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Water, which is treated in an dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) apparatus at atmospheric pressure, has some characteristics similar to ozone water. Since a ceramic electrode is used as the upper electrode and the water electrode is used as the lower electrode in the DBD system, the plasma discharge is directly in contact with the water surface. The air layer located between the two electrodes is subject to a high voltage discharge and various gases, such as ozone, oxides of nitrogen, etc, are produced by the discharge. These discharge produced gases react physically and chemically with the water electrode and change the characteristics of the water. This DBD treated water has strong sterilizing and oxidizing ability. The oxidizing ability, which is measured by the iodometry method, is about 60∼80 mg/l and pH value is about 2.8∼3, i.e., the DBD treated water is subacid. In addition, this treated water can be used to process fruits, vegetables, and flowers so as to allow them to be stored fresh for a long time. In addition the DBD process can effectively eliminate minerals like Fe and Mn in water.

Two types of neutral beam sources have been developed in order to measure plasma parameters on the Hanbit mirror device. The first source is a diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) which consists of a hydr...

A batch of low alloy reference material for the study of grain boundary segregations of P and Sn has been studied using eight Auger electron spectrometers in six laboratories. The instruments include both cylindrical mirror and concentric hemispherical analysers. Measurements in the differential mode using 5 eV Savitzky and Golay differentiation show that peaks close in energy, such as the ratio of the Sn 430 eV and Fe 651 e V peak-to-peak heights, can be compared directly to demonstrate a reproducibility of 8%. For peaks more widely separated, the scatter of intensity may exceed a factor of 2. However, using reference spectra from the material, all the spectrometers can be calibrated for their intensity/energy response function. After this calibration, the P and Sn peak-to-peak height ratios, with respect to Fe, show scatter of only 15%. In addition to this reduction in scatter, the mean values for the ratios can be corrected by up to a factor of 2. This work shows that the reference materials an...

Photogrammetry has been applied to cadastral surveying in various ways during the last thirty years. Italy has been using a graphical cadastral map system since 1933 for areas of low land values where the required precision of surveys is not high. This type of survey presents no problems as plans can be prepared with modern photogrammetric techniques as accurately as they can be plotted from survey information supplied by classical methods. This type of survey would be adequate for even the most exacting cadastral system which used graphical plans for recording titles.