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This prospective longitudinal study explores the differential effects of family connection and family individuation measured during adolescence on later midlife well-being. Home interviews were held in the 1970s with 99 families of 245 adolescents. Connection and individuation in the family system were measured by self-report, a projective exercise, and coding of taped family interactions. Twenty-five years later, telephone interviews were conducted with 54 men and 120 women (representing 82 families) who had been adolescents in the 1970s interviews. Family connection (measured during adolescence) was associated with self-acceptance and positive relationships at midlife partially mediated by marriage. Family individuation (measured during adolescence) was associated with personal autonomy at midlife.

This study investigates the effect of social support on health among a sample of drug users and nonusers who reside in high drug-use areas of Houston, Texas. Two models of support were tested and group comparisons were made between drug users and nonusers. Findings indicate no significant differences between drug users and nonusers in terms of receiving enacted social support. Both available and enacted support predicted satisfaction with support, but the effect was reduced for drug users. Satisfaction with support received is the sole predictor of satisfaction with health outcome.

In attachment theory, an attachment behavioral control system in the child and a complementary caregiving system in the parent act together to protect the young. The attachment account, however, fails to supply a motivation for caregiving. As a result, it cannot give a theoretical explanation for the responsive and attentive behaviors empirically observed in caregivers of secure children. In this article, we present an account of caregiving that places emotion at the center of caregiving (the connection theoretical orientation). In this account, the dyadic emotion of caring serves as an autonomous motivation to see that the needs of a specific dependent are met. Unlike the "on-off" caregiving in attachment theories, connection caring is conceptualized as enduring and variable: Caregivers experience different levels of caring over the course of a relationship. Through the emotional concepts of caring, empathy, and responsibility, the connection theoretical orientation is able to provide the coherent accoun...

We are pleased that a broad range of scholars and researchers have contributed thoughtful responses to our article on caregiving for publication in this issue. Together, these responses testify to the power of Bowlby's writing to inspire multiple research trajectories that extend far beyond the set of problems Bowlby was tackling in the early attachment literature. Many of the commentators agree with our view that the problem of the motivation for caregiving in attachment literature deserves close investigation. For instance, Noller and Feeney (this issue) approve of our focus on a prosocial motivation and think we should not shy from calling caring "love." McAdams (this issue) proposes that empathy and responsibility provide the prototype for other prosocial generative activities. Finkenauer and Meeus point to the need for more detailed theory on how the caregiving system articulates with the attachment system, and Cassidy (this issue) points to the need to understand how caregiving interacts with other behavioral systems in the caregiver. Berscheid and Collins (this issue) point out the relevance of social support and altruism research to theories of caregiving. In addition, several commentators identify what they regard as weaknesses in our article. We cannot answer every criticism leveled at our article, but we would like to address three concerns that seem to have been shared by a number of the commentaries: (a) a concern that we have uncharitably misrepresented Bowlby and other attachment theorists; (b) a concern that the motivation for caregiving is a false problem; and (c) a concern that caring represents an unpromising theoretical solution to that problem.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate two models of behavior change: cognitive theory and 12-step theory. Research subjects were drawn from three separate, but parallel, samples of adults. The first sample consisted of out-of-treatment chronic drug users, the second consisted of drug users who had applied for treatment at a publicly funded multiple-provider drug treatment facility, and the third consisted of drug users who had applied for treatment at an intensive outpatient program for crack cocaine users. Cognitive theory was supported. Study participants applying for drug abuse treatment reported a higher level of perceived problem severity and a higher level of cognitive functioning than out-of-treatment drug users. Two hypotheses drawn from 12-step theory were not supported. Treatment applicants had more positive emotional functioning than out-of-treatment drug users, and one treatment-seeking sample had higher self-esteem.

SUMMARY The psychosocial domains of emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and motivation to change can affect AIDS risk behaviors in two ways. First, psychosocial domains can act as causal determinants of risk behaviors. When people feel bad (low emotional well-being), when they are not thinking clearly (low cognitive functioning), and when they fail to recognize the costs of behaviors (low motivation to change), then they are led to choose rewarding yet risky behaviors. Second, once risk behaviors have begun, psychosocial domains can act as resources for behavioral change. When people feel good, they want to improve; they care about risks. When people are thinking clearly, they make good decisions; they can perceive and implement ways to avoid risks. When people perceive the seriousness of risks, they see a profit in change and are motivated to change. The results of this study confirm other studies that suggest that drug users at greatest risk for AIDS are those with the lowest levels of psychoso...

This paper is a pilot study of client progress in two shari-term (28-day) drug abuse treatment programs. Client progress is defined as those changes in cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and social support resources that are the proximate goals of drug abuse treatment. In this study, client progress was measured by changes in cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and social support domains over the course of treatment. This pilot study showed that client progress can be detected in short-term treatment and can be related to indicators of the quantity and quality of treatment. In general, results showed that both relationships and emotional well-being changed over the course of treatment. Cognitive functioning variables did not generally change over time, nor were they related to indicators of treatment quality. Evidence in this pilot study suggests thai mare attention needs to be given to the relational and emotional aspects of the drug abuse treatment process.

Previous studies of residential and outpatient drug treatment programs have found that retention is higher in residential than in outpatient programs. This study attempts to verify previous findings by conducting an experiment that controls for ecological, self-selection, and program content biases. The Houston Recovery Campus is a research-focused, multiple-provider drug treatment facility for the indigent of Harris County, Texas. During the study period, 646 applicants were randomly assigned to two comparable 28-day programs. The first program was a residential program; the second was an outpatient day treatment program. Twenty-eight day retention rates were significantly higher for the residential program (76%) compared to the day treatment program (64%).

This paper investigates domains of drug injection behavior and the association of derived factors to HIV serostatus. Two sets of data were randomly selected and matched from a national data set of over 40,000 drug injectors. One set was HIV seropositive and the other HIV seronegative heterosexual injectors. Samples were matched to control for the effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and age on serostatus. Factor analysis was used to investigate relationships among drug injection behaviors. Four independent factors were found. Two factors were found to be statistically related to HIV serostatus in high seroprevalence areas. None of the needle use factors was found to be significantly associated with serostatus in low seroprevalence areas.