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This study is to analyze geotechnical properties and biological status of undisturbed municipal solid waste (MSW) associated with depth by using a large-diameter borehole sampling method. Through the method, a 28 m-borehole with 0.8 m of the diameter was drilled into the MSW body consisting of ten-lift layers of waste placed over 4000 days in an operating landfill. MSW sample cuttings were collected from the field site, weighted, and transferred to a laboratory for additional experiments to measure various properties such as moisture content, constituent characterization, unit weights, specific gravity, decomposition state, saturation, and compression rates with regard to waste depth. Also, the methane production obtained from MSW decomposition tests indicated that waste mass was relatively consistent throughout the depth of borehole and had not reached the accelerated production phase of methane. The wet and dry unit weights of the MSW sample with different depths produced excellent trends of the first-order rate with vertical stress. First Oder Rate Equation (FORE) analysis indicated that the maximum total and dry unit weight of MSW (

Depth patterns of soil microbial distribution have not been well characterized and little is known about the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes in shaping microbial community th...

The biomechanical characteristics of porcine corneal stroma along the depth of cornea in different anatomical orientations were experimentally investigated and quantitatively analyzed. The porcine corneal stroma tested here was cut mechanically into the three layers along the thickness of the cornea for the first time. Based on the convenient uniaxial tensile extensometry, the Young’s moduli of each stromal layer in different anatomical orientations were proved to be equal to each other. By virtue of testing the mechanical behaviors of the different layers, the Young’s moduli of the stromal layers were found to decrease gradually from the anterior to posterior corneal surface. Thus, the stroma was proved to be mechanically transversely isotropic. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the experimental data, the change of stromal Young’s modulus along the depth of the cornea was determined to be linear and equal to - 2.79 ± 0.967 MPa/mm from the anterior to posterior corneal surface. Finally, the li...

Conclusion: Over time, a homogenous increase in intracochlear pressure was seen in every experiment. Significant reductions in terms of amplitude variation and insertion depth were observed over time, using the one-point-supported insertion method. The frequency of peaks between the thirds was significantly lower when using the two-points-supported insertion method.Objectives: The preservation of residual hearing and minimization of intracochlear trauma are two of the major goals in modern cochlear implantation (CI) surgery. It is assumed that intracochlear pressure measurements yield information about the intracochlear behavior of the electrode itself in the cochlea. The aim of this study was to investigate temporal intracochlear fluid pressure changes using two different kinds of insertion conditions.Method: Cochlear implantations with the Advanced Bionics IJ® electrode were performed in an artificial cochlear model with a constant insertional speed of 0.5 mm/s provided by a linear actor. Amplit...

A model for one-dimensional non-linear consolidation of a soft foundation with an upper crust with depth-dependent additional stress was presented in this paper. The semi-analytical solution of this model with the boundary condition of the pervious top was derived, which was proved by comparing with the classical solution of a one-layered foundation under an instantaneous loading. Then, the effects of the depth-dependent additional stress on the consolidation of the double-layered foundation were revealed. The results show that the depth-dependent additional stress inside foundation has a great influence on the consolidation rate at the former stage and final settlement of the double-layered foundation. If the change of the additional stress along the depth is neglected, an underestimated consolidation rate and overestimated final settlement will be obtained.

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis rely on understanding of the micromechanical behaviour of bone and its influence on fracture toughness and cell-mediated adaptation processes. Postyield properties may be assessed by nonlinear finite element simulations of nanoindentation using elastoplastic and damage models. This computational study aims at determining the influence of yield surface shape and damage on the depth-dependent response of bone to nanoindentation using spherical and conical tips. Yield surface shape and damage were shown to have a major impact on the indentation curves. Their influence on indentation modulus, hardness, their ratio as well as the elastic-to-total work ratio is well described by multilinear regressions for both tip shapes. For conical tips, indentation depth was not statistically significant (p0.0001). For spherical tips, damage was not a significant parameter (p0.0001). The gained knowledge can be used for developing an inverse method for identification of postelastic properties of bone from nanoindentation.

In this study, a stochastic method was applied to investigate if there exists a statistical correlation between values of undrained shear strength at various vertical distances along Golden Horn. Therefore, the undrained shear strength values measured by field vane shear tests at different depths were used to determine the depth dependent variation of the mean value and standard deviation. Futhermore, autocorrelation functions were defined to describe the correlation between values of cu at different depths. The study showed that the applied method might provide a statistical range to estimate the undrained shear strength value at depths where no measurements are undertaken.

Infrared photothermal (PT) radiometry was used to characterize liquid migration processes inducing depth dependent structural changes in condensed phase samples. Examples are drying of a sausage and the instability of margarine emulsion deliberately exposed to external heat.

The tsunami similar to the one that has occurred in December 26, 2004 (Boxing Day Tsunami) in the Indian Ocean is simulated using the expression derived from Modified Weibull Distribution (for maximum wave height simulation) for extreme wave height predictions. The tuning coefficient plays a significant role in estimating the tsunami heights at various stages. It follows well defined mathematical laws at different stages. It is time dependent in the first three stages and depth dependent in the last two stages. The beach run-up heights estimated by the expression derived from the work-energy relation are comparable with observed values with reasonable accuracy.

The calculation of X-ray yields due to secondary excitation using fundamental parameters is simplified considerably by an approximation proposed in this paper. It consists in the replacement of the isotrope X-ray emission leading to an enhancement by a small number (1, 2 or 3) of single angular components. This procedure is suitable especially for depth dependent concentration functions as profiles or sandwiches and also for primary excitation by particles (e. g. PIXE).