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Atlanta’s reputation as a “Black Mecca” is partly due to African Americans’ continued attraction to Atlanta neighborhoods. However, given the widespread usage of social media, we examine whether Bl...

We examine if and how race and contextual poverty, among other neighborhood effects, impact Black and Latino/a rates of political participation. To do so, we expand upon questions at the intersecti...

Prenatal stress predisposes offspring to behavioral pathologies. These may be attributed to effects on cerebellar neurosteroids and GABAergic inhibitory signaling, which can be linked to hyperactivity disorders. The aims were to determine the effect of prenatal stress on markers of cerebellar development, a key enzyme in neurosteroid synthesis and the expression of GABA

Existing studies examining social capital and housing instability have overlooked structural factors such as discrimination, providing an incomplete explanation of the relationship between social capital and housing instability. This study addresses this limitation by exploring how discrimination and social capital are related to housing instability. This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during the Atlanta Neighborhood Pilot study. The sample consists of mostly African American adults who resided in the Atlanta metropolitan area in 2013 (n = 691). After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, residential mobility, and public assistance, stepwise logistic regression identified social capital and discrimination as significant predictors of housing instability. Lower social capital and higher everyday discrimination scores were associated with increased odds for housing instability. Individuals 35 or older, those with annual incomes between $25,000 and $50,000, and those who ...

We investigated the forest health of red fir (Abies magnifica) and how it compared with commonly-associated species Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and white fir (Abies concolor) in the upper montane forests of California. We evaluated tree mortality rates, changes in the density of recently-dead trees and the amount of insect and disease damage on live trees from comprehensive forest inventories. The annual mortality rate for red fir was 1.8%, while the rates for Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine and white fir were 1.9, 1.1 and 3.0%, respectively. The proportion of recently-dead red fir trees increased over time, suggesting an increase in mortality; however, stage-transition models suggested the current population structure of red fir is stable. Dwarf mistletoe and drought-stressed sites were significant predictors of red fir mortality. Trees with substantial damage had a higher probability of experiencing mortality in five years. Our results are consistent with others, but the timeframe is too short to make conclusions about long-term declines. Our results suggest that the most significant of multiple biotic factors involved in red fir mortality processes is dwarf mistletoe, while tree age and the proportion of forest in old-growth may also influence mortality rates.

The synthesis and homopolymerization of a fluorocyclotriphosphosphazene with a directly bonded styrene moiety is presented. A multistep sequence was employed wherein commercially available p-bromostyrene is first converted to 1-(4-bromophenyl)-1-methoxyethene, 4-BrC6H4C(OCH3)CH2 which in turn is lithiated and added to N3P3F6 to give (4-(1-methoxyethenyl)phenyl)pentafluorocyclotri phosphazene, N3P3F5(4-C6H4C(OCH3)˭CH2)(2). Addition of tri(n-butyl)tin hydride to 2 followed by elimination of tri(n-butyl)tin methoxide over silica produced the target monomer, (4-ethenylphenyl)- pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, and N3P3F5(4-C6H4CH˭CH2)(3). The new phosphazene derivatives were characterized by mass spectrometry, NMR (1H,13C,19F,31P) and IR spectroscopy. Radical addition polymerization of 3 resulted in the formation of poly(p-pentafluorocyclotriphosphazenylstyrene)(4). Molecular weights of the new polymer were determined by GPC and membrane osmometry. The GPC data suggested the occurrence of chain transfer...

The present study uses remote-sensing imagery to estimate carbonate production of the complete One Tree Island reef system, Great Barrier Reef, using hydrochemical alkalinity reduction and census-based budgetary methods. For five sites representing different benthic cover types across the reef system, carbonate production is determined using hydrochemical techniques that incubate substrates in a local aquarium and measure total alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen, and total oxidized nitrogen. Local estimates are scaled up to the reef-system scale using a WorldView-2 satellite image, which is ground truthed against a field data set of 350 spatially referenced records of benthic assemblage. Annual total reef system carbonate production based on hydrochemical and census-based methods is estimated at 40,335 and 38,998 tonnes of calcium carbonate CaCO3, respectively. The minimal difference 0.3% between these estimates is attributed to under representation of small carbonate producers, such as benthic foraminifera, which are difficult to incorporate in the underwater video methodology employed to populate census budgets. This finding demonstrates the utility of remote sensing for upscaling local measures of carbonate production across reef systems accurately and consistently in spite of the use of different initial estimation methods.

Obama's 2008 election offers an opportunity to study pro-black political support despite documented anti-black bias. We argue that black group-identification may lead to pro-black opinions, even among some whites. We investigate automatic identification using an implicit measure of mental self–other overlap (implicit closeness to blacks) administered before the 2008 election to an online panel (N=1,177). Implicit closeness to blacks predicts pro-black responses on the Racial Resentment Scale, and support for government aid to blacks and affirmative action, as well as pride in Obama, even among some white respondents. In our overall online sample it also predicts vote intentions for Obama two weeks prior to the 2008 elections. We discuss these results without resorting to a ‘post-racial’ logic: race still matters. However, among some respondents implicit identification with blacks may overwrite anti-black Racial Resentment bias.

A computer-aided docking study was conducted to explore in detail the binding interactions between the structurally unlikely environmental oestrogen 4-nonylphenol (4NP) and three of its metabolites with the human oestrogen receptor alpha (hERα). Docking was done within the Schrodinger Suite 2008 using both a conventional rigid receptor with flexible ligand and the induced-fit docking protocol. Induced-fit docking allows side-chain and backbone movement in the receptor to accommodate the ligand. This study has revealed unconventional interactions between the ligands and the hERα binding pocket that could explain the observed oestrogen-like behaviour of 4NP and suggests some of the metabolites of 4NP may also be oestrogenic.

The authors describe how social work students on placement at the Realife Trust Student Unit have been able to explore the potential of support brokerage to promote self-directed support by disabled people and family carers. The students complete brokerage training as part of the placement and are required to compare and contrast the key competencies required by the General Social Care Council with the knowledge base and job description of support brokers defined by the National Brokerage Network in the UK. Lead author, Tony Phillips argues that brokerage provides an opportunity for the social work profession to return to its practitioner roots and reject the aberrations of the care management model as having little or no relevance to the development of a social care system based on the policy of personalisation. Three social work students from three different cohorts of the unit provide their own first-hand accounts of the challenges involved and insights gained.

There is a general lack of knowledge as regards the effects of climate change on pollutant behavior. This is particularly true of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). This region has major significance in terms of global pollutant emission and also displays a wide variety of environments. This review presents the authors’ opinions on possible implications of climate change for pollutant behavior in the APR. Although differing responses can be expected across the region, there are clear implications as regards the short- and long-term behavior of pollutants. Effects can be predicted through modeling, but further data are required for model calibration. Nevertheless, it can be predicted that climate change will affect processes including global distillation of persistent organic pollutants, airborne transport of heavy metals, half-life of readily degradable pollutants, and eutrophication in water bodies. Particulates are expected to play a central role in mediating the effects of climate change, and successful pr...

Progressive obliteration of the retinal microvessels is a characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. The resultant retinal ischemia leads to sight-threatening neovascularization and macular edema. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells play a critical role in vascular maintenance and repair and forms the basis of cellular therapy for revascularization of ischemic myocardium and ischemic limbs. Emerging studies show potential of these cells in revascularization of ischemic retina and this review summarizes this possibility. We also report current pharmacological options to correct diabetes-associated defects in endothelial progenitor cells for their therapeutic transfer.

This study explores the ways in which managers evaluate Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and participate in its adoption. Using in-depth qualitative focus group and published trade journal interviews, our study contributes to research on managing RFID projects in organizations by identifying salient problems and relating them to sensemaking and influencing activities across problem types and manager experience with RFID. We also identify potential dangers in applying past knowledge, cognitive patterns, and experience about information and communication technologies (ICT) to problems that arise in RFID projects. Our study provides analytic generalizability for future RFID and ICT research.

A robust and accurate method for the quantitative determination of the water-soluble and water-insoluble, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn contents of deposited ambient dust is presented. The extraction of the soluble metal phase from deposited ambient dust has been validated using commercially available ambient dust certified reference material. Results from a 6 month measurement campaign, from July to December 2004, are presented. Quantitative analysis of the two fractions, of different aqueous solubility (referred to here as ‘solubility speciation analysis’), within deposited ambient dust is reported for the first time. Additionally, the two Bergerhoff dust deposit gauges used in parallel to acquire the dust deposit samples have shown good inter-sampler comparability. The measured total deposition fluxes compare well with those previously reported in urban and semi-rural locations around the UK.

In this paper we seek to explain the activity presidential position taking on roll call votes in the House. Position taking may help presidents pursue their policy agendas, but time and available resources constrain their ability to take positions. Even though position taking is a discretionary presidential action, it occurs in the legislative arena and, thus, presidents must consider elements in both institutions as well as outside conditions when making this decision. Accordingly, we posit a multiple perspectives approach to explain the number of presidential positions on votes in the House. Our multivariate two-stage least squares regression reveals that variables from all three environments (executive, legislative and exogenous) within our multiple perspectives approach are necessary to adequately explain presidential position taking overall and when divided according to domestic and foreign policy positions.

This paper has several purposes. First, it illustrates the changing nature of research on presidential–congressional relations. In general, scholarship has moved away from viewing the president as the dominant actor in the relationship, toward one of congressional influence, and ultimately toward emphasizing more equal power sharing between the two institutions. Second, we discuss our use of the most widely used measures of such relationships, presidents’ legislative support and success and our rationale for choosing the former. Third, we introduce three broad environments of presidential–congressional relations in order to explain such support from what we call a multiple perspectives approach. We find that variables from each of the three environments are important in explaining presidential support in the House. Fourth, we control for policy areas using the two presidencies typology and observe significant differences in support by domestic and foreign policy. Our multivariate two stage least squares (2SLS) analysis explains considerable variance in support across all three models. Finally, we explicate how our approach improves our understanding of this important presidential–congressional interaction.

The white layer that forms in the nonetching region of a saw-tooth chip plays an important role in the chip forming process. Such white layers in the chip were found to consist of a mixture of retained austenite and untempered martensite by electron diffraction of electron transparent chip specimens. The time available for transformation from α to γ iron to start is less than the time available for the first saw tooth to form on the rake face of the tool. However, despite this short time, austenite forms because the carbon is already dispersed in a hard steel and the high strain associated with chip formation encourages an α/γ transformation. Since the white layer is austenite during chip formation before cooling, it will offer little resistance to deformation. Reasons why the white layer may be beneficial in saw-tooth chip formation and methods of avoiding penetration of the white layer to the. finished surface are discussed.

Epiphyte functional groups (alectorioid lichens, cyanolichens, other lichens, and bryophytes) were sampled in nine old-growth, canopy-emergent, Pseudotsuga menziesii trees along a riparian corridor...

Two Mg–Al–Ca alloys (A = Mg–9Al–5Ca; B = Mg–19Al–10Ca, wt-%) have been argon atomised, canned, and then consolidated by extrusion at 280 to 290°C. Alloy B exhibited a compressive fracture strength as high as 720 MPa after 1 h at 300°C while alloy A showed an ultimate tensile strength of 565 MPa and a tensile proof strength of 496 MPa as extruded. The corresponding ultimate strength to density ratios of 400 and 310 MPa m3 Mg-1 of these and other ultrahigh strength rapidly solidified powder metallurgy (RSPM) magnesium alloys exceed or are comparable with the highest available values for ultra high strength RSPM aluminium alloys such as RSPM Al–15Ni–3Mm–5Zr (where Mm is misch metal) and RSPM Al–9·5Zn–3Mg–1·5Cu–4Mn–0·5Zr.

Studies of the influence of surgery on facial growth in cleft lip and palate must take into account inherent variations in craniofacial form independent of surgery. Primary surgery, the most important iatrogenic influence on facial form, can differ in technique, timing, and sequence, and one of the major challenges in researching the topic is the remarkably varied clinical protocols in current use. Unfortunately, systematic attempts to compare dentofacial outcomes reported in the literature are unlikely to be reliable, as methodologic biases cannot be overcome. Rigorous intercenter studies can improve the dependability of data and provide evidence of the success of cleft services as a whole, but they are still subject to biases introduced by differences in surgical skills and underlying craniofacial form. These shortcomings are finally being overcome through multicenter randomized control trials.

Motivation for receiving orthodontic treatment is systematically investigated and a multivariate model of this process advanced. An interview schedule is developed out of a mapping sentence and administered to a sample of respondents all of whom had been previously classified as having high need for orthodontic treatment (n = 109). Smallest Space Analyses (SSA) of this data revealed two facets of motivation; treatment reason and information source. The elements of each of these facets (treatment reason =psychological, physical health; source = self, family, dentist) are discussed. Partial Order Scalogram Analysis by base Coordinates (POSAC) is used to demonstrate the roles played by each facet element in structuring motivations. This reflected internal versus external forms of motivation. In this family sources and psychological reasons (internal) form the first dimension of differentiation between respondents, the second (external) being made up of physical reasons. The dentist and self sources were found to play relatively minor roles.

The reactions of 2-(3-lithiophenyl)-1, 3-dioxane and 2-(4-lithiophenyl)-2-methyl-1, 3-dioxane with hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene have been examined. Subsequent deacetalization to give the unprotected carbonyl compounds has been achieved. The new carbonyl functionalized aryl phosphazenes were characterized by mass spectrometry and infrared and nmr (1H, 13C, 31P) spectroscopy.

Drying a soil increased the measured adsorption of phosphate; the drier the soil the larger was the effect. After drying at moderate temperatures, the effects were greatly reduced by re‐moistening the soil for a day before measuring adsorption.

Manual adaptive control (MAC) is a system under development at Carnegie Mellon University in which a programmable calculator is used to adjust a machine tool to operate under optimum conditions (usually minimum cost per part). The machine operator is the sensor and is part of the control loop. This paper illustrates how the system is applied to axial feed centreless grinding operations.

Chemical interaction between diamond and pure iron has been investigated in simulated grinding experiments. Using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) an extremely thin diffusion layer (≃ 200 A) was observed in the iron work material after grinding with a single crystal synthetic diamond. A correlation between short time grinding tests and long time diffusion tests was obtained and checked analytically using simple diffusion theory.

Spherical metal particles in the size range of 1/3 to 60 μ found when grinding chips are examined in the scanning electron microscope and a mechanism for their formation based on surface energy is presented.

This paper summarizes recent work on the slow reactions between soil and phosphate or molybdate. These slow reactions are important in determining long‐term effectiveness and residual value. It was found that the rate of the reaction could be described by a simple equation, and that the rate was very sensitive to temperature, but not greatly affected by differences between soils or by a range of water contents. The proportion changed to an ineffective form was independent of the level of application. The differences between adsorption and desorption of phosphate could be explained by the continuing slow reactions.

We describe improvements to the recognition performance of a simple commercial speech recognizer. Topics include the selection of acoustically distinct words; a method of ‘training’ (storing utterances for later use as templates) which mimics the real task, and therefore reduces the difference in diction between training and task; the representation of variability in diction by storing repeated examples of each utterance separately, instead of using a simple statistical average; and the construction of an adaptive algorithm which updates its templates at appropriate moments. The results of empirical investigations with the adaptive algorithm show a very considerable improvement in performance. We argue that the development of speech recognizers has given the hardware undue attention, and that a rigorous attack on adaptive recognition, treated as a problem in control theory, would lead to a sophisticated interface to complement sophisticated hardware. The system we describe has.been successfully u...

1. Following oral administration of [U-14C](+)-catechin to rats with galactosamine-hepatitis, the biliary and faecal elimination of (+)-catechin metabolites was decreased compared with that in normal animals, Renal excretion of (+)-catechin metabolites was enhanced in galactosamine-hepatitis. 2. Although the biliary metabolites were present in similar proportions in galactosamine-hepatitis animals and controls, the major urinary metabolite, 3'-O-methyl (+)-catechin sulphate, was markedly decreased whereas 3'-O-methyl(+)-catechin glucuronide was increased by over 100%. 3. The total overall excretion of 3'-O-methyl (+)-catechin conjugates in rats with galactosamine-hepatitis was similar to that in normal animals indicating that catechol-O-methyltransferase activity is not significantly depressed in galactosamine-hepatitis. 4. Clearance of radioactivity from the blood following i.v. administration of [U-14C]-(+)-catechin was prolonged in galactosamine-hepatitis. 5. Liver perfusion experiments demonstrated depressed glucuronylation of (+)-catechin metabolites in galactosamine-hepatitis, whereas in liver homogenates synthesis of glucuronide conjugates of (+)-catechin metabolites was enhanced. 6. Lung slices were able to metabolize (+)-catechin and the lung is proposed as an extrahepatic site of (+)-catechin metabolism of increased importance in galactosamine-hepatitis. 7. The effects of galactosamine-hepatitis upon the structure of the hepatocyte plasma membrane are discussed in relation to decreased biliary excretion and glucuronylation.

(1976). Criteria for Consolidation. Accounting and Business Research: Vol. 7, No. 25, pp. 71-78.

Adenovirus type 5 induces cellular DNA synthesis and thymidine kinase in quiescent rat cells but does not induce ornithine decarboxylase. We now show that unlike serum, adenovirus type 5 fails to induce S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase or polyamine accumulation. The inhibition by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) of the induction of thymidine kinase by adenovirus type 5 is probably unrelated to its effects on polyamine biosynthesis. Thus, induction of cellular thymidine kinase and DNA replication by adenovirus type 5 is uncoupled from polyamine accumulation.

7-Amidocephalosporins are converted to the 7-diacylaminocephalosporins, which are oxidised exclusively to the 7-diacylamino-1α-sulfoxides. These compounds with benzylamine produce the 7-amidocephem-1α-sulfoxides.

The synthesis of the m and p α-methylstyrl-phosphazenes, N3P3F6-n[C6H4C(CH3)=CH2]n (n=1,2) is reported. At the bis stage of substitution, all isomers are observed with the cis non-geminal species predominating. The mono α-methylstyrl derivatives enter into facile copolymerization reactions wherein both terminal and pennultimate mechanisms are observed. The synthesis and homopolymerization of styrlpentafluorocyclotriphosphazene is also reported.

The coherence function quantifies the association between pairs of signals as a function of frequency and has been shown to be useful for measuring changes in EEG topography related to cognitive tasks, psychopathology, and other aspects of brain organisation. For a narrow frequency band, its magnitude is analogous to the correlation coefficient between the signals limited by that band, but its value may differ because of the way that smoothing over frequency is achieved. The coherence function is described in physical terms using simple waveforms.

6 p. : ill. - This article has been scanned and reformatted by the T-Space Assistant. If a researcher is interested in referencing this work, it is recommended that the citation listed above be consulted, as the page numbers of the PDF file do not match those of the original publication.

Ratings of the physical attractiveness of 1,006 11- to 12-year-old children were obtained, and the association between physical attractiveness and teachers' judgments of these children on a number of measures was examined. There appeared to be reasonable agreement between teachers' ratings of children's physical attractiveness, judges' ratings, interviewer's ratings, and children's self-ratings of attractiveness. Teachers' ratings of attractiveness were significantly correlated with their judgments of children's sociability, popularity, academic brightness, confidence, and qualities of leadership. Teachers revealed a systematic tendency to rate girls higher than boys, and significant sex differences were observed in teachers' ratings of attractiveness, academic brightness, sociability, and confidence.

(1896). A Test of Memory in School Children. The Pedagogical Seminary: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 61-78.

It is now well known that certain types of cemented carbides give excellent results when used to cut cast irons but poor results when used to cut steels and vice versa. This relative ability of a given tool material to perform well when cutting a given workpiece material is referred to here as compatibility. Ceramic metal cutting tools have been in use in machining metals such a short time that it is not yet generally known on which materials these tools can be used to best advantage. In this report the performance of ceramic and cemented carbide tools is compared when machining a wide variety of metals. It is found that there are certain metals for which either the surface chemical or thermal characteristics of ceramic tools are particularly advantageous. The report is concluded by a table which lists a large number of ferrous and nonferrous metals in order of decreasing compatibility with aluminum oxide tools. Contributed by the ASLE Technical Committee on Metal-working Fluids and presented at the Annua...

(1954). An Early Attempt at Combined Operations. Royal United Services Institution. Journal: Vol. 99, No. 594, pp. 267-270.