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In his surprise election as president, Donald Trump enjoyed disproportionate electoral support from older voters, many of whom saw in Trump a person who would work to reverse demographic, economic, and cultural forces that had transformed American life as they had long seen it. Yet, Trump's campaign and incumbency has also been very much about gutting the Washington policy establishment of officials, bureaucrats, and lobbyists (aka, "the swamp") which, for more than half a century, has been instrumental in enacting and expanding legislation that has benefitted older Americans far more than any other social policy constituency in the country. This article contrasts the value-oriented electoral support Trump enjoyed from older Americans with their interest concerns centered on policies such as the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid, and a host of smaller grant-in-aid programs. It then reviews the strong institutional base seniors and their advocates have in Washington, posing whether interest-oriented concerns may outweigh ideological ones as policy options emerge from a Republican-controlled government prior to the 2018 elections.

This investigation aims to explain and quantify the deviations of the Australian policy rate (set by Reserve Bank of Australia) from the Taylor Rule. A three-step econometric procedure designed to reflect the data-rich environment in which central banks operate is proposed using information for 229 macroeconomic series. This procedure can be applied to data for any economy with inflation targeting monetary rule. Our application with Australian data shows that approximately 65% of Australia’s policy rate deviation from the Taylor Rule can be explained systematically, with international factors and a domestic factor accounting for 41.9% and 22.5%, respectively, of the total variation in deviation from the rule.

In their later years, baby boomers will encounter a political world far different from that experienced by either their parents or grandparents. On the one hand, they will face greatly altered economic, ideological, and budgetary circumstances; on the other, their generation’s size and influence will cast them in a more glaring light than was true for those elders who came before them. These factors—both internal and external to the boomers—will have profound effects on the policy experiences of this 76 million member cohort. A promising way of appreciating and anticipating these changes is to explore how older adults, understood as a target population of political and policy activity, have changed over time. Using a typology of such populations, we can see that political perceptions of older people have shifted at least twice over the course of the past several decades. Anne Schneider and Helen Ingram (1993) proposed a simple twodimension, four-fold model to characterize how different target populations of policy-related activity can be understood politically. As seen in Table 1, the first dimension speaks to legitimacy (high or low) and the second addresses political power (high or low). The four derivative target categories are: advantaged (high legitimacy; high power); dependent (high legitimacy; low power); deviant (low legitimacy; low power); and contender (low legitimacy; high power). Writing in the 1990s, Schneider and Ingram found the elderly to be Exhibit #1 in the advantaged grouping, a categorization that few would have disputed. What the authors did not address is how these characterizations can change over time. In the case of older adults, that possibility is a two-time

Herbal preparations derived from various species and parts of Echinacea (Asteraceae) have been advocated for various medical applications, as a result of the many antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities attributed to them.In order to investigate their effects on parasites, four preparations of Echinacea, with distinct chemical compositions, were evaluated for growth inhibition of three species of trypanosomatids: Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma brucei. In addition one Echinacea preparation was tested for anti-inflammatory activity in cell culture models designed to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by L. donovani.All Echinacea preparations inhibited growth of the organisms, though with different relative potencies, and in some cases morphological changes were observed. However, there was no obvious correlation with the composition of the marker compounds, alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysaccharides. L. donovani stimulated the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human bronchial epithelial cells and in human skin fibroblasts, but in both cases the standardized ethanol extract of E. purpurea (L.) Moench (Echinaforce) abolished the stimulation, indicating anti-inflammatory activity of this extract.Thus various Echinacea extracts can inhibit the proliferation of these parasites and at least one can reverse the pro-inflammatory activity of Leishmania donovani.

A new chapter in health policy presents both challenges and opportunities for aging policy analysts and advocates concerned with long-term care. Millions of long-term care recipients and providers live today in a pubic policy netherworld, one principally associated with Medicaid. I suggest here that moving policy forward will entail three key steps: (a) to overcome structural lag in key home and community-based care (HCBC) policy arenas; (b) to reverse a contemporary pattern of risk-shifting from institutions to individuals; and (c) to inform and empower caregivers to have their own pressing needs recognized. Recent developments in Washington provide new optimism on these fronts. Voluntary long-term care and community-based care (LTC/HCBC) proposals are on the table within the broad context of health care reform. Whether they remain will be, in large, part a function of how far we have moved along the fronts described: modernizing policies, recognizing risks, and activating neglected policy constituencies.

We evaluated the ability of a portable ozone generating machine (Viroforce 1000) to inactivate 13 different species of environmental fungi. Samples, prepared as wet or dried films, were subjected to one or two cycles of treatment (35 ppm ozone for 20 minutes, with a short burst of >90% relative humidity), and measured for residual viability. Treatments could inactivate 3 log10 cfu (colony forming units) of most of the fungi, both in the laboratory and in simulated field conditions, on various surfaces. We conclude that the ozone generator would be a valuable decontamination tool for mold removal in buildings.

Preparations of Echinacea (Asteraceae) are frequently consumed for the control and prevention of rhinovirus-induced colds and other respiratory disorders. Since it is now generally believed that the symptoms of rhinovirus colds are due to the enhanced secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, we decided to analyze the effects of rhinovirus infection and Echinacea treatment [defined extracts of E. purpurea (L.) Moench] on cytokine/chemokine gene expression and protein secretion in a line of human tracheo- bronchial epithelial cells. Among the collection of more than 50 cytokines and chemokines present in the gene arrays, 12 showed significant induction of expression by the virus (> 2-fold), some of them by more than 5-fold. However, not all of these resulted in similar changes in the corresponding proteins, presumably as a consequence of post-transcriptional changes. A total of 16 cytokines, mostly chemokines, showed substantial protein increases, including several, such as the well known pro-inf...

Our objective was to develop a practical method of utilizing the known anti-viral properties of ozone in a mobile apparatus that could be used to decontaminate rooms in health care facilities, hote...

In order to evaluate the potential of medicinal plants of Tamil Nadu as sources of antiviral activities, we used seven different viruses to evaluate the methanol extracts of 30 plants, derived from...

Numerous preparations of Echinacea (Asteraceae), mainly derived from three species, Echinacea purpurea ( L.) Moench, Echinacea angustifolia (D.C.) and Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., are available for the treatment of symptoms of colds and influenza which, along with a number of other respiratory conditions, have been ascribed to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated various chemically characterized extracts and fractions, derived from the three species of Echinacea, for their possible inhibitory effects on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 (CXCL-8) by human bronchial epithelial cells infected with rhinovirus type 14. All of the E. purpurea fractions, comprising aqueous or ethanol extracts of roots, leaves and stems, but to a lesser degree flowers, strongly inhibited the secretion of both cytokines. In contrast, corresponding fractions derived from E. angustifolia and E. pallida showed relatively weak cytokine-inhibitory activity, whereas their aqueous fraction...

Echinacea (Asteraceae) extracts have been advocated traditionally for use in individuals suffering from sore throats, coughs, and various other respiratory symptoms that could be due to bacterial infections. We therefore evaluated six different commercialEchinacea extracts, with defined composition of standard marker compounds, for their ability to inactivate 15 different human pathogenic bacteria and two pathogenic fungi. The extracts were derived from E. angustifolia roots or mixtures ofE.purpurea roots and aerial parts and contained different relative amounts of alkylamides and polysaccharides and similar overall concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives. Five bacteria, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Clostridium difficile, and Propionibacterium acne ,w ere very sensitive to one or more of the extracts, but the patterns of sensitivity were quite different for the various extracts. Furthermore, there were no correlations between bacterial sensitivity and the concentrations of marker compounds in the extracts. The other bacteria and fungi were either slightly sensitive to one or more extracts or were totally resistant. In conclusion, certain preparations of Echinacea, especially ethanol formulations, could provide useful protection or symptom alleviation in cases of various upper and lower respiratory infections, such as sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and pneumonia, as well as cutaneous infections, by means of their selective bactericidal activities, although we do not know which components of the extracts are responsible for these activities.

Stems, leaves, and flowers of Echinacea purpurea. (L.) Moench (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) were fractionated by various solvents and the fractions evaluated for antiviral activity in relation to chemical composition and distribution within the plant. All of the aqueous fractions contained potent activity against herpes simplex virus and influenza virus. However, although some of this activity could be attributed to polysaccharide and cichoric acid components, their individual contributions could not account for the total antiviral activity; other potent antivirals must be present. In addition, the ethanol- and ethyl acetate–soluble fractions from leaves and stem contained an uncharacterized but potent antiviral photosensitizer, which was absent from the flower extract. None of the fractions, however, contained anti-rhinovirus activity. Thus, part of the alleged benefits of Echinacea purpurea. extracts can be attributed to the presence of anti-influenza and anti-HSV compounds, and some of these activi...

The roots of three commonly used taxa of Echinacea.—E. purpurea., E. pallida. var. pallida., and E. pallida. var. angustifolia.—were extracted and fractionated by means of accelerated solvent extraction to reflect the most commonly used methods for commercial preparations. These fractions were analyzed by HPLC for their content of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides and for antiviral activities against three viruses often implicated in colds and influenza. Aqueous extracts of E. purpurea. root contained a relatively potent activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and influenza virus (FV) but not against rhinovirus (RV). These fractions had low amounts of caffeic acids and alkamides. The ethyl acetate fraction contained significant but weak activity against both HSV and FV and contained significant levels of cichoric acid. In contrast, E. pallida. var. angustifolia. gave no water-soluble antiviral activity, but the ethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions contained significant activity against a...

We investigated the antiviral activities of methanol extracts of 75 Moroccan plants (64 genera of 35 families), used traditionally to treat diseases that could be caused by viruses and microbes. The plants included many endemic to Morocco and used by Berber as well as Arab peoples. They were evaluated against three mammalian viruses: herpes simplex virus, Sindbis virus and poliovirus, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Five extracts were very active against the three viruses, 16 were active against two viruses, and 24 were only active against one virus. Thirty-two extracts showed light enhanced and two showed light-dependent activities. Punica granatum extract, which was the most active, inhibited all three viruses at a concentration of only 1.5 µg/ml, although these activities were not light enhanced. The extracts of Acacia gummifera, Juglans regia, Thymus maroccanus, Lawsonia inermis, Pinus halepensis, and Rosa canina inhibited Sindbis virus at a minimum concentration of 1.5 µg/ml. Thymus maroccanus and R...

A total of 16 ethanol extracts of Turkish medicinal plants were evaluated for antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV). Extracts of Galanthus elwesii and Rheum ribes showed the most potent anti-HSV activities, while six other extracts had weaker activities. Galanthus elwesii and Leucojum aestivum were the most potent anti-SINV extracts with four others showing weaker activities. In total, five extracts were active against both viruses, three were selective for HSV and one was selective for SINV. Evidence for an antiviral photosensitizer was obtained in two anti-HSV extracts, in which activity was either completely dependent on light, or was con-siderably enhanced by light. Thus, several Turkish medicinal plants appear to be promising sources of antiviral activities.

Sixteen extracts of British Columbian seaweeds, previously shown to have antiviral activity, were investigated in more detail. In all cases except one (Analipus japonicus) the antiviral activity was predominantly virucidal (direct virus-killing effect). The A. japonicus extract showed replication-inhibition as well as virucidal activity. All extracts, with the exception of A. japonicus again, required light for maximum activity, indicating the presence of antiviral photosensitizers. In some cases light was absolutely required, whereas in others light enhanced the antiviral activity, and furthermore different extracts showed a preference for either visible light or long-wave ultraviolet (UVA). These results taken together indicate the presence of different antiviral compounds with distinct modes of action, and argue strongly against the hypothesis that antiviral activities in seaweeds are due to common ingredients such as polysaccharides. This was further substantiated by the finding that in most cases the...

(1998). Developing Alternative Assessment Success. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 138-143.

Summary Pseudomys fumeus was captured for the first time in New South Wales (NSW) in September 1994, in Nullica State Forest, 17 km north west of Eden. An area of about 30 ha around the capture site was surveyed to gather information on the distribution of Pseudomys fumeus in relation to topography and vegetation as well as the effectiveness of various types of traps for detecting this species. A stratified random sample detected seven individuals of P. fumeus comprising four females and three males, in an area of about 2 ha. P. fumeus was trapped in rocky, exposed positions with low densities of ground and shrub cover. Rattus fuscipes was not trapped in these positions. P. fumeus was not trapped in sheltered positions or in other positions with dense ground and shrub cover where R. fuscipes was prevalent. A haphazard sample detected seven additional individuals of P. fumeus comprising two females and five males, in an adjacent area which had been logged and burnt two years previously. This area was not r...

Over 200 commercially built chain flail delimber-debarkers are now in operation worldwide. These units, teamed with in woods chippers, are producing chips acceptable for pulping from many species of hardwoods and softwoods. The flails can remove the bark as well as drum debarkers in the case of southern pine species. The chips produced by these portable operations have been shown to be equal in quality to the chips produced at mill and satellite wood yards. It has been estimated that the flail-chipper system will produce up to 2.9% more clean chips than are obtained with conventional longwood harvesting and handling systems. The flails have been used to remove rot, foliage, and charcoal in specialized applications. The rejects from the flail represent a readily recoverable source of energy material, but this debris must be reduced in size to facilitate handling. Developments for reducing the size of the rejects are ongoing, especially using modified agricultural tub grinders. Chains are a major cost in the operation of the flails. Strategies have been developed which can prolong the life of the chains, and tests are ongoing with improved materials in the manufacturing of the chains. The cost of delimbing and debarking with the portable flails has been estimated to be between $(US)0.60and $(US)3.30 per green tonne.

This article explores whether well and vulnerable elders residing in the suburbs differ in terms of: their level of satisfaction with their current living arrangement; their perception that they face a move within the next two years; and their level of interest in a series of different housing options. Our data support theoretical models that pose that diminished economic, physical, and social resources "push" vulnerable elders towards relocation. The data revealed that while the majority of well and vulnerable elders expressed high levels of satisfaction with their current homes, the vulnerable elders were significantly more likely to feel they faced an upcoming move. Housing options of interest to these vulnerable elders and implications for community planners are also addressed.

Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been made on high-purity poly-crystalline aluminium in various states of deformation and recovery. The results indicate that the dislocation content of polycrystalline aluminium is a major and separable contribution to the total ultrasonic attenuation.

A new approach is proposed to the introduction of long range electrostatic terms in the many-body expansion of the molecular potential. The method has been applied to the HO2 and H2F2 potentials.

The emphasis on participate control from industrial processes has been shifted recently towards fine particulates, having diameters less than 3 microns. There exists an urgent need for more scientific information of fine particle characterization.1,2 Coal and oil fired power plants are among the largest anthropogenic point sources of particulate matter.3 Limited knowledge is available on particle size distribution and trace metal composition in power plant emissions.4-7 The morphological properties of particle emissions have been largely neglected. In this report we present some information on particle characteristics for an oil-fired and coal-fired power plant.

Analysis of the diffraction contrast produced by parallelogram and other loops in quenched aluminium—1% magnesium indicates that all the loops are produced by vacancy agglomeration. Consideration of the parallelogram loops which lie on {012} planes shows the importance of knowing the exact crystallography of the loops being analysed. The vacancy result, which is of course expected, lends confidence to the geometrical method of analysis and shows that this can be used when the Burgers vector is not perpendicular to the loop.

The loop rotation mechanism of formation of {012} loops suggested by Makin and Hudson (1963) by the sequence, hexagonal Frank loop-hexagonal perfect loop-rhombus {012} loop, has been demonstrated experimentally. Quenching Al-1% Mg into silicone oil produces only hexagonal stacking-faulted loops. Heating of the foil in the polishing bath is probably responsible for much of the heterogeneity in the previously published literature on quenched loops in aluminium.

The oxidation of SO2 to form H2SO4 in situ, at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from 25 to 80°C, was examined by passing a mixture of SO2 dioxide and air for 7 hrs through a reaction vessel containing quartz- or uranium-bearing solids moistened with H2O to 85% solids. At the end of the contact period the solution was analyzed for free acid and other constituents of SO2 and extraction of Uranium.In tests with quartz at 80°C, the addition of Fe2(SO4)3 or Fe2O3 increased the amount of SO2 converted to H2SO4. E.g. without Fe2(SO4)3 added the conversion obtained was 2% with 0.7 and 2.3 1b/ton quartz of Fe2(SO4)3 the conversions were 18 and 24% respectively.Tests were conducted on a mixture of flotation tailings, and a residue, which contained 24.3 per cent Fe+++ as oxide, derived from the roasting of a sulphide concentrate at 500°C. The tailings and sulphide concentrate were obtained from the flotation of a uranium ore containing brannerite and about 9 per cent pyrite Roasting of the sulphide conc...

A successful electropolishing technique has been developed for preparing thin films of uranium with good transmission characteristics for electron microscopy. The technique has been applied to the study of irradiation damage in uranium, particularly the irradiation growth phenomenon. Dislocation loops are formed during neutron irradiation and analysis shows that these lie principally on {110} and {023} planes. In the absence of stacking fault contrast in the loops the most probable Burgers vectors are a [100] or ½(a2 + b2) for the {110} loops and ½(a2 + b2) for the {023} loops. These loops produce dimensional changes only in the directions of the macroscopic growth and contraction, [010] and [100] respectively. If it is assumed that the {023} loops are formed by interstitial atoms and the {110} loops by either interstitials or vacancies then the magnitude of the dimensional changes produced by the loops is in reasonable agreement with the macroscopic growth. It is concluded, therefore...

The orientation and Burgers vectors of the dislocation loops formed in α-uranium by neutron irradiation have been determined. The loops lie on (010) and (100) with Burgers vectors ½√(a 2+b 2) and a [100] respectively. The loops are observed to lie in sheets, the loop planes co-planar with the sheet plane. The orientation of the two types of loops observed, and their Burgers vectors, are exactly as required to explain the irradiation growth phenomenon if the (010) loops are interstitial and the (100) loops vacancy. The arrangement of the loops in sheets, and the lack of mutual annihilation during annealing, can be explained in terms of the elastic interactions of the loops.

Analysis of the crystallography of the parallelogram-shaped loops observed by electron microscopy in quenched aluminium 1% magnesium reveals that these loops lie on {012} planes, and have sides along ⟨312⟩ directions. The Burgers vector of the loop dislocation is (a/2)⟨110⟩ and lies 18° from the pole of the loop. The point defects forming the loop lie on three adjacent {012} planes and the number per unit area is greater than on a {111} plane (2·69/a 2, cf. 2·31/a 2, where a is the lattice constant). This type of loop is not confined to quenched aluminium, having also been observed in platinum. The loops can form from hexagonal {111} loops by the elimination of the pure edge sides, followed by rotation of the remaining sides on two {111} slip planes to the {012}⟨312⟩ configuration. Presumably dissociation into partial dislocations confines movement to these planes. The energy of the loops is discussed.