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Prior research has indicated that 65-70% of college age women have experienced at least one sexual problem. Sexual problems are associated with higher rates of depression, anxiety, and relationship distress; however, few college age women seek professional help for sexual difficulties. The present study used the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore how adherence to traditional feminine norms and self-stigma are associated with intention to seek professional psychological help for a sexual difficulty. Results of structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated approximate fit in a sample of 259 college women. The structural model indicated that self-stigma and stronger endorsement of specific feminine gender norms (i.e., romantic relationship, sexual fidelity, sweet and nice) were found to be associated with less intention to seek help for a sexual problem. We discuss future research directions and implications for clinical services.

The direct effects of atmospheric and re-radiated heat from surfaces surrounding a street tree can affect its establishment, growth and development through high-temperature-induced injury. Sunscald is a symptom of direct heat injury to plant tissue that occurs on the trunk and branches as a result of high solar radiation causing the dehydration and death of plant tissues. This research was designed to investigate the impact of different paving surfaces, tree orientation at the time of planting and high ambient temperatures on the establishment of roadside trees in Melbourne, Australia. Thirty young Platanus × acerifolia trees were planted along the centre median of a major road and on the west side, directly adjacent to each tree, a 0.5 m2 paved surface was installed in a timber plinth box, with a 50 mm gap between the tree trunk and plinth. Four different materials were used to surface the boxes – concrete and organic mulch (recycled wood) for which there were seven replicates and asphalt and granitic sa...

Currently, there is no theoretically justified, evidence-based metric for evaluating segmental and prosodic components of multisyllabic words (MSWs). A pilot study evaluated a MSW metric embedded in non-linear phonological- and language-processing frameworks. Six MSWs were analyzed in 10 Canadian English-speaking 5-year-olds with typically developing speech, and eight French-speaking children, ages 3-4 years, with protracted phonological development (PPD). Mismatches were tallied (with and without vowels), with totals ranked by word and participant, then compared with ranks from Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (PMLU) and Percent Consonants Correct (PCC) tallies. For both groups, the number of different ranks was significant in comparisons of MSW metrics with PMLU and PCC. Rank orderings were systematically higher for English-speaking children using the MSW metric, with/without vowels, and for French-speaking children using the MSW metric with vowels. Overall, the MSW metric was particularly suitable for fine-grained differentiation of phonological accuracy in MSW production.

Few studies have directly compared fricative development across languages. The current study examined voiceless fricative production in Icelandic- versus English-speaking preschoolers with protracted phonological development (PPD). Expected were: a low fricative match (with age effect), highest match levels for /f/ and non-word-initial fricatives, developmentally early mismatch (error) patterns including deletion, multiple feature category mismatches or stops, and developmentally later patterns affecting only one feature category. Crosslinguistic differences in phonetic inventories were predicted to provide different options for mismatch patterns, e.g. affricates in English, [+spread glottis] segments in Icelandic. For each language, native speakers audio-recorded and transcribed single-word speech samples for thirteen 3-year-olds and ten 4-year-olds. Predictions regarding mismatches were generally confirmed. Accuracy data were partially confirmed, /f/ having a lower match than /s/ overall for the Icelandic children. Other results reflected language or group differences. The data provide confirmation that phonological acquisition reflects crosslinguistic, language-specific and child-specific influences.

An adolescent with a persistent frontal lisp participated in a two-part 11-session intervention case study. The first phase used ultrasound imagery and acoustic, phonetic and voice education to provide information about articulatory setting (AS) and general awareness of the speech production process. The second phase used traditional articulation therapy, online visual-acoustic biofeedback and fluency strategies to target the frontal lisp directly (specifically /s/, /z/, /ʃ/ and /ʧ/). Trained listener evaluations of pre-intervention, post-phase 1 and post-phase 2 assessments showed no improvement after phase 1, but notable improvement in all treatment targets immediately after phase 2. These improvements were substantially maintained at assessment 4 months post-intervention. The outcomes suggest that direct training was more effective than the AS approach; however, the client's ability to self-monitor in phase 2, rapid acquisition of the targets and maintenance at 4 months post-intervention possibly reflected the knowledge gained in phase 1 about AS.

An overview of Kuwaiti Arabic is presented, with very preliminary data from two typically developing brothers (ages 2;4 and 5;2) and a 6-year-old with a severe sensorineural hearing impairment. The siblings show early mastery of many aspects of the complex Arabic phonological system, with universally expected later mastery of coronal fricatives and /r/. The 6-year-old shows patterns typical of children with hearing impairments, e.g. hypernasality, a prevalence of 'visible' segments, particularly labials, and simplified syllable structure. Her accurate use of /l/, /r/, and some gutturals, however, raise questions about the enhanced perceptibility and functionality of these segments in Arabic.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic, vascular permeability-enhancing, and calcium-dependent enzyme-modulating cytokine with overexpression in various pathologic disorders, including granulomatous inflammation, tissue repair, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, rheumatoid arthritis, and tissue ischemia. The present study investigates the role of VEGF in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.Thirty-one patients with Crohn's disease, 15 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 9 healthy volunteers were studied. VEGF serum levels were measured with a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Significantly increased VEGF serum levels were observed in both active Crohn's disease and active ulcerative colitis when compared with healthy controls. Patients with active Crohn's disease and active ulcerative colitis showed significantly higher VEGF serum levels than patients with quiescent disease. No difference was observed between inactive disease and healthy controls. In addition, strongly increased VEGF serum levels were found in patients with Crohn's disease with fistulas in the absence of clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and laboratory findings of disease activity.Significantly increased VEGF serum levels were observed in patients with active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which suggests that VEGF has an important role in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Its possible association with fistulas has yet to be determined.

Physicians can play important roles in the discovery and treatment of elder abuse and neglect. Some possible reasons for physician inactivity which are discussed in the literature include: ageism; insufficient training; and a lack of knowledge of mandatory reporting laws, services for the elderly and the life situations of the elderly. This paper describes a cooperative training-service program which is utilized by the Southeast Multi-Service Center and the Geriatric Unit of the Indiana University Department of General Internal Medicine located in Indianapolis, Indiana. Through the collaborative efforts of he center and the medical school, physicians are able to conduct home visits to clients who are in need of medical evaluations and services. At the same time, medical students are able to gain direct exposure to the elderly within their home environments, and to the perspectives of social service providers and protective services investigators. Case reports are discussed to show how the program specific...

Stress ulcer prophylaxis diminishes but does not eliminate the risk of severe bleeding from this complication. In 70-80% of the cases the source of bleeding is hemorrhagic gastritis. No controlled studies exist which have in particular investigated conservative therapy in patients with stress-induced hemorrhage. Even effective measures to suppress gastric acid secretion or to reduce splanchnic blood flow are ineffective in 10-40% of intensive care unit patients with stress-induced bleeding. In these cases total gastrectomy has so far often been the only therapeutic approach. We report our experience with a new approach in treating severe stress-induced hemorrhagic gastritis after ineffective primary treatment with H2-receptor antagonists, pirenzepine and somatostatin. Continuous gastric lavage with 5-10 l ice-cold Ringer's solution was used until complete cessation of bleeding, as evident from clear lavage. Repeated administration of 12 g sucralfate (60 ml) at 2-h intervals for 24 h through a gastric tube was used to prevent recurrence of bleeding and to promote healing. Sucralfate was reduced on the 2nd and 3rd day to 20 ml 2-hourly and later to 10 ml 4-hourly. In four patients this treatment was used as an ultima ratio when the patients were already scheduled for total gastrectomy. A total of 23 patients were treated during a 7-year period; all of them responded successfully, and no patient required surgery.

The incidence of breast cancer continues to rise: 1.7 million women were diagnosed with and 521,000 women died from breast cancer in 2012. This review considers first current treatment options: surgery; radiotherapy; and systemic endocrine, anti-biological, and cytotoxic therapies. Clinical management includes prevention, early detection by screening, treatment with curative intent, management of chronic disease, and palliative control of advanced breast cancer. Next, the potential of novel drugs that target DNA repair, growth factor dependence, intracellular and intercellular signal transduction, and cell cycle are considered. Estrogen-related receptor alpha has attracted attention as a therapeutic target in triple-negative breast cancers with de novo resistance to, and in breast cancers with acquired resistance to, endocrine therapies such as antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors. Estrogen-related receptor alpha is an orphan receptor and transcription factor. Its activity is regulated by coregulator proteins and posttranslational modification. It is an energy sensor that controls adaptation to energy demand and may facilitate glycolytic metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative respiration in breast cancer cells. Estrogen-related receptor alpha increases breast cancer cell migration, proliferation, and tumor development. It is expressed at high levels in estrogen receptor-negative tumors, and is proposed to activate estrogen-responsive genes in endocrine-resistant tumors. The structures and functions of the ligand-binding domains of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen-related receptor alpha, their ability to bind estrogens, phytoestrogens, and synthetic ligands, and the effects of ligand agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists on biological activity, are evaluated. Synthetic ligands of estrogen-related receptor alpha have activity in preclinical models of metabolic disorders, diabetes, osteoporosis, and oncology. The clinical settings in which these novel drugs might have utility in the management of advanced breast cancer, and biomarkers for stratification of patients likely to benefit, are discussed. Finally, the potential side effects of the novel drugs on metabolism, osteoporosis, osteo-metastasis, and cachexia are considered.

There is considerable cooperative use of serials in Australian libraries resulting from a crying need. So far, a rationalization of efforts has been largely restricted to the deuelopment of excellent union lists of holdings. However, promising plans are in the works for dividing fields of collecting, and for producing machine-processed indexes, bibliographies, and abstracts. In the latter field, the two main periodical indexes to Australian serials will certainly be further deueloped, perhaps with contributions from the field as well as from centralized sources in the National Library and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.

Summary Forty-eight school children were allowed to play with a button-press light-display apparatus. Four-, six-, and eight-year-old groups all pressed more for high uncertainty (eight lights) than for low uncertainty (one light), but the effect was most pronounced for the youngest age group. Two minutes of pretest sensory restriction for half the subjects had no reliable effect upon their button-pressing behavior. In addition, most children stated that they “liked best” the high uncertainty stimulus display. However, even those who verbalized other preferences still pressed more for the high uncertainty display, emphasizing the difficulty of comparing overt choices with verbally stated preferences.

Summary A dimensional scaling study was carried out with 180 boys and girls between the ags of 4 and 11 years. The mean logical responses to scaling cards designed to assess dimensional availability was compared with the number of preference responses for luminance, orientation, and size dimensions in each of five age groups. The results suggest that younger children ages 4 and 5 years consistently respond unidimensionally, making mostly luminance responses on both the availability and preference stimuli. Older children 8 and 11 years make logical (salience) responses to all three dimensions, but are more likely to show a preference to respond on the basis of orientation when a preference is shown.

One particular aspect of a wide range of HVAC research at the US Center for Building Technology concerned interfacing DDC with the pneumatic system for one of the existing air handling units at the CBT building itself. Using solenoid air valves induced both positive and negative air leaks in the pneumatic system; this did not occur with motorised pressure regulators, though these produced a time delay whenever the regulator's direction of rotation was reversed. Details are given of an adaptive PI algorithm with a self‐tuning regulator approach, developed at CBT and implemented on the air handler in question. From the experience, it is strongly recommended that such an algorithm should be implemented on a positional basis.

L'immeuble de bureaux de Norris Cotton dans le New Hampshire (Etats-Unis), constitue une experience hardie sur le plan de la conception. Tout, en effet, y a ete mis en œuvre pour obtenir le meilleur rendement possible de l'energie afin d'assurer le confort de ses occupants, quelle que soit la periode de l'annae. Le compte rendu provisoire, redige par des ingenieurs du NBS des USA, montre que l'objectif du projet est desormais pratiquement atteint. Mais l'equipement chauffage, ventilation, conditionnement de l'air, deliberement complexe, a provoque des problemes de commande, entrainant le fonctionnement insuffisant de quelques sous-equipements. En outre, les avantages dus a la sophistication de certains details de construction ont ete annules, au debut, par l'existence de ponts thermiques imprevus.

Sixty prereaders were trained to discriminate the graphemes within words by having them assemble the Words using only those graphemes that corresponded to the phonemic structure of the words. The children were first trained using orthographies that provided cues emphasizing the graphemic structure; either i. t. a. or one of two cued orthographies retaining the English alphabetic characters. The children then assembled the same words printed in the traditional orthography (t. o.) which provides no graphemic cues. As hypothesized, transfer to t. o. was easier for Ss initially trained with cued orthographies retaining English characters than for Ss trained with i. t. a. In addition, transfer from i. t. a. was facilitated when combined with one of the orthographies retaining English characters.

(1961). A Technique for Crafting Conifers in the Field in East Africa. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 20-21.

The Norris Cotton office building in New Hampshire, USA, is a bold design experiment to achieve year-round comfort conditions with full energy-efficiency. This interim report by staff of the US National Bureau of Standards shows how the design goal has now been virtually achieved. But the building's deliberately complex HVAC system has created control problems, with under-performance of some sub-systems. Moreover, the benefits of sophisticated building details were at first nullified by inadvertent thermal bridges.