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At present, malignant tumours have become one of the most serious diseases that endanger human health. According to a survey on causes of death in Chinese population in early 1990s, the malignant tumours were the second leading cause of death. In the treatment of tumours, the ideal situation is that drugs should target and accumulate at tumour sites and destroy tumour cells specifically, without affecting normal cells and stem cells with regenerative capacity. This requires drugs to be specifically transported to the target organs, tissues, cells, and even specific organelles, like mitochondria, nuclei, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). The nano drug delivery system can not only protect drugs from degradation but also facilitate functional modification and targeted drug delivery to the tumour site. This article mainly reviews the targeting of nano drug delivery systems to tumour cytoplasmic matrix, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and lysosomes. Organelle-specific drug delivery system will be a major mean of targeting drug delivery with lower toxicity, less dosage and higher drug concentration in tumour cells.

Electrospun, an advanced technology, has been successfully employed for fibre production and offers many merits in novel drug delivery systems (DDSs). In recent years, electrospun has gained significant attention and attraction of the scientists in soaring numbers. This technology is superior to other technologies in fabricating the fibres which range from micrometers to manometers scale. The selection of appropriate polymers, electrospun processes and electrospun parameters play important roles in controlling the drug release while, treating serious illness. Besides, electrospraying process has similar characteristics to the electrospun and is presented briefly here. Further, in vivo and in vitro evaluations of the electrospun nanofibers are comprehensively discussed. In addition, the electrospun nanotechnology has been exploited to design drug release systems, investigate drug's pharmacokinetics and further develop DDS. The electrospun nanofibers improve bioactivity of various types of drugs including water-insoluble, soluble, anticancer and antibacterial drugs and genetic materials. In the end, the prospects and challenges in the process of designing drug-loaded electrospun nanofibers are discussed in detail.

In March 2017, Pakistan formally took the decision to begin a process of incorporating the Federally Administered Tribal Territories into the framework of regular Pakistani law. This article offers...

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia induced by modified animal fat (ghee) in 10 children is described. The initial presentation was of an acute or chronic pneumonia which proved refractory to anti-microbial chemotherapy. The radiological presentation varied from mild perihilar consolidation to diffuse and extensive bilateral involvement, particularly of the posterior lung segments. A history of administration of ghee provided the initial clue to the diagnosis, which was confirmed by demonstration of fat by bronchoalveolar lavage or by open lung biopsy. Eight of the 10 patients improved with either steroid therapy alone or steroids with resection of the most involved lung segments. One patient, who had extensive superinfection with Mycobacterium fortuitum, died. Lipoid pneumonia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of 'non-resolving' pneumonias in communities where the cultural practice of infant feeding with ghee is prevalent. Public awareness through health education about the potential hazards of this practice to infants and children can contribute to reduce the incidence of the problem.

Homogenates of the internal organs of partially and fully engorged females of the camel tick Hyalomma (Hyalomma) dromedarii were naturally infected with single, rod-shaped bacteria. Bacteriological tests identified these microorganisms as Escherichia coli; their confident limit of identification being 95%. Transmission electron microscopy examination has also identified their typical ultrastructural features.