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Mekuriaw Wuhib Shumye,1 Belachew Tegegne,1 Sewunet Ademe,1 Moges Workneh,1 Million Abera,2 Gugsa Nemera,2 Fikadu Balcha2 1School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mekuriaw Wuhib Shumye Tel +251 92 126 8193Email eyasuwuhib@gmail.comBackground: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the most common comorbid non-communicable chronic diseases that threaten human beings worldwide. Hypertension is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and vis-a-vis. However, there is limited information on the magnitude of diabetes mellitus in hypertensive patients in sub-Saharan countries. Hence, this study assessed the magnitude of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among adult hypertensive patients attending a hypertension clinic in Northeast Ethiopia.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study conducted on 407 participants from April to June 2019. The participants were included in the study using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using the WHO STEPwise method. We run descriptive statistics to determine the magnitude of diabetes mellitus in hypertensive patients and logistic regression to identify factors associated with diabetes, and statistically significant associations were declared at a P-value of less than 0.05.Results: The magnitude of diabetes mellitus among hypertensive patients was 29.1%, of whom 24% were newly diagnosed. Respondents with a family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR: 4.6, CI: 2.2, 9.48), increased waist-to-height ratio (AOR: 21.5, CI: 5.62,43.67), increased waist circumference (AOR: 3.2, CI: 1.58, 6.53) and primary school educational status (AOR: 3.2, CI: 1.41, 7.25) were more likely to have diabetes. Similarly, respondents with longer hypertension duration (AOR: 4.09, CI: 1.22, 13.64), past daily smoking history (AOR: 10.46, CI: 1.59,6.8), increased diastolic blood pressure (AOR: 4.15, CI: 1.51, 11.37), and increased waist circumference (AOR: 7.5, CI: 4.47,14.95) were more likely to be diagnosed newly for diabetes.Conclusion: Our study indicated around one-third of hypertensive patients had diabetes. Family history of diabetes mellitus, primary educational status and increased waist-to-height ratio and waist circumference were significant predictors of diabetes among hypertensive patients. The finding suggests the need for regular diabetic screening among hypertensive patients.Keywords: magnitude, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Ethiopia

Background: In France, daily smoking has been highly prevalent among low-income smokers.Objectives: Our aim was to search for factors associated with both continued abstinence and attempting to qui...

This study aimed to develop a smoking-cessation program for adolescents combining self-efficacy enhancement and stress reduction using self-hand massage. Participants were recruited from smokers enrolled in two high schools in South Korea. The experimental group (N = 22) smoking-cessation program combined self-efficacy information sources and self-hand massage; the comparison group (N = 20) program provided general information. The experimental group significantly improved compared to the control group in self-efficacy, stress, daily smoking, and urinary cotinine immediately following and four weeks after the intervention. The study showed that intervention strategies to improve self-efficacy and reduce stress could improve smoking cessation.

Aim: To document differences in the smoking status and attitudes towards preventive structural measures (e.g. price increases) between 15 to 25-year-olds who had completed the Swiss Smoke-Free Class Competition (SFC) an average of five years ago or whose class had to pull out and never-participants.Method: Data collected in representative surveys in 2012 and 2014 was merged (n = 2669). Logistic regressions were used to examine group differences in smoking status and attitudes towards preventive structural measures adjusted for common confounders. Interaction effects were also tested.Results: Daily smoking was lower among respondents whose class had completed the competition than among never-participants (OR = 0.7; CI = 0.5–0.9; p

This study applies health lifestyle theory to describe patterns of sports participation and explore their associations with other health-relevant behaviours (smoking and at-risk drinking), socio-economic position (education and household income), and language region in Switzerland. We applied a bias corrected three-step latent class analysis to a cross-sectional sample of young Swiss men (N = 10,458) collected in 2010-11. Five different patterns of sports participation were revealed: overall very active (22.8%); informally very active (42.6%); only collectively active (9.6%); only active alone (5.9%); and overall inactive (19.1%). Elevated proportions of smoking and at-risk drinking co-occurred with particular patterns of sports participation. Daily smoking was associated with rarely or never engaging in sports alone or in pairs. Frequent participation in club sports or engagement in self-organised sports in a group was not associated with a lower likelihood of at-risk drinking. In line with health lifestyle theory and previous findings, our results suggest that distinct sports participation patterns are associated with other health-relevant behaviours, socio-economic position, and language region in Switzerland.

Many who smoke in college do so infrequently and smoking conditions are not well understood. We examined smoking patterns among college fraternity and sorority members (N = 207) from a Midwestern university in three successive fall semesters in 2006-2008. Participants completed calendar-assisted retrospective assessments of 30-day smoking at up to five assessment points over 96 days. Overall smoking rates declined over the course of each semester and higher smoking on weekends was observed, with more variability among daily smokers. The most frequent categories of events to cue recall of smoking were socializing, work, and school. Findings can be used to target prevention efforts.

Individuals who feel relaxed the first time they inhale from a cigarette are more likely to develop nicotine dependence. To determine if the relaxation response is associated only with specific aspects of dependence, a survey was administered to 1405 adolescents aged 14–18 years (mean 15.8 years) from four schools in Massachusetts. Nicotine dependence was measured with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), and the loss of autonomy over tobacco was measured with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) and the Autonomy Over Smoking Scale. A feeling of relaxation was reported by 39.4% of 439 youth who had inhaled from a cigarette. Relaxation was associated with increased risk of current smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 5.7, p < 0.001), daily smoking (OR = 5.7, p < 0.001), a loss of autonomy on the HONC (OR = 5.0, p < 0.001), and a DSM-IV diagnosis (OR = 2.4, p < 0.02). In regression analyses, relaxation was not associated with psychological reliance on tobacco after controlling for nicotine withdrawal sy...

It was hypothesised that: (i) intentions to quit smoking were predictable from group identity, self-identity, moral norms and past quit attempts, beyond the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and (ii) that past experiences with the behaviour (quit attempts) would increase the predictive utility of the extended TPB model on intentions. The data was collected among 357 daily smoking students (M = 24 years). The TPB components accounted for 12.3% of the variance in quitting intentions, while the extension variables added 16.5% to the explained variance in intentions beyond the impact of the TPB. Past behaviour had the strongest impact on intentions (α = 0.30), followed by moral norms (α = 0.25), perceived behavioural control (PBC, α = 0.20), attitude (α = 0.18) and group commitment (α = −0.11). By splitting the sample into three categories of past quit attempts the picture changed, revealing that the predictive utility of the TPB increased with the number of quit attempts (no past quit atte...

This study compares tobacco use rates among two-year and four-year college students and explores the demographic variables that predicted that behavior.9,931 students at 14 two-year and four-year colleges in Minnesota participated.Students at 11 schools completed an online survey, and students at 3 schools completed a paper survey in 2007.After controlling for sex, age, ethnicity, relationship status, hours of work per week, and number of school credits, attending a two-year college predicted current and daily smoking (odds ratio [OR]) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52-1.89; OR = 3.47, 95% CI = 2.94-4.11) and smokeless tobacco use (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.32-2.06; OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.06-2.53).Although two-year college students comprise approximately two fifths of the college student population, surveys of college student tobacco use have focused nearly exclusively on four-year college students. Two-year college students should represent a priority population for tobacco control because attending a two-year college predicts increased tobacco use.

The present investigation examined heart-focused anxiety and perceived physical health in terms of affect-relevant cigarette smoking motives and outcome expectancies. Participants were a community sample of 140 adult daily smokers (81 women, mean age = 29.60 years, SD = 11.98). In terms of smoking motives, both heart-focused anxiety and perceived physical health incrementally predicted smoking for negative affect reduction motives above and beyond relevant covariates (gender, weekly alcohol consumption, daily smoking rate). Yet heart-focused anxiety, but not perceived physical health, was incrementally predictive of habitual motives, relative to the same covariates. With regard to smoking outcome expectancies, heart-focused anxiety was incrementally predictive of negative reinforcement outcome expectancies, whereas perceived physical health was not. Alternatively, perceived physical health was incrementally predictive of negative personal consequence outcome expectancies, but heart-focused anxiety was not. Findings are discussed in relation to the role of perceived health vulnerabilities in clarifying affect-oriented smoking motives and expectancies.

Using the data from the South African World Health Survey (WHS), the current study aims to assess the self-reported prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors by socio-economic characteristics in South Africa. A population-based survey of 2314 participants (1116 men and 1236 women) was conducted in South Africa in 2003. Results indicate an overall self-reported diabetes prevalence of 9.1%, 7.1% for men and 10.8% for women. In terms of diabetes risk factors, high rates of overweight or obesity (58.4%), physical inactivity (55.2%), less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables in a day (69.3%), and medium or high stress levels (63.3%) were found; 18.4% were smoking daily and 7.3% were risky drinkers. Univariate regression analyses found that from the six different risk factors none apart from having high stress were associated with the occurrence of diabetes. Greater age was associated with obesity and inversely associated with insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables. Daily smoking and bei...

The purpose of this review is to synthesize the national prevalence data from eight surveys on tobacco use in South Africa over the past 13 years. Results from the national studies indicate that tobacco use among adults is on the decline in South Africa. The same applies to daily smoking and daily smokeless tobacco use among adolescents. However, onset of tobacco use and the prevalence of current smoking among adolescents seem not to have changed over the years. While exposure to tobacco smoke outside the home decreased from 56.5% in 1999 to 36.2% in 2002 among adolescents, exposure to tobacco smoke inside the home increased from 41.7% in 1999 to 73.3% in 2002. This change may be attributed to the introduction of the tobacco control act that from 2000 banned smoking in public places. The decline of overall daily smoking in South Africa may be attributed to the tobacco control strategy based on 1) rapidly increasing excise taxes on tobacco, and (2) comprehensive legislation, of which the most important fea...

This study discusses whether adolescent occasional smokers form a distinct subgroup in comparison with daily smokers, in terms of smoking motivation, confidence in ability to quit and social and cultural characteristics. In a sample of 2484 adolescents aged 16–19, 22 per cent (n=552) were daily smokers and 20 per cent (n=495) were occasional smokers. Findings show that occasional smokers differ from daily smokers in educational choices, subgroup identification and cultural preferences. In each area, daily smokers tend to make choices that correlate with lower cultural capital levels. Occasional smokers also show greater confidence in ability to quit smoking, and in the belief that they will not be smokers by age 25. Occasional smoking is interpreted as a means to construct an identity of control and of difference from daily smoking. Finally, we discuss where occasional smoking among youth is likely to head in the foreseeable future, using diffusion theory as the frame of analysis.

SUMMARY This study prospectively examined the extent to winch behavioral dysregulation in late childhood (10–12 years old) predicted daily cigarette smoking in mid-adolescence (age 16) in a sample of 208 subjects who had provided both baseline information at age 10–12 and follow-up information on daily smoking at age 16. Daily smoking at age 16 was predicted by behavioral dysregulation with 67% classification accuracy. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an extreme variant of the construct of psychological dysregulation, predicted daily smoking at age 16 with 82% classification accuracy. SUD in the father independently predicted daily smoking in the child at age 16 (OR = 3.18; p = .01) but did not moderate the association between psychological dysregulation at age 10–12 and daily smoking at age 16. Current smoking in the father but not in the mother independently predicted daily smoking by the son at age 16. These results indicate that both individual (psychological dysregulation) and environ...

In the early 1980s the concept of a Quit and Win (Q&W) contest was developed in the Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP) as a population-based smoking cessation strategy. The Q&W model has since spread and been applied in many countries around the world. Different communication strategies have been applied for recruiting participants for Q&W. In the Q&W contest in 1995 in Stockholm County, Sweden, direct mail was used as the main recruitment strategy among daily smoking mothers with children aged 0-6 years. Two additional strategies were employed to recruit participants, that is, ads in a local newspaper and personal communication. The target group was estimated to be approximately 4,300 women. In total 5.5% of the target group was recruited, and of those, 4.3% were recruited by direct mail. After 12 months, 14.3% of the women were sustained smoke-free, and the corresponding percentage for those women who were recruited by direct mail was 15.5%. In comparison with several other Q&W contests employing other strategies, the direct-mail technique seems not only to have been successful in recruiting participants, but also in aiding remained sustained smoke-free women after 12 months. To optimize recruitment for Q&W contests, a combination of recruiting strategies should be applied.

To analyse the smoking habits of young females and various associated factors.Cross-sectional population study; questionnaire with fixed-response options.Upper secondary schools in the municipalities of Ludvika and Smedjebacken in central Sweden.524 girls aged 16-19; response rate 85%.Social smoking, daily smoking, heavy smoking.The following causes of social smoking among 16-17-year-old girls were identified: a dismissive attitude to the danger of smoking, maternal smoking, and being sexually experienced. A dismissive attitude to smoking and maternal smoking were the corresponding causes among 18-19-year-olds. A practical school curriculum, lack of interest in sports, smoking by one's best friend, maternal smoking, and a desire for weight control were the causes of daily smoking among 16-17-year-olds. Smoking by one's best friend, maternal smoking, and a dismissive attitude to smoking were the corresponding causes among 18-19-year-olds.The most important cause of social smoking among female 16-19-year-olds was a dismissive attitude to the dangers of smoking. The causes of daily smoking and heavy smoking were more complex, particularly among 16-17-year-olds, and included various social characteristics and habits of the respondents.

A retrospective study of patients hospitalized for complications after third-molar surgery during a 10-year period showed that of the total 19 cases, 15 presented as infections. Five admissions were attributable to surgery performed by oral surgeons, including two cases of postoperative bleeding, two infections, and one displaced root fragment. Fourteen patients admitted after surgery by general dental practitioners included 12 acute and 2 chronic infections. Apart from daily smoking, no medical problems or other risk factors were associated with the complications. According to assessments of regional volume of third-molar surgery by general dental practitioners and oral surgeons, the rates of serious postoperative infections were 2.8.10(-4) and 6.5.10(-5) cases per operation, respectively. This difference in infection rates may be explained by less surgical training and experience in general dental practice.

In this study we examined the interdependence of a broad range of sociodemographic characteristics in a large sample of 15-year-old smokers and nonsmokers. The most prominent risk factors for smoking included the father figure not being the natural father, low family SES, and the young person having a recent part-time job. In particular, the number of adverse sociodemographic conditions present was associated with an increased likelihood of daily smoking at ages 15 and 18. It is estimated that over a 1-year period the cost of cigarettes consumed by 15-year-olds alone is NZ$4.6 million. Use of sociodemographic characteristics to target adolescents at risk of becoming smokers is discussed.

Fahad Alkherayf1,2,3, Eugene K Wai4,5,6, Eve C Tsai1,3,4,6, Charles Agbi1,3,41University of Ottawa, Division of Neurosurgery, Ottawa, Ontario; 2University of Ottawa, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa, Ontario; 3The Ottawa Hospital, Civic campus, Division of Neurosurgery, Ottawa, Ontario; 4The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Spine Unit Ottawa, Ontario; 5The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Ottawa, Ontario; 6The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaBackground: Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the primary causes of disability in the Canadian community. However, only a limited number of studies have addressed the association between daily smoking and LBP in Canada. Of the studies that have explored this association, many had small sample sizes and failed to control for confounders.Objective: The primary objective of the study was to determine if daily smoking is associated with an increased risk of having LBP. The secondary objectives were to assess the risk for LBP among occasional smokers and to determine the prevalence of LBP in relation to different covariates.Data and study design: Using the Canadian Community Health Survey (cycle 3.1) data, 73,507 Canadians between the ages of 20 and 59 years were identified. LBP status, smoking level, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), level of activity and level of education were assessed in these subjects.Methods: Stratified analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to detect effect modifications and to adjust for covariates. Population weight and design were taken into consideration.Results: The prevalence of LBP was 23.3% among daily smokers and 15.7% among non-smokers. Age and sex were found to be effect modifiers. The association between LBP and daily smoking was statistically significant in all ages and genders; this association was stronger for younger age groups. The adjusted odds ratio for male daily smokers aged 20 to 29 was 1.87 (95% CI = 1.62, 2.17); findings were similar for women. Occasional smoking slightly increased the odds of having back pain.Conclusion: Young Canadian daily smokers are at higher risk for LBP. This study also suggests a positive correlation between smoking dose and the risk of LBP. These findings indicate that smoking behavioral modification may have an impact on reducing back pain especially among young adults.Keywords: lower back pain, smoking, Canadian Community Health Survey, sex, adult Canadians

29 Ss were assigned to one of 3 treatment conditions and treated for their cigarette smoking over a 2-week period. These conditions were: group rapid smoking, group hypnosis, and an attention-placebo control group. All treatments produced significant reductions in average daily smoking rates during the treatment phase but all Ss returned to near baseline levels of smoking by the 6-week follow-up. The rapid smoking and hypnosis groups did not differ from the control group in smoking rates at treatment termination or at the 6-week follow-up. They also did not differ from the control group in the number of Ss abstaining from smoking by treatment termination but did differ at follow-up. Eventually, at the 9-month follow-up, only Ss from the group rapid smoking condition had significantly more abstainers than the control group. The results suggested that rapid smoking can work as effectively in group procedures as previous individualized approaches had demonstrated. Group hypnosis, while less effectiv...