trajectory and highlight alternative resistance strategies women use to overcome multiple structural barriers.

In recent studies on urban safety, close relationships between physical and demographic characteristics have been found in crime levels in cities. In many countries social, political and economic turmoil have been the main reasons for the increase in urban crime and violence in the last 50 years. In physically deprived environments, the most important factors that increase urban crime are socially isolated communities, economic discrimination and lack of equality in political citizenship rights. In developing countries, it is difficult to obtain data about crime and safety. For this reason, there are very few studies on crime compared to developed countries. In the research in this paper, the similarities and differences of crime ratios against property and persons in Istanbul are compared with those in other countries. For this purpose, the spatial distribution of crimes committed were analysed on a comparative basis between 1998–2002 in 32 districts displaying different characteristics in terms...

Over the last 25 years, the relative economic situation of women, African-Americans, and other groups facing economic discrimination has improved but, paradoxically, the relative economic situation of the population's lower half has worsened. These opposite trends are surprising since the very groups whose overall situation has improved remain disproportionately represented in the bottom half. This paper presents several likely explanations of the trends. First, there has been a historically unique distancing of the upper economic half from the lower economic half that has lessened the former's interest in aiding the latter. Second, the increasing belief in free markets that has characterized the period is argued to be consistent with the removal of prejudices based on race, gender, and ethnicity while at the same time eroding institutions that relieve class income differences. Third, the fact that one can “exit” from a social class, but must raise one's voice to improve the treatment of one's ge...

In June 2005, during the first innings of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government, 22 industrialists met Ms Meira Kumar, the then minister of Social Justice and Empowerment, to represent t...

This study focuses on the role of labor market location in generating gender inequality in earnings. Specifically, the article examines whether suburban versus urban labor market conditions differentially affect gender-based earnings inequality. Tel Aviv metropolitan area labor force data support the thesis that women's tendency to settle for jobs in the vicinity of home is an exchange between economic opportunities and convenience, to avoid conflict with traditional roles. The cost of staying in the suburban labor market is greater for women than men, and suburban exceeds urban labor market gender-linked economic discrimination.

The present article rests on three main foundations. The first one consists of some recent advances of empirical knowledge af underdeveloped economies. During the past decade, evidence has rapidly accumulated which demonstrates that the distribution of incomes in rural districts of less developed countries as well as the absolute standard of living of the rural masses in these economies are highly dependent on the degree of concentration of landownership, that rapid overall growth in the economy does not guarantee that those in the most precarious situation can improve their relative or even their absolute position, and that the economic policies employed often create a bias which runs mainly in class terms and which tends to disfavor the already poor in rural areas. 1 The fact that we live and act economically in ‘a world of monopolies’ 2 (and monopsonies) is not unimportant if we are to gain a fuller understanding of the main determinants behind the low and/or falling real incomes of large popu...

Periodisation in history is arbitrary, but for the Jews of Imperial Russia, already an unhappy community, the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 ushered in a painful new era. The pogroms after his death were followed by the notorious 'May Laws' of 1882 which stepped up economic discrimination against the Jews. The stirring among the Jewish community, both physical and intellectual, was heightened. Many more of them started to leave, mainly for America, and not a few began to think seriously about Jewish nationalism, with the result that the 'Lovers of Zion' Movement gained momentum. Some of them, whether for reasons of sheer physical safety or nationalism or a combination of both, thought of finding a home in the Ottoman Empire. The Sublime Porte was well-informed of these trends and of their contagious effects on other Jews, especially in AustroHungary, from the start. What is more, the Porte decided to oppose Jewish settlement in Palestine in autumn 1881, some months before the increased flow of Jews in that direction got under way. ('Palestine', for the purpose of this article, is used to mean the area referred to in contemporary Ottoman parlance and documents as 'Arzi Filistin', which at the end of the nineteenth century was not a single administrative unit but was made up of the Mutasarriflik of Jerusalem to the south and the Sancaks of Nablus and Acre in the north; these Sancaks were part of the Vilayet of Sam ('Syria') until 1888, whereafter they were incorporated into the new Vilayet

The problem of discriminating among several chemical routes is treated with the use of experimental design. The process variables for each route are related to the cost of that route through regression equations. The variable settings which promise the minimum cost are determined and a probability distribution about that cost is constructSed. For each point in the design, estimates of the most likely results along with the lower and upper bounds are provided before any of the experimentation is carried out. As the experimentation proceeds, the estimates for the unrun portion of the design are constantly improved. A weighted regression analysis is carried out and always includes the information generated from the experiments as well ss that provided by the estimates. An example is included where few experiments are necessary to achieve the desired discrimination.

(1947). Economic Discrimination in School Activities. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 71-72.