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Against a background of the pluralisation of policing in contemporary city spaces, and sustained interests in the assessment of policing in the criminology and criminal justice literatures, the current study seeks to draw a comparative analysis in trust between policing actors, as experienced by nightlife consumers. While studies on trust in the police are numerous, this is much less the case for other actors involved in policing urban (nightlife) spaces. Neither is it very well understood how trust is distributed between policing actors. It is important to investigate this, taking into consideration the privatisation and technologisation of safety provision in contemporary cities, and the legitimacy of the actors involved. Using a survey, 894 youths enrolled in education were asked to evaluate their trust in actors involved in the policing of urban nightlife areas: the police, door staff, and CCTV. Results showed that people tend to trust human policing agents more compared to technological agents. A cluster analysis further indicated that alongside this general pattern, four additional groups can be found in the data: two groups that display the highest trust in either the police or door staff with intermediate trust in CCTV, and two groups expressing either overall low trust or overall high trust, independent of the policing actor. Employing logistic regression analyses, we find that demographic, victimisation, and contextual variables predict cluster membership. We end with suggestions for future research and reflect on whether the privatisation and technologisation of (nightlife) policing are desirable from a nightlife consumer point of view.

People are often confronted with injustice that is done to others. In such cases, observers (i.e. third-parties) of injustice can restore justice by punishing the perpetrator, as shown by a vast amount of research. However, this focus on punishment has led to the neglect of another behavioural option: compensation of the victim. The current review focuses on this latter behavioural option. More specifically, it is argued that third-parties are more compensation-oriented than previous literature appears to demonstrate. To support this argument, previous research is discussed and the factors that might explain observers’ preference for compensation are outlined. To conclude, suggestions for future research are presented.

Current modeling research in target marketing usually stresses the identification of profitable names for specific mailings. There is little recent research about the characteristics of typical direct mail (DM) customers. In this paper we determine the link between customers' socio-demographic characteristics and their propensity to purchase products through the mail. We hypothesize the existence of a latent variable, DM-proneness, which represents a consumer's tendency to shop via direct mail. Our model links the socio-demographics of customers to their self-reported purchase behavior through the latent variable of DM-proneness in a Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. We also introduce a second latent variable, DM information interest, which represents the desire to receive direct offers through the mail. The model allows for testing the influence of DM information interest on DM-proneness. We fit the model to actual consumer data using the LISREL program. The findings show that the ch...

Children with phonological impairment frequently have difficulty producing consonant clusters. Speech pathologists often use phonological processes to describe children's productions of consonant clusters, a commonly used description being cluster reduction. However, this description does not adequately address children's differing realizations of consonant clusters. The purpose of this paper is to develop and refine methods for the characterization of realizations of consonant clusters. The work of Greenlee (1974) and Chin and Dinnsen (1992) has been extended by examining the effect of syllable position, number of elements and constituents on children's realizations of consonant clusters. Specifically, word-initial fricative clusters, stop clusters, three element fricative + stop clusters, and word-final nasal clusters and fricative + stop clusters were examined. The results for 40 phonologically impaired children between the ages of 3;6 and 5;0 years are compared with those of Chin and Dinnsen (1992). The relationships found between child and adult representations of clusters suggest the importance of considering syllable position, number of elements and the constituents of consonant clusters when analysing phonologically impaired children's speech sounds.

Wingate suggested that prosody has an important role in stuttering, particularly in treatment for the disorder. Results of recent research by the authors indicate that alteration of one aspect of prosody, namely syllabic stress, is a feature of some behavioural stuttering treatments and that this may contribute to stuttering reduction. It is thought that people who stutter have unstable speech systems that may be disrupted by variability, and it is suggested that the production of stress contrasts is a source of such variability. We present a model that suggests that stuttering decreases when people who stutter decrease the variability with which they typically produce syllabic stress. As well as explaining the role of syllabic stress in stuttering reduction, the model implies that the development of variable stress induces stuttering in those children whose motor systems are susceptible to variability. The model also explains some of the phenomenology of stuttering and challenges some long-held beliefs a...

The effect of intensive interval training on the maximal anaerobic power of the rat quadriceps muscle was investigated. The anaerobic energy production was estimated from the changes in the concentrations of phosphocreatine, adenine nucleotides, inosine monophosphate and lactate in freeze‐clamped muscle tissue after electrical stimulation for 2–30 s. The results showed that the maximal running speed of rats tested increased by 24%, the maximal force exerted increased by 13%, and the succinate dehydrogenase activity by 48 %, while the adenylate kinase activity was the same before and after training. No difference could be observed between the maximal anaerobic power of the quadriceps muscles of trained and sedentary animals. It seems that trained muscles may be able to work with a higher degree of economy than untrained muscles.

An attempt is made to identify the structural invariants of the field of isophotes on lambertian surfaces of arbitrary shape under arbitrary illumination. It is a priori clear that such invariants play an important part in the perception of solid shape by means of chiaroscuro. We have found several such invariants. The topological structure of the field of isophotes is determined by the collection of nested, closed parabolic curves on the surface. An important class of stationary points of the field clings to these parabolic lines. The isophotes cut the parabolic lines at a constant angle, irrespective of the location of the light sources. For certain canonical surface undulations the field of isophotes is explicitly given.