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Xenophobia has not received sufficient attention although anti-migrant sentiments and practices have been on the rise in receiving countries. This study attempts to inset xenophobia in the migratio...

In this paper, both the comparison matrix method generated from eigenvalues and the D. (Degree) E. (Extent) R. (Relevancy) evaluation method were used to find the weighting value and ranking of damage evaluation for ten existing reinforced concrete (RC) bridges in Keelung, Taiwan. The evaluated repair order results obtained from the proposed method are : Fuh-min → Guan-in → Wuu-der → Dong-shyh → Jong-san → Jong-jeng → Guang-hwa → Shang-ren → Long-men → Jong-her bridges. However, the evaluated results obtained from the priority index (PI) of the D.E.R. evaluation method are Fuh-min → Guan-in → Wuu-der → Dong-shyh → Guang-hwa → Jong-jeng → Long-men → Jong-her -> Jong-san → Shang-ren bridges. The predicted difference between the proposed method and the PI of the D.E.R. evaluation method is caused by the detailed assessment items being merely considered by the PI of the D.E.R. evaluation method whereas the general assessment items are disregarded. It is perfectly plain that each bridge element weighting value, adopted by the D.E.R. evaluation method is reasonable and feasible. The results presented in this study can be used as a crucial reference for engineering decision making for repair, strengthening or demolition of existing RC bridges.

In this paper, the D. (Degree) E. (Extent) R. (Relevancy) evaluation criterion, in combination with the fuzzy optimum system hierarchy analysis selection method, is established as a newly proposed method. The evaluation factors for the entire bridge system are partitioned and combined by weighting values. Based on the proposed method, the best decision making repair order for bridge damages can be made according to the membership grade. The evaluated results using the D.E.R. evaluation criterion in combination with the multiple factors and layers fuzzy synthesis evaluation (MFLFSE) method were employed to compare the evaluation results obtained from both the proposed and D.E.R. evaluation methods. To verify the feasibility and reliability of the proposed method, ten existing RC bridges in Keelung, Taiwan were used for determining the repair order. The predicted results obtained from among the proposed and MFLFSE and the condition index (CI) of the D.E.R. evaluation methods have the same repair or...