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The aim of this research was to investigate the variation regarding the chemical composition and biological activities of needles essential oils (EOs) of P. halepensis. Chemical profiles demonstrated a significant (P

Sesquiterpenes are a large variety of terpene natural products, widely existing in plants, fungi, marine organisms, insects, and microbes. Value-added sesquiterpenes are extensively used in industries such as: food, drugs, fragrances, and fuels. With an increase in market demands and the price of sesquiterpenes, the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes by microbial fermentation methods from renewable feedstocks is acquiring increasing attention. Synthetic biology provides robust tools of sesquiterpene production in microorganisms. This review presents a summary of metabolic engineering strategies on the hosts and pathway engineering for sesquiterpene production. Advances in synthetic biology provide new strategies on the creation of desired hosts for sesquiterpene production. Especially, metabolic engineering strategies for the production of sesquiterpenes such as: amorphadiene, farnesene, bisabolene, and caryophyllene are emphasized in: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other microorganisms. Challenges and future perspectives of the bioprocess for translating sesquiterpene production into practical industrial work are also discussed.

The medicinal composition of rosemary essential oil has led to its widespread use in the food, cosmetic, health and herbal industries. In the present work, seasonal variations of essential constituents of essential oil, essential oil yield were evaluated. The predominant components of rosemary were: camphene, limonene, α-pinene, camphor, borneol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, (E)- caryophyllene and bornyl acetate. The highest rate of linalool was seen in summer, while camphor, limonene and borneol showed the highest percentage in cold season. Some of the compounds such as α-pinene, camphene, bornyl acetate and (E)- caryophyllene in the spring with the activation of some important plant enzymes such as peroxidase showed the highest amount. It is hoped that this research will provide very useful information about the best time to harvest the valuable rosemary plant and can be useful for the health, food and herbal industries that use this plant.

An aromatic alkaloid-rich 'absolute' extract from inhibited at 62.5 μg.mL and at 500 μg.mL A loss of activity upon fractionation indicated possible synergistic effects. Three new acridones, gossweicridone A ( ), B ( ) and C ( ) and known compounds from the extract were inactive. Combinations of compounds showed that a sub-fraction containing mixtures of minor compounds with ( )-caryophyllene augmented activity by 50-folds, with MIC values of 19.6 μg.mL for and 375.0 μg.mL for , demonstrating potent ΣFIC values of 0.02 and 0.375 respectively. From the active sub-fraction, three compounds were assigned as tecleanatalensine B, 13 -hydroxy-9 ,11 ,15 -octadecatrienoic acid and normelicopine. In combination with ( )-caryophyllene they separately demonstrated MIC values of 18 μg.mL , 34 μg.mL and 16 μg.mL respectively against . The synergistic combinations were more potent with addition of pheophytin A, suggesting that the synergistic antifungal effect of the extract is multi-layered.

The essential oil (EO) from leaf, mace, kernel, and seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt. growing in the Western Ghats, India was investigated for the first time. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. The results revealed that yields of EO were 3.16%, 8.10%, 6.24%, and 5.21% for leaf, mace, kernel, and seed, respectively. The main fractions were found to be monoterpenes (53.77%–94.82%), phenylpropenes (1.96%–28.61%), and sesquiterpenes (1.21%–16.76%) and for all the four parts. The main constituents of leaf were sabinene (17.17%), eugenol (16.60%), myristicin (9.12%), caryophyllene (8.82%), and β-myrcene (4.74%). Sabinene (38.37%), α-pinene (8.16%), β-pinene (7.61%), D-limonene (7.07%), and 3-carene (5.05%) were predominant constituents of mace. The major constituents of kernel and seed were sabinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and D-limonene. The major constituents of leaf, mace, kernel and seed of nutmeg can be utilised in the food, perfumery, aroma and pharmaceutical industries.

Schinus polygamus (Anacardiaceae) is a shrub cultivated in Egypt for ornamental purpose. The major components of bark oil were dl-limonene (29.74%), followed by myrtenal (14.02%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.34%), while E-caryophyllene (55.86%), dl-limonene (27.71%) and β-pinene (3.54%) were predominant in the leaf oil. These isolated oils were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Candida albicans MTCC183 and Aspergillus niger NRRL 595, and two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The leaf oil showed a remarkable inhibitory effect against all tested bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 25 to 300 µg/mL, while the bark oil was active against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 only. Furthermore, the bark and leaf oils revealed potent cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and Caco-2 cells with IC50 values of 1.56 to 24.12 µg/mL.

Stachys pilifera Benth is an endemic species of Iran where it is found in the mountainous habitats of Zagros region. The plant is a rich source of secondary metabolites endowed with different medicinal properties. Here, for the first time, the essential oil variability among eleven wild populations of S. pilifera, was investigated. Results indicated that the variation of the chemical profile of essential oils was remarkable. The most abundant components were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (19.1-48.2%), viridiflorol (1.4-19.1%), trans-caryophyllene (2.3-11.9%), caryophyllene oxide (1.9-11.0%), limonene (2.0- 5.9%) and spathulenol (0.0- 9.5). Based on the cluster analyses (CA), four main chemotypes were recognized: chemotype I (cis-chrysanthenyl acetate), chemotype II (cis-chrysanthenyl acetate/viridiflorol), chemotype III (cis-chrysanthenyl acetate/viridiflorol/spathulenol), chemotype IV (cis-chrysanthenyl acetate/trans-caryophyllene/α-pinene). The chemical variation detected can be useful to consider these populations for pharmaceutical industries and industrial applications as well as for domestication and conservation purposes.

Artemisia annua L. is an annual Eurasian desert-steppe plant. The composition of essential oils found in Artemisia annua from Russian (Buryatian) flora was analyzed in this work using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry method. Artemisia ketone, β-selinene, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D were the main components of the analyzed essential oils. The comparison of own and literature data showed that the essential oils of A. annua conditionally could be divided into "Asian" and "European" groups. Our samples, referring to "Asian" profile, exhibited higher antiradical activity in comparison with data from previously published studies.

Essential oils (EOs) were extracted from the leaves of two Psidium guajava (P. guajava) cultivars (white and pink fruit forms) from the local fields of Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan. Essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS and the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-haem biocrystallisation activities were assessed. GC/MS profiles revealed 40 and 57 compounds with total percentage composition 92.55% and 86.89% in P. guajava white and pink cultivars, respectively. The major compounds (>5%) found in EO of P. guajava white were caryophyllene (9.08%), dihydrocarveol acetate (7.04%), nerolidol (6.69%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.18%) whereas α-phellandrene (11.66%), eucalyptol (10.01%), α-terpineol (7.78%) and spathulenol (5.71%) in P. guajava pink. Essential oils showed moderate antioxidant potential. The P. guajava pink cultivar had comparatively high antioxidant potential than P. guajava white while both had comparable antimicrobial potential. Essential oils from both of the cultivars of P. guajava exhibi...

Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of Zygophyllum gaetulum collected from Taguounite (south of Morocco). The chemical profiles of essential oils were evaluated by means of GC-MS method and in total, 33 compounds were identified from leaves, fruits and stem roots. Caryophyllene E was the major compound for leaves (19.18%), whereas Decanone and Bornylacetate were the major constituents for fruits and stem roots respectively with 31.5% and 33.84%. For mineral composition of leaves, According to results, calcium and sodium values were very high in leaves samples (2.8 and 1.73% of dried samples respectively). The levels of crud ash were of 20%. This result contributed to the nutritional properties of these plant species and may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information. Phytochemical screening have shown the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpens.

The ethnobotanical uses of Brazilian plants for different injuries and diseases conjoined with local rich biodiversity represent an important resource for research and development. This study aimed to characterise BDEO and its in vitro activity on the third instar larvae (L3) of Cochliomyia macellaria. Groups of 20 L3 were placed on filter paper impregnated with increasing concentrations of 5–30% (v/v), equivalent to 0.79–4.77 μL/cm2, solubilised in ethanol or acetone. The major constituents of BDEO were β-pinene (9.94%), D-limonene (9.59%), β-nerolidol (7.93%), caryophyllene (7.69%), spathulenol (6.69), α-muurolene (6.74%) and α-pinene (5.31%). Lethal concentrations of 50% for BDEO on C. macellaria (LC50) after 24 and 48 h of exposure were 2.63 and 2.47 μL/cm2 for ethanol and 9.58 and 8.11 μL/cm2 for acetone, respectively. Furthermore, larvae cuticle abnormalities and adult deformity were observed. Our data confirm the effectiveness of BDEO as an ecofriendly product against blowflies.

The compositions of essential oils found in Artemisia frigida Willd. growing within the Republic of Buryatia (Russia), Mongolia, and China are analyzed in this work. We identified 152 compounds in the essential oils of A. frigida, including acyclic, aromatic, mono-, sesqui- and diterpene compounds. The dominant compounds found in plants from the Republic of Buryatia were mostly monoterpenes, including 1,8-cineol, camphor, borneol and terpinen-4-ol. The samples from the Chita region of Russia and from Mongolia, which was drier than the Republic of Buryatia, contained a similar composition of major compounds as well as sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene, germacrene D) in addition to the above-mentioned monoterpenes. The samples from Qinghai Province, China, contained α-bisabolone oxide A, B, camphor, and 1,8-cineol as dominant compounds. There were some irregular monoterpenes (e.g., yomogi alcohol, artemisia ketone, artemisia alcohol, and lavandulol) in the Chinese samples. Eastern A. frigida popula...

The chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of Rydingia michauxii (Briq.) Scheen & V.A. Albert was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Eighty components were identified in the oil with caryophyllene oxide (20.1%), trans-verbenol (10.2%), linalool (5.3%) and humulene epoxide II (4.6%) as main constituents. We reported here the chemical compositions of R. michauxii EOs from southern Zagros of Iran with a distinct chemical profile for the first time.

Chemical composition of essential oil and hydrosol extract obtained by hydrodistillation (HY) and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) of Psoralea bituminosa was investigated using gas chromatography/ret...

The essential oil (obtained by hydrodistillation) and hexane extracts (obtained by Soxhlet apparatus) of Chaerophyllum macropodum (Boiss.) from two different area were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil of C. macropodum from Givi (sample A) and Neor (sample B) localities were characterized by a dominant amount of trans-β-ocimene (22.8% and 21.2%), cis-β- ocimene (10.0% and 8.5%) and (+) spathulenol (4.4% and 6.0%), respectively. p-cymene (10.3%), γ-terpinene (9.2%), trans-β-farnesene (8.2 %) and fenchyl acetate (6.5%) among the 27 components of the total oil in Givi sample were detected. Caryophyllene oxide (9.0%), α-pinene (7.1%), β- caryophyllene (6.6%), myristicin (5.1%) and sabinene (5.0%) were predominated in the oil obtained from Neor sample. In the hexane extracts of sample A and B the following compounds were detected, respectively: linoleic acid (23.2% and 29.2%), 6-octadecenoic acid (20.2% and 6.8%), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (8.8% and 9.9%) and E-β-farnesene (4.6% and 8.7%). C...

In this study, the essential oil of dried flowering aerial parts of Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. and Anthriscus nemorosa (M.Bieb.) Spreng. were analyzed by means of GC / GC-MS. As a result 35 and 34 components were identified representing 88.1% and 90.5% of the oil A. cerefolium and A. nemorosa, respectively. The main constituents of A. cerefolium were caryophyllene (16.9%), δ-cadinene (16.4%), trans-pinocarveol (12.5%), spathulenol (7.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.8%); whereas caryophyllene (15.8%), caryophyllene oxide (14.5%), δ-cadinene (13.4%), germacrene D (8.9%) and trans-pinocarveol (6.2%) were detected the major constituents of A. nemorosa. Studied plant samples were found to be rich in respect to essential oils. The results were discussed in consideration of natural products, renewable resources, chemotaxonomy and potential medical uses of these plants.

SPME-GC-MS analysis of the scent of Platanthera bifolia subsp. osca collected during the night showed as main components lilac alcohols B, C and D and lilac aldehydes A, B and C. Other significant chemical components were linalool and caryophyllene. Some differences were found in comparison with previously reported analyses of the scent of P. bifolia and Platanthera chlorantha. The most important difference found was in the composition of the ester fraction.

The chemical composition of essential oils hydrodistilled (HD), steam distilled (SD) and supercritical fluid extracted (SCFE) from the leaves of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica from Pakistan were being reported. Maximum yield of essential oil for both strains was obtained at 110°C, 130°C and 45°C for hydrodistillation, steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction respectively. Yields of essential oil using SCFE technique were more than HD and SD extraction respectively. The main compounds of C. sativa essential oil were characterized by large amounts of caryophyllene (40.6-50.0%), humulene (9.51-16.0%), trans-α- bergamotene (4.42-6.31%) cis-β-farnesene (8.63-9.01%) and δ-limonene (5.13-8.19%) respectively. The main components of Cannabis indica were caryophyllene (21.1-25.1%), carophyllene oxide (4.13-5.02%), linalool (20.8-22.1%), trans-α-bergamotene (3.23-5.16%) and cis-β-farnesene (2.10-3.68%), menthol (7.20-9.43%), δ- limonene (6.13-7.19%), eucalyptol (9.67-12.10%), and carvone (2...

A solid phase microextraction (SPME) method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for analyses of the volatile compounds of six Geranium species; G. asphodeloides, G. psilostemon, G. purpureum, G. pyrenaicum, G. robertianum and G. sanguineum. The results were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation. According to the results of the study, the major compounds identified in the SPME extracts were sabinen (33.5%) (G. asphodeloides), caryophyllene (34.1%, 21.7%, 11.2%) (G. psilostemon, G. purpureum and G. robertianum), germacrene D (25.2%) (G. pyrenaicum), and alloaromadendrene (19.8%) (G. sanguineum) whereas hydrodistillation (HD) essential oils were rich in benzene acetaldehyde (30%, 25.7%) (G. asphodeloides, G. sanguineum), caryophyllene (34.3%, 11.3%) (G. psilostemon and G. robertianum), hexadecanoic acid (36.2%, 15.1%) (G. purpureum and G. pyrenaicum). The oils were screened for antimicrobial activity against 10 microorganisms and showed antibacterial and antifungal ...

Thymus , an aromatic plant of the family lamiaceae, has valuable medicinal properties commonly used in traditional and modern medicine across the world. This plant is mainly native to the northern temperate regions such as southern Europe and Asia. In Iran, several species of this plant grows in most of the temperate and mountainous areas. In this study, chemical compounds of flowering shoot of two types of thyme, namely Thymus vulgaris and Thymus kotschyanus , are compared. Thymus vulgaris was collected from the herbal plants farm of Science and Culture University of Kashmar, and Thymus kotschyanus was collected from the heights of Bojnurd. Water and steam distillation methods were performed in order to collect the essential oils. Compounds of essential oils were identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry GC-MASS. There were 10 common compounds identified: γ-terpinene, thymol, α-pinene, camphene, oleic acid,1-octen-3ol, trans -caryophyllene, β-myrcene, α-thujene, 1,8-cineole. Thymol was present in the essential oil and had the highest percentage, which was found to be at its highest in the flower bud of T. vulgaris at 54.66%. The antimicrobial properties of these plants were measured by the Disk diffusion method against two bacteria. It was discovered that T. vulgaris were found to have strong antimicrobial properties. The essential oils were more sensitive against Staphylococcus aureus than Pseudomonas aeruginosa .

This article reports a study on the extraction and evaluation of essential oil obtained from dried flowers of Eupatorium intermedium, a plant native to southern Brazil that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The hydrodistillation achieved a maximum yield of 1.01 wt% of essential oil. Regarding the chemical composition, by a qualitative analysis, the identified substances were α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, limonene, caryophyllene (E), germacrene D, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained was evaluated using the DPPH method, phosphomolybdenum reducing method and total phenolic content. The total phenolic content was 4.26 mg GAE/g of oil. The antioxidant activity obtained by the DPPH method was 0.82 wt%, at a concentration of 250 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity obtained through the reduction of the phosphomolybdenum complex was 1154.69 mg α-tocopherol/g of oil. Antibacterial activity assays were performed using the agar well method. The oil presented...

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most abundant timber species in the United States and needles from this species contain essential oils (EOs) with antibacterial properties. Needles from trees of one loblolly pine clone were assayed for the EOs α-pinene, β-pinene, terpineol, limonene, and caryophyllene across a growing season. Results showed strong positive correlations among EOs, except for caryophyllene, with Pearson’s correlation values ranging from .66–.96. Simultaneously, physiological attributes of tree stomatal conductance, water stress, and environmental attributes including soil moisture, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity were measured. The plants modulated the EO concentrations as a function of a changing environment season. The collection month had the largest effect on EO yields and highest yields were during the beginning of the growing season. Decreases in EOs were evident as the growing season progressed and as plants ex...

Chemical composition of Hyptis spicigera, H. suaveolens and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation of plant leaves from Senegal were determined by GC-MS / GC-FID. A total of twenty-nine, thirty-seven and thirty-four components were identified for H. spicigera, H. suaveolens and E. camaldulensis, respectively. H. spicigera oil contained as main components α-pinene (38.9 %), β- pinene (14.7 %) and caryophyllene (12.6 %). For H. suaveolens we obtained at first, in February 1,8-Cineole (19.8%), caryophyllene (16.9 %) and sabinene (11.6% ); at March, sabinene and caryophyllene represented 27.9 % and 20.8 % respectively while 1,8-Cineole decreased from 19.8 to 1.1%. The most important component revealed with E. camaldulensis were spathulenol (31.6 %), p-cymene (11.3 %), bicyclogermacrene (8.2 %) and β-selinene (7.9 %).

Ocimum genus belonging to family Labiatae is well known for their therapeutic potential. Ocimum sanctum L. is rich in essential oils and secondary metabolites which are potential source of drugs. Various plant parts (leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and even whole plant) of Ocimum sanctum Linn (also known as Tulsi in Hindi) have been recommended for the treatment of various ailments in different systems of medicines. Major constituents of Ocimum sanctum include eugenol, qurcetine and caryophyllene are known to possess several pharmacological properties. In the present study, the tissue culture methodologies and strategies have been developed and modified to enhance the secondary metabolite production from holy basil for the first time by the addition of a precursor (phenylalanine) to the media to enhance the production of eugenol and subjected to quantitative estimation through HPLC.

Flower fragrance not only plays an important role for reproduction of ornamental plants, but also improves the aesthetic value of cut flowers and potted plants, the quality of flower products and their economic value. In this study, the floral headspace compounds of different herbaceous peony cultivars were isolated by a headspace solid-phase microextraction, and followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification and quantification. Up to 34 volatile compounds were identified from the 21 herbaceous peony cultivars, including 14 terpenes, 9 alcohols, 7 esters, 1 aldehydes, 1 ketones and 2 arenes. Terpenes, alcohols and esters were the major headspace compounds, whereas the main floral constituents identified in herbaceous peony were caryophyllene, β-citronellol and cinnamic acid methyl ester. Paeonia lactiflora ‘Zi Rong Xi Yao’, Paeonia lactiflora ‘Mo Zi Han Jin’, Paeonia lactiflora ‘Zi Yu Lian’ and Paeonia lactiflora ‘Xi Xia Ying Xue’ had a high total amount of β-citronellol, gera...

The essential oil obtained from the fresh parts of root, stem, fruit, and leaf of Piper longum growing wild in Western Ghats, Kerala was analyzed by GC-MS. The study led to the identification and quantification of 38 (root), 36 (stem), 29 (fruit) and 37 (leaf) chemical constituents belonging to different classes of compounds accounting for 96.9 %, 97.2 %, 97.1 % and 76.7 % of the total oil composition respectively. The essential oil production, yield of total volatile oil content in fruit and leaf was higher than that of root and stem. The principal components in root, stem, and fruit were comparable. The oil composition of root (62.0 %), fruit (71.5 %), and stem (69.2 %) was dominated by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons while the leaf had sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (68.7 %) as the major components. The high amount of monoterpene, especially pinene and camphene in the root, stem and fruit due to the freshness of the sample.

In traditional Korean medicine, flower buds of Magnolia kobus DC. plant is widely used for the treatments of various disorders. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide extract (SFE) of M. kobus flower buds on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes of human brain. The extract from the flower buds of M. kobus was obtained by SFE and the yield was 0.27% at 40°C and 400 bar pressure. Subsequently, GC-MS analysis revealed that the major components of the SFE were caryophyllene (19.93%) and α-terpineol (12.49%). A large proportion of the oil was composed in the groups of hydrocarbons (55.09%) and alcohols (31.21%). In addition, fragrance evaluation of extract of M. kobus flower buds showed the characteristics of balsamic, floral, herbal, medicinal, minty, oily and spicy. In EEG study, the data were observed before and during the inhalation of M. kobus fragrance. During the inhalation of M. kobus fragrance, the EEG power spectrum values of absolute th...

The essential oils of six Myrtaceae species were investigated for their chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. The volatile oils were characterized by four common components i-e α-pinene, 1,8- cineole, p-menth-1-en-8-ol and caryophyllene. The Eugenia jambolana essential oil was found rich in α-pinene (54.74%) followed by Callistemon citrinus (34.19 %), Myrtus communis (30.73 %), Melaleuca genistifolia (10.19 %) and Melaleuca alternifolia (4.47 %). Callistemon citrinus contained 1,8-cineole in appreciable amount (28.85 %) followed by Melaleuca alternifolia (26.35 %) and Myrtus communis (20.00 %). Melaleuca genistifolia oil contained highest concentration of p-menth-1-en-8-ol (14.66 %) among oils while Callistemon citrinus and Myrtus communis contained p-menth-1-en-8-ol in comparable amounts (10.69 and 9.68 %) respectively. Syzygium caryophyllatum had high content of caryophyllene (96.42 %) while it is found in minor amounts in other selected species (0.01-2.23 %). All the oils showed goo...

WOS: 000356499200010, The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae) fruits collected from five different localities in Turkey [Zonguldak (S1), Edirne (S2), Balkesir (S3), Mula (S4) and Antalya (S5)] were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). -Caryophyllene (11%) and -pinene (10%) were identified as major components in the oil of S1. The highest amount of bicyclogermacrene (22.1%) was detected in the essential oil of S2. The major components of the essential oil of S3 were 1,8-cineole (17.8%), sabinene (15.8%), (Z)--farnesene (13.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (12.1%). The essential oil compositions of S4 and S5 had similarities, both containing sabinene [12.1% (S4), 12.1% (S5)], 1,8-cineole [13.2% (S4), 11.8% (S5)], -caryophyllene [12.7% (S4), 11.4% (S5)] and bicyclogermacrene [11% (S4), 12.1% (S5)] as major components.

Seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. were irradiated with different doses of gamma rays; 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy from a cobalt source a at dose rate of 1.65 kGy/hour. The stimulatory effects of gamma irradiation at 10 kGy were evident for biochemical and elemental parameters at the flowering stage and thereafter declined. Nitrogen was found to be maximum in leaves and sulfur in roots at the flowering stage of seedlings grown from seeds exposed to 10 kGy. Sulfur content was found to be most sensitive to gamma irradiation doses resulting in a maximum decline in stems (89.10%), leaves (65.79%) and roots (57.07%) with 20 kGy, respectively. Amino acids exhibited a similar percent decline (52.79%) at the pre-flowering stage in plants raised from seeds irradiated with 20 kGy. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and solid-phase particle microextraction (SPME) analysis, a remarkable percent increment was confirmed in tricyclene, α-pinene, β-myrcene, camphene, caryophyllene, β-gurgenene, n-nonanal, β-(...

Due to the great importance of geranium oil in the perfume industry various cultivars of Pelargonium species are widely cultivated. In this study, the diurnal emission and accumulation of volatile oil compounds (VOCs) in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) was examined. The leaves volatiles of P. graveolens at different time points showed wide variation in VOCs during one 24-h cycle of 12 h light/12 h dark. Main volatile oils were ordered with average percentage of individual VOCs at each time points. It was found that citronellol (22.73-26.66 %), citronellyl formate (24.38 - 27.2 %), iso-menthone (8.16 - 10.83 %), (E)- caryophyllene (2.27 - 6.22 %), germacrene D (1.27 - 6.4 %), geraniol (0.68 - 7.16 %), geranyl formate (2.03 - 5.15 %), α-pinene (2.92 - 5.75 %), cis-rose oxide (0.27 - 10.68 %), linalool (0.57 - 1.53 %), citronellyl propanoate (0.73 - 0.88 %), trans-rose oxide (0.11 - 4.2 %), citronellyl acetate (0.41 - 0.62 %) and neral (0.16 - 0.52 %) were the highest VOCs for all time...

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia sharifii growing wild in Iran was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-nine components representing 84.5 % of the oil were identified. Caryophyllene (12.8 %), germacrene D (9.5 %), trans-isolimonene (7.0 %), spathulenol (6.9%), bicycloegermacrene (5.6 %), caryophyllene oxide (5.5 %) and 1,8-cineol, co-eluted with limonene (4.2 %) were the main components of the oil. The close morphological characters of S. sharifii and S. macrosiphon promoted us to investigate them, particularity to understand if they are chemically identical or different. The GC-MS analytical results of the essential oil of S. sharifii were compared to those previously reported for the oil of S. macrosiphon. Our analytical results, suggested that although S. sharifii and S. macrosiphon belong to the same botanical group, they are not chemically identical.

The leaf oils of Psidium guajava (white fruit) and Psidium guajava (pink fruit) collected in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa has been examined by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the apparent concentrations were determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. A total of twenty compounds of 88.9 % from white fruit and forty eight compounds representing 97.5 % from pink fruit of the oils were identified. P. guajava (white fruit) produced oil that was much richer in hydrocarbons (38.8 %), sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (24.0 %), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (19.1 %) and alcohol (6.8 %). The major constituents of the essential oil were caryophyllene oxide (14.0 %), caryophyllene (13.9 %), 1H-cycloprop[e]azulene (11.6 %), adamantane (9.4 %), 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (6.8 %), α-cubebene (6.7 %), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (3.9 %), β-humulene (3.5 %), 1,2,4a,5,6,8a- hexahydronaphthalene (3.2 %) and α-caryophyllene (3.0 %). The leaf oil of P. guajav...

The aim of this study to determine the antimicrobial activitiy of essential oil of Ballota saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta (Boiss) P.H. Davis & Doroszenko. The oil was screened against human pathogenic seven bacteria and two yeast. Essential oil (EO) of B. saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta extracted by hidrodistilation, were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components of EO of B. saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta were caryophyllene (23.94 %), epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (20.20 %), caryophyllene oxide (10.50 %). Antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of B. saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta was determined by using macro dilution method. All microorganisms except for Bacillus subtilis demonstrated some degree sensitivity to EO of B. saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values have been changed in the range of 25-50 µg/ml. Essential oil of B. saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta possesses compounds with antimicrobial effect agains pathogen microor...

Bursera morelensis Ramirez is an endemic tree from Mexico that posses a relatively higher quantity of essential oil respect to others species of the same genus. This work was focused on the determination of the chemical composition of Bursera morelensis Ramirez essential oil and its anti-inflammatory activity when extracted by steam distillation from aerial parts. GC and GC-MS analyses displayed the presence of at least 17 components that constitute the essential oil including α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene, caryophyllene and p-cymene, as major components. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by means of the carrageenin induced rat paw edema model, displaying a positive anti-inflammatory behavior comparable to Dexamethasone as reference standard. Results justify the use of B. morelensis Ramirez as antiinflamatory in the traditional medicine, nevertheless, further studies are required to best understand its mechanism of action.

The essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation from rhizome of Curcuma caesia Roxb. grown in southern India were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A total of 35 volatile essential oil components were identified in the extracted oil of C. caesia representing tropolone (15.86 %) as major compound, ledol (3.27 %), β-elemenone (3.03 %) and α-bulnesene (3.02 %), spathulenol (2.42 %) as minor compounds and borneol (0.85 %), α-terpineol (0.77 %), eucalyptol (0.62 %), caryophyllene (0.45 %) as trace compounds. The results from our analysis indicated that levels of sesquiterpene (62.8 %) were more than those of monoterpene components (1.4 %).

Uvaria is a genus of flowering plants in the family, Annonaceae. The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition of essential oils hydrodistilled from the leaves and stem barks of Uvaria rufa Blume and Uvaria cordata (Dun.) Wall. ex Alston., grown in Vietnam. The oils were analysed by means of Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-coupled with Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We have found both quantitative and qualitative differences between the two samples. The main constituents of the leaf oil of U. rufa were δ-3-carene (12.8 %), n-hexadecanoic acid (9.1 %), β- caryophyllene (5.9 %), (Z)-β-ocimene (5.7 %) and γ-terpinene (5.4 %), while the stem oil was dominated by germacrene D (38.4 %), benzyl benzoate (18.1 %) and n-eicosane (5.5 %). In U. cordata oils, the major compounds were n-heneicosane (10.3 %), aristolone (9.8 %), bicycloelemene (6.5 %) and 2,4-bis(1,1- dimethylethl)-phenol (6.2 %) in the leaf; as well as n-eicosane (14.8 %), n-heneicosa...

The essential oils of Satureja khuzestanica (before flowering & full blooming), Oliveria decumbens and Thymus daenensis collected from Ilam province, Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and evaluated for their antioxidant activity using three methods: the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1- icrylhydrazyl (DPPH). All plant samples were also analyzed for total phenolic contents (TPC). The major compound of essential oils of S. khuzestanica at both stages was the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol (93.7 and 94.3 % respectively). The major components of T. daenensis essential oils were carvacrol (76.8 %), linalool (6.9 %), and trans- caryophyllene (6.3 %). The essential oil of O. decumbens was characterized as thymol (33.8 %), carvacrol (32.2 %), γ-terpinene (15.2 %) and p-cymene (14.9 %). The results obtained to evaluate the antioxidant activity and TPC showed that Thymus daenensis, Satureja khuzestanica and Oliveri...

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to analyze the essential oil of three common Cyperus species grown in Egypt. The essential oils were obtained from the tubers and aerial parts of the plants using either hydrodistillation or head space analysis. The results revealed similarity between the tubers and aerial parts contents among the same species but showed variations between different species. Both C. articulatus and C. esculentus were much higher in their contents of sesquiterpenes relative to monoterpens, compared to C. papyrus. Major chemical constituents were identified to be pinene, eucalyptol, myrtenol, copaene, cyperene, caryophyllene, patchoulene and caryophyllene oxide. Essential oils of tubers and stems (aerial parts) from C. articulatus were characterized by much larger amount of sesquiterpenes (73 % and 71 % respectively) than monoterpenes (27 % and 24 % respectively), while the C. esculantus essential oil showed similar percentage of sesquiterpenes (74 % and 71 % for tubers ...

The essential oil of three-needle pine twigs (Pinus kesiya Royle) growing in Vietnam was studied for the first time. Essential oils were isolated from young twigs. Two methods of extraction were used, conventional heating hydrodistillation (CHHD) and microwave irradiation hydrodistillation (MIHD). The physical and chemical properties of oils were measured. The extracted oils were determined by GC/FID and GC/MSD indicated that the main components of the oils were α-pinene, β-phellandrene, and trans- caryophyllene. Their antimicrobial properties were also studied.

The chemical composition of the essential oils from the aerial parts of two endemic Turkish species [Stachys amanica P.H.Davis and Stachys petrocosmos Rech. fil. (Lamiaceae)] grown in two different localities in Turkey was analyzed by GC and GC-MS in order to differentiate two closed species. The major components of the essential oil of S. amanica in Dadagli were found to be α-pinene, α-bisabolol, (E)-β- caryophyllene and germacrene D. However, the essential oil from S. amanica in Basyurt contains α-pinene, β-pinene and (E)-β-caryophyllene. On the other hand, the major components of the essential oil from S. petrokosmos in Dadagli were found to be α-pinene, α-bisabolol, α-zingiberene, (E)-β-caryophyllene and γ-curcumene. Moreover, the essential oil from S. petrokosmos in Belen contains α-pinene, γ-curcumene, α-bisabolol, 16-kaurene and α-zingiberene. The results were showed that these two species are similar to each other in volatile constituents.

This study is aimed to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from fruits of Piper nigrum L. (black pepper) by GC-MS and to study its pharmacological properties. The main constituents identified were caryophyllene (23.98 %) and limonene (14.36 %). Black pepper oil scavenged superoxide, DPPH, hydroxyl radicals and inhibited tissue lipid peroxidation in vitro. Intraperitoneal administration of essential oil was found to inhibit PMA induced super oxide radicals elicited by macrophages. Oral administration of black pepper oil for one month, significantly increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione reductase enzyme levels in blood of mice and glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione enzymes in liver. Black pepper oil significantly reduced acute inflammation induced by carrageenan and dextran and formalin induced chronic models of inflammation. It also exhibited antinociceptive property in acetic acid indu...

The aerial parts of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae), have been used in Iranian traditional medicine. Composition of the essential oil, which was obtained from the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis collected from Ilam, was determined by gas chromatography. In total, 20 components (87.17 % of essential oil) were identified. Major constituents were α-pinene (4.32 %), camphene (3.0 %), β-pinene (9.11 %), 1,8-cineole (15.0 %), α-thujone (5.67 %), β-thujone (4.32 %), camphor (6.03 %), borneol (12.65 %), bornyl acetate (4.9 %), caryophyllene (3.65 %), γ-elemene (6.2 %) and β-selinene (3.42 %).

Essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried aerial parts of two horehound species: Marrubium vulgare L. and endemic Marrubium aschersonii Magnus (family Lamiaceae), were investigated by GC and GC-MS. Thirty five components and thirty seven components were identified respectively in EO of M. vulgare and that of M. aschersonii, They accounted for 74.6 % and 79.5 % of the whole oils. Both EOs were characterized by high amounts of sesquiterpenes (50.5 % and 37.7 %). β-bisabolene (28.3 %), β- caryophyllene (7.8 %), (E)-β-farnesene (7.4 %) and 1,8-cineole (4.8 %) were the major constituents of M. vulgare oil, while β-bisabolene (22.0 %), α-thujene (10.3 %), eugenol (10.1 %), α-humulene (6.2 %) were the major constituents of M. aschersonii oil.

As a result of GC/MS and GC/FID analysis of the volatile fractions obtained from the leaves, bark, and fruits of Caucasian wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia L.), 22, 31, and 33 compounds were identified in which aromadendrene (26.3%), biotol (37.8%), and caryophyllene (15.2%) were the main constituents of these oils, respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays and total phenolis contents of extracts were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu method. Among the extracts, bark extract had highest amount of total phenolic content (∼179.5 μg mg−1) and highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50=∼17.9 μg mL−1) in DPPH assay and leaves extract showed highest antioxidant capacity (84.1% inhibition) in β-carotene/linoleic acid test. All the three extracts showed moderate antibacterial activities against S. dysenteriae and all volatile fractions showed potent antimicrobial activities against S. epidermidis in both disc diffusion and micro-well dilution tests. The ex...

The essential oil from the dried leaves of Eupatorium odoratum Linn. was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components were α-pinene (9.64 %), β-pinene, (4.85 %), germacrene D (20.27 %) , geijerene (25.10 %), trans-β- caryophyllene (10.04 %), and other components were presents in trace quantities. The leaf oil was screened for in vitro antibacterial activity and was tested against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. The essential oil was found to be more active against E. coli (MIC=125 µg/ml) and B .Subtilis (MIC=62.5 µg/ml) respectively.

The essential oil from Pinus roxburghii Sarg. leaves was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty three compounds were identified and quantified in the essential oil, the major ones being α-pinene, 3-carene, p-cymene, caryophyllene and caryphyllene oxide. The plant was also evaluated for antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis); two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two yeast, (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). P. roxburghii was found to be best in inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis (22.6 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21.6 mm), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (19.3 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherchia coli (15 mm). S. aureus and B. subtilis were found to be most sensitive pathogen having an MIC of 31.25 mg/ml. P. roxburghii was unable to inhibit the growth of C. albicans.

The Piper L. genus has a great variety of commercially, pharmacologically and biologically interesting species. The present study focused on essential oils extracted by means of the hydrodistillation from dry leaves of Piper cernuum, Piper glabratum, Piper hispidum and Piper madeiranum. The species supplied essential oil contents of between 0.5% and 0.8%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the majority of components were -elemene (11.6%) and epi-cubebol (13.1%) for P. cernuum; -caryophyllene (14.6%) and longiborneol (12.0%) for P. glabratum; -pinene (12.0%), khusimene (12.1%) and -cadinene (13.2%) for P. hispidum; -caryophyllene (11.2%) and germacrene D-4-ol (11.1%) for P. madeiranum. The test carried out on the essential oils concerning the Artemia salina L. produced the following values for LC50 200.03 μg/mL (P. cernuum), 45.21 μg/mL (P. glabratum), 404.80 μg/mL (P. hispidum) and 49.64 μg/mL (P. madeiranum).

The essential oil composition of aerial parts of Stachys parviflora was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS apparatus. Twenty-three compounds, representing 99.9 % of the oil, were characterized. Muurolol (48.4 %) and caryophyllene (11.2 %) were the major components of the oil. Major fraction of the essential was oxygenated sesquiterpenes (71.4 %).

Chemical profiles of volatile oils from four Alpinia species, Alpinia calcarata, A. gaanga, A. malaccensis and A. smithiae, were analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and external standardization. Thirty-seven to forty-eight components (96.8–100%) were identified in the rhizome oils of these four Alpinia spp. Major constituents in A. calcarata were 1,8-cineole (35.9%), β-fenchyl acetate (12.9%), β-pinene (9.1%), camphene (5.6%) and α-terpineol (5.3%). A. malaccensis showed a very different chemical profile with α-phellandrene (36.4%) as its major constituent, followed by β-pinene (4.5%), p-cymene (14.9%), 13,14,15,16-tetranor-8(17)-labden-12-al (4.3%) and (E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial (5.0%). The highest content of diterpenes (10.2%) was found in A. malaccensis. Major constituents in A. smithiae were α-terpineol (15.1%), α-fenchyl acetate (12.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.8%), γ-cadinene (5.5%), (E)-nerolidol (10.1%), caryophyllene...