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Creatine is a nutritional supplement that is commonly, if controversially, used as an ergogenic aid in sport. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence, use and knowledge of this substance among a sample of elite Gaelic football, rugby, and soccer players in Ireland. 460 male athletes completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire that examined their use and knowledge of creatine. Overall, 18.9% of the sample (n = 87) had not heard of creatine, 56.7% (n = 261) reported that they had heard of it but had never used it, a further 16.3% (n = 75) had used creatine in the past but were no longer doing so and 5.2% (n = 24) were currently using it. Further analysis showed some differences in patterns of use among those who had heard of creatine. In general, although there were more users at adult level than at school level, there was no difference in percentage of users across sport types. However, when school and adult players were examined separately, there were significantly more users in rugby at the adult level. The data indicate a higher awareness of this substance among adult rugby players than among players of other sports tested in the sample.

The Attentional Capacity Test (ACT, Weber, 1988) has been found to be a meaningful measure of attention in adults. This study explored the usefulness of this test with children. It was discovered that, with only minor modifications, this test could be administered to children; in addition the measure is resilient, in that it was not affected by background noise, sex, parental education, or conformity to mental counting instructions. It has been designed so that it can be used with speech and/or motor impaired people. ACT performance showed a strong association with age, improving across age levels until it reached an adult level by age 13. The preliminary normative data are presented here.

English Handbells can add a meaningful adult level musical activity to the program of a nursing home. This article contains practical ideas and helps for starting a bell program in your facility.

Preoedipal patients present a special problem in group treatment. This is because their difficulties arose largely before they learned to use words. Such patients are prone to act rather than talk. They do not respond well to interpretation. They must be approached and influenced through feelings. We can utilize the group to provide them with maturational experiences, helping them reach a more adult level of mental functioning so that our usual technical interventions can be brought into play. The paper discusses methods for enhancing this process, including reflection, emotional communication, using reconstruction to close developmental gaps, and immunization.

This study is the examination of the impact of childhood participation levels in outdoor recreation on the activity level of that individual as an adult. The study is based on a stratified random sample of adult residents in eight northeastern Iowa counties. Forty‐five outdoor recreation activities were used to determine the “carry‐over” of participation from childhood to adulthood. The results indicate a direct effect of the childhood level of participation on adult level of participation. Only eight of forty‐five activities seem to carry over; therefore, prediction of specific activity carryover is very limited. Implications for educating for leisure and aspects of socialization are discussed.

Hunting participation, as indicated in the 1983 Nationwide Recreation Survey, is examined to determine the relationship between age of first hunting experience and adult level of participation. A statistically significant association between these two variables is found. In addition, more than 83 percent of those who hunt began their involvement by 18 years of age. The findings have implications for future hunting participation and the provision of programs for hunters.

Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels in blood samples taken from normal calves which bad suckled colostrum were much higher than those found in healthy adult cattle. Levels of over 60 times the normal adult level were observed. These high levels of GGT took approximately 5 weeks to decline to adult values. Calves which appeared to have not received or absorbed colostrum had GGT levels which would be considered normal in adult cattle. A calf with serum gamma globulin levels which indicated an intermediate amount of colostrum absorption had a level of GGT which was intermediate between that expected for normal adult cattle and that found in calves which had more fully absorbed colostrum. The mean GGT level observed in colostrum from 6 newly-calved cows was over 800 times the mean serum GGT level of the same 6 cows. It therefore appears most likely that GGT is concurrently absorbed with colostrum by calves and this gives rise to the very high levels seen in normal calves. Calves with very high levels of serum GGT also had raised levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP) which slowly declined but never reached normal adult levels within the 53-day period of observation. It therefore appears that high levels of both GGT and AP are achieved by calves at the time of colostrum absorption and it is concluded that clinical interpretation of serum GGT and AP levels in young calves is closely dependent upon parallel knowledge of their serum gamma globulin levels.

A simple and safe method is proposed for giving children practical experience similar to crossing the road and for assessing their performance. The method comprises a ‘pretend road’ laid out on the pavement, which the child crosses as if crossing the adjacent road in the face of oncoming vehicles. A comparison of adult performances in crossing through gaps in traffic on pretend and real roads indicates that the pretend task adequately simulates real road crossing. Similar experiments on pretend roads with 5-10 year olds crossing through gaps in traffic indicated that children are able to understand the simulation task and perform sensibly on it. Moreover, there were children of all ages who consistently performed at close to an adult level indicating that the visual timing required in the skill is not beyond young children. The results suggest that children should be trained in crossing in the presence of traffic at an early age. The pretend task could prove a valuable aid to training.

Models of the slow phase portion of postrotatory nystagmus in the adult include time constants which describe primary and secondary nystagmus. The cupular time constant (T1) is believed to reflect the activity of the cupula of the semicircular canal, while the adaptation time constant (Ta) defines the rate of change of the baseline firing rate. Values for T1 and Ta have been published for the adult. In this study 37 normal infants under one year of age and 12 children, 3 to 13 years of age were examined for postrotatory nystagmus, and values for the two time constants were determined. The cupular time constant does not change with age and is concluded to be at an adult level at birth. This is correlated with the relative maturity of ear morphology at birth. The adaptation time constant increases from 79.5 sec at one month of age to 260.7 sec at 12-13 years of age, implying that maturation of adaption is a relatively slow process.

The development of the Na-K-activated ATPase enzyme system was studied in the stria vascularis of rats from 6-46 days post partum. In 68-day-old animals a rather high Na-K-ATPase activity was observed. Thereafter the activity increased gradually until the 12th day. A surprisingly sharp increase of the Na-K-ATPase activity was found from 12–18 days. The adult level was reached between 19 and 25 days after birth, which coincides with the functional maturity of the cochlea. These data, together with comparable data on the development of the ERP and the ionic composition of the endolymph, confirm the assumption that the Na-K-ATPase system in the stria vascularis is responsible for the maintenance of the cation gradients and for the generation of the ERP.

Matched samples of expert and novice badminton players from 12 yrs (n = 12), 15 yrs (n = 14), 18 yrs (n = 8), and adult (n = 55) age groups were tested on a film task designed to simulate the perceptual demands of the sport of badminton. In the first half of the film task subjects were presented with varying degrees of temporal information both leading up to, and following, the opponent's contact with the shuttle and were required to predict the landing position of the shuttle from the information available. The expert group, unlike the novice group, showed a progression to earlier information-extraction as a function of age although it was only at the adult level that the anticipatory performance of the expert players significantly exceeded that of their novice counterparts. In the second half of the film task the display was manipulated by masking visibility to a number of potential sources of advance information. Under these occlusion conditions experts, irrespective of age, were found to extr...

1. The biological half-life in rats of unconjugated material after intraperitoneal administration of [14C]diethylstilboestrol decreased from 131 min on the day of birth to 14 min in 25 day-old animals. The rate of conjugation of diethylstilboestrol reached an adult level by the 25th day after birth.2. Newborn rats apparently had a slower rate of excretion of conjugates of diethylstilboestrol and its metabolites in the bile.3. Intestinal hydrolysis of diethylstilboestrol conjugates was minimal on the day of birth and at 5 days old, and was not fully developed until the third to fourth week after birth.4. Enterohepatic circulation of diethylstilboestrol developed during the first month after birth; thus the newborn may be spared from reabsorption of unconjugated drug and metabolites during a time when the enzymes required for drug conjugation are still developing.

The experiment aimed to determine the second-order personality factor structure, in Q-data, as reliably at the child level as has been done at the adult level, and simultaneously to check on cross-cultural constancy. The HSPQ was administered to 209 12‐14 year‐old boys and girls in Australia and 296 in the U.S.A., and the 14 scales were intercorrelated and factored separately in each sample. Tests of factor number yielded five factors. Independent rotation to simple structure yielded four factors easily matched across cultures; these are the same as have been recognized in adults: exvia-invia, anxiety-adjustment, cortertia-pathemia, and independence. The practical utility of the result lies in providing weights to get scores from the HSPQ on second order factors such as anxiety and exvia. Among the theoretical outcomes are: (1) the evidence of cross-cultural constancy; (2) the finding that variance from anxiety in children, unlike adults, exceeds that due to exvia; and (3) the demonstration that ...

It has been found that children under eleven years of age attach little meaning to conventional names of time periods, especially dates.1 Their growth in the knowledge of conventional time is a slow process starting at the age of four and arriving at adult level after the age of thirteen. Children appear to learn first the meaning of time words in ordinary use, such as the day or the week. Passing from these to an understanding of chronology and the arrangement of historical periods is a difficult mat ter. Not until the pupils are eight years old are they able to distinguish the past from the present. For years after they find it difficult to under stand dates. Not until pupils are eleven years do they pay attention to subdivisions of the past, or period history.

Extensive research has indicated that the individually administered Rorschach test used by experts may be valuable in the diagnosis of person ality. Recently Harrower-Erickson[7] has developed a Multiple Choice Rorschach Test for use with groups. Up to the present time, however, the research dealing with the Multiple Choice Test has been largely restricted to the adult level [1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15]. Only two studies [3, 5] have specifically investigated the use of the test with children or adolescents. Both of these were concerned primarily with measuring the validity of the test. The present investigation has for its purpose (1) the study of sex differences among adolescents as revealed by the test and (2) an analysis of items to determine if some are not now incorrectly scored when the test is employed with adolescents.

as listeners and advisors to anyone who might have a problem or need help concerning anything at the school. Four Accountability Teams have been set up, with each headed by a trained guidance counselor. In addition to the counselor, there are three teachers, made up of men and women, to provide an equal balance of both sexes at the adult level. In addition, five students-both boys and girls-are members of each team. In effect, the concept multiplies the influence of the guidance counselor many times over; it came about because of a major concern that some young people at the high school were being bypassed by the traditional counselling proc

This article proposes that teachers of gifted children should function within a flexible, team‐organized framework that provides a living example of collaboration and shared professional responsibility at the adult level. It argues for a multi‐aged, heterogeneous pupil grouping framework within which gifted youngsters can regularly associate not only with each other but also with other types of children. Teachers should exhibit enthusiasm, self confidence, “stage presence,” deep commitment to their own learning, and unique professional styles.

This is the third in a series illustrating the rising interest and activity in speech training on the adult level. The manuscript of the following article was originally presented at the Western Speech Association convention in San Jose last November.

The serum level of prealbumin was determined by radial immunodiffusion in a group of fetal, neonatal, infant, and adult sera. Prealbumin was found in all sera of the 60 festuses studied. At birth, the level of prealbumin was about half of the normal adult level. During the last few months of the first year of life the prealbumin level is under the normal adult level.