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Crinipellis brunneoaurantiaca, C. pallidibrunnea and C. rubella are described as new species and their taxonomic position is discussed. The two former were collected in subdeciduous tropical forest and the latter in the montane cloud forest, all from the east coast of Mexico (central Veracruz). Crinipellis podocarpi, C. pseudostipitaria var. mesites, C. setipes, recorded in montane cloud forest, and C. tucumanensis, collected in subdeciduous tropical forest, also are discussed. Detailed macro- and microscopic descriptions, illustrations of distinctive microscopic characters and plates are presented for each species.

Crinipellis pedemontana, a new agaric growing on stems of dead grasses in an Italian urban park, is described and illustrated. It fits in sect. Grisentinae on account of the green reaction with KOH and ammonia and its bright colored pileus. The unique combination of purple-violaceous tinges in the pileus and the presence of chlamydospores in the pileipellis characterize this species as new. Its taxonomic position within Crinipellis and the related genus Moniliophthora is discussed.

Investigations were conducted in Rondonia State, Brazil, for two years to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated control involving phytosanitation and fungicide sprays in reducing pod losses due to witches’ broom disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) caused by Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer. The fungicides tested were cuprous oxide, tebuconazole and tank mixtures of cuprous oxide with tebuconazole or chlorothalonil. All fungicide treatments significantly reduced the incidence of pod disease in both years. However, use of integrated measures clearly exerted more disease control than fungicide use alone. None of the formulations tested protected the vegetative shoots from infection. Cuprous oxide was seen as the fungicide most likely to be adopted for commercial use. The results are discussed with suggestions for further investigations on chemical control of witches’ broom disease.

A survey was conducted of 21 estates and cocoa germplasm collections at locations representative of the cocoa growing areas of Trinidad to determine the current status of witches’ broom disease of cocoa on the island. The disease caused by Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, was prevalent at all sites investigated. Its incidence was however considerably less than that reported in the 1940s and 1950s. The widespread cultivation of resistant cocoa genotypes appeared to be the dominant factor responsible for the reduced disease level. It was also observed that recommended management practices such as fertilizer application, regular weeding and shade regulation, all conducive to vigorous tree growth, were neglected on most estates. Consequently, the heavily shaded crop does not flush or flower so intensely as to provide an abundant supply of susceptible tissues for the pathogen which only attacks meristematic tissues. Evidence indicating the probable absence of the severe pathotype of C. pernicio...

The history and importance of cocoa diseases in Ecuador are discussed and the biology of the two more important pathogens is described. Chemical methods offer few prospects for economic control. Cultural control appears ineffective in reducing infection by Crinipellis perniciosa (Witches' broom) but there are possibilities of a partial control of Monilia roreri (Monilia pod rot) by cultural methods. Manipulation of the crop to escape infection has shown promise in reducing pod losses from both diseases.

SummaryPod diseases, mainly Crinipellis perniciosa and Monilia roreri, reduce potential cocoa production in Ecuador by 60% to 70%. However, pods which develop and mature during the dry season escape heavy infection. Manipulating the timing of crop maturity, by supplementing natural pollination during the early dry season, reduced losses from pod diseases and gave economic yield increases. Controlled wounding of the trees to increase the availability of flowers for supplementary hand-pollination gave inconsistent results.

Pod losses caused by Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer passed 50% in cocoa plantings in their sixth year in Rondonia, Brazil where no control was applied. It is recommended that pruning should be initiated in the fourth year after planting. Recovery of fermentable seeds from diseased fruits was minimal, and pod losses could be used to estimate yield loss. Monthly losses had to be calculated by comparing actual harvests with predictions based on previous fruit set. Manipulation of harvest time by manual pollination may create difficulties with pod weight/ size and unpredictability of fruit wilt.

Pileus 2-4 cm. latus, obtusus demum late campanulatus vel plano-umbonatus, subzonatus, siccus, fibrillosus, fuscus, ad marginem sordide luteo-fuscus; lamellae albidae adnatae, confertae; stipes 4-6 cm. longus, 3-5 mm. crassus, aequalis, subradicatus, fusco-tomentosus; sporae 8-10 (11) X 4-5.5 ,u; cheilocystidia 42-66 X 9-13 p.Specimen typicum in Herb. Univ. of Mich. et Farlow Herb., Harvard Univ. conservatum: Legit Maurice B. Walters, prope Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 25, 1943.

List of contributors Preface 1. Resource relations - an overview A. D. M. Rayner, R. Watling and Juliet C. Frankland 2. Tropical agarics: resource relations and fruiting periodicity J. N. Hedger 3. Armillaria: resources and hosts J. Rishbeth 4. The growth of Crinipellis perniciosa in living and dead cocoa tissue B. E. J. Wheeler 5. Mycorrhizal dynamics during forest tree development J. Dighton and P. A. Mason 6. A comparative ultrastructural analysis of the host-fungus interface in mycorrhizal and parasitic associations J. A. Duddridge 7. The challenge of the dolipore/parenthesome septum Royall T. Moore 8. Dikaryon formation Lorna A. Casselton and Androulla Economou 9. Cytology of hyphal interactions and reactions in Schizophyllum commune N. K. Todd and R. C. Aylmore 10. Morphogenesis of vegetative organs A. D. M. Rayner, J. A. Powell, W. Thompson and D. H. Jennings 11. Developmental character of agarics Roy Watling 12. Elongation of the stipe of Coprinus cinereus G. W. Gooday 13. Differentiation and pattern formation in the fruit body cap of Coprinus cinereus Isabelle V. Rosin, Jacqueline Horner and David Moore 14. Determination of the initial steps in differentiation in Coprinus congregatus Ian K. Ross 15. Production and roles of extrcellular enzymes during morphogenesis of basidiomycete fungi D. A. Wood 16. The biochemistry of Agaricus fructification J. B. W. Hammond 17. Growth and development of Lentinus edodes on a chemically defined medium Gary F. Leatham 18. Ultrastructural aspects of fruit body differentiation in Flammulina velutipes M. A. J. Williams, A. Beckett and N. D. Read 19. Developmental genetics - from spore to sporophore T. J. Eiliot 20. Nucelic acid studies in Schizolphyllum Robert C. Ullrich, Charles P. Novotny and Charles A. Specht 21. Molecular biology of fruit body formation in Schizophyllum commune J. G. H. Wessel, J. J. M. Dons and O. M. H. De Vries 22. Meiosis and genetic recombination in Coprinus cinereus Patricia J. Pukkila, David M. Binniger, Jeane R. Cassify, Beverly M. Yashar and Miriam E. Zolan 23. Strategies for mushroom breeding Carlene A. Raper 24. Biological and technological aspects of commercial mushroom growing P. B. Flegg 25. Composting technology Lung-Chi Wu 26. Secondary metabolic products of selected agarics Norman Claydon 27. Developmental biology of agarics - and overview A. F. M. Reikinders and David Moore Species index Subject index.