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In Nazi Germany (1933–45), reclaiming waste became an intrinsic component of the regime’s economy as well as its ideological, racial, and expansionist ambitions. National Socialist interventions in...

When states face international terrorism, their response almost automatically lies in the area of foreign policy. As such, actors in foreign policy making play a key, yet understudied role ...

Concern in the later nineteenth century with the poor physical durability of important documents led to a call for the establishment of government sponsored testing stations and government-endorsed standards of paper quality to ensure the longevity of paper-based records. This article follows German research from the establishment of a paper testing facility near Berlin in 1884. The publication in 1898 of the findings of a committee of the Society of Arts (England), formed to study paper quality, together with translated abstracts of the German work, made this research more widely known. In the 1920s, the Swedish government, seeking more definite information about paper properties, particularly specifications for chemical permanence, continued the earlier investigation. The re-examination of core issues as presented in the early scientific literature is essential for an understanding of the criteria for permanence standards accepted today.

When Russian-born Leo Bagrow (Lev Semenovich Bagrov, 1881–1957) and the German historian, bookseller and publisher Hans Wertheim (1897–1938) published in 1935 the first issue of Imago Mundi, they t...

Critical discussions of German realist literature over the last few decades have repeatedly examined the intersection between publicity, audience formation and literary production, especially in the context of the boom of the popular periodical press in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Much remains to be said, however, about the specific role newspaper advertising strategies played in the construction and redefinition of literary modes and categories. In a trajectory that leads from Kleist to Fontane, this essay argues that public notices and classified ads from newspapers and journals become, over the course of the nineteenth century, literary subjects in their own right, allowing for new narrative and expressive strategies and signalling dramatic changes in the conditions of epistolary communication ‘im papiernen Zeitalter’, as turn-of-the-century cultural historians have called the era of industrially produced paper. Whereas the ‘Intelligenzblatt’ and the want ad from Kleist’s ‘Marqui...

The peculiarity of Orna Guralnik’s case study lay in the fact that the German patient whose grandparents were Nazis and whose parents were in their ideas affected by Nazi ideology is being treated by a Jewish analyst. Both patient and analyst belong to the so-called third generation. In my commentary I emphasize the significance of processes of transgenerational identification, and I try to show how a countertransference enactment developed in this treatment. The burden of the traumatic history of the Germans and the Jews was, in this case, too heavy and preoccupied the analyst. Such countertransference enactments occur repeatedly during psychoanalytic treatment when the subject is about involvement in the Holocaust and Second World War and its consequences for subsequent generations.

Despite its critique of Pop Art and western consumerism, the former GDR briefly promoted the “paper dress” as an attractive, fashion novelty for its youth, consistent with the tenets of “socialist fashion.” This essay explores the phenomenon of the paper dress, putting it in the context of GDR youth policy, the growing youth culture in the country, and Cold War ideology. It argues that the GDR’s brief embrace of the paper dress, after severe state restrictions on the importation of western youth culture, was part of a gradual liberalization of GDR society.

On 5 May 1957, Leopold Lowenheim passed away in a Berlin hospital following a short but severe illness, unnoticed by the community of mathematical logicians who believed that he had perished in a Nazi concentration camp in or shortly after 1940 (the year of publication in the Journal of Symbolic Logic of his last paper before the end of World War II). The 50th anniversary of his death seems an appropriate date for the posthumous publication of a paper that was supposed to appear in Fundamenta Mathematicae in 1939, the galley proofs of which Lowenheim had already seen and corrected when German troops invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Lowenheim managed to save the proofs through the War, despite the loss of most of his possessions during the bombing of Berlin in 1943 and 1944. By another lucky chance, a copy of the proofs survived in the present author's possession, when the originals were lost during a flat clearing in Berlin as part of the estate of Johannes Teichert (1904–1994), Lowenheim's step-son, w...

“… eyewitnesses often err… . If an event suggests some tempting interpretation, then this interpretation, more often than not, is allowed to distort what has actually been seen.” Karl Popper The dismissal, in 1914, of the Belgian neutrality treaty as a “scrap of paper” by the German chancellor has become one of the enduring images of the First World War. Widely used by Allied propaganda during the war, the remark contains certain elements of “myth.” Utilising hitherto untapped archival material, this article examines the final interview between the German chancellor and the British ambassador on 4 August 1914 through the prism of contemporary sources and the later ‘“scrap of paper’ controversy” in the mid-1920s. Beyond the reconstruction of actual events, the article contends that the controversy has epistemological significance for diplomatic historians.

This contribution by Hermann Argelander was first published in the German psychoanalytic journal Psyche– whose subtitle translates as ‘Journal of Psychoanalysis and its Applications’– in 1970 (Arge...

That plastids were once free-living cyanobacteria is now taken for granted by many, and for good reasons, for there is a wealth of data – in particular from the comparison of plastid and cyanobacterial genomes – that support this view. There is currently no seriously entertained alternative hypothesis to the view that plastids descend from cyanobacteria. But that was not always the case. Well into the 1970s there was a generally favoured alternative hypothesis, namely that early in evolution plastids arose de novo from within a non-plastid bearing cell (an autogenous origin) rather than through invasion by a cyanobacterium into a non-plastid-bearing cell with subsequent intracellular coexistence and reduction to an organelle (an endosymbiotic origin). Interestingly, the shift from autogenous to endosymbiotic hypotheses during the 1970s was a reversal of state for during the first two decades of this century, the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origins of plastids (and mitochondria, which will not be further discussed here) was very popular among biologists. It fell into disfavour shortly after the First World War, for reasons that are very difficult to summarize briefly, and remained scorned for 50 years (see Sapp, 1994, for an historical account in English, and Hoxtermann, 1998, for a succinct historical account in German). So where did the first version of the endosymbiont hypothesis come from? In a nutshell, it came from Konstantin Sergejewiz Merezkovskij (usually written as Constantin Mereschkowsky), a Russian botanist of little standing who worked at a rather small and by no means prominent university in Kasan and who published a very remarkable paper in 1905. We are not aware of any true precedent for his paper, which draws upon three lines of evidence known at the time.

The playwright and director Rene Pollesch (b. 1962) has risen to prominence on the German theatre scene over the few past years. The Heidi Hoh trilogy (originally produced in Berlin between 1999 an...

Hoffmann K. Ludwig Binswanger's Collected Papers-Introduction and Critical Remarks. Int Forum Psychoanal 1997;6: 191-201. Stockholm. ISSN 0803-706X. Reviewing the new German edition of selected papers of Ludwig Binswanger, an overview of Binswanger's life and work is given. Deeply rooted in a psychiatric sanatorium tradition established in the nineteenth century by his grandfather, Binswanger sought contact with Bleuler, Jung and Freud, and tried to treat his severely ill patients with individual psychoanalysis. In addition, the therapeutic milieu always played a great role in his work and thinking. Binswanger's experiences with psychotic patients lead him to a philosophical, existential view of psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Moving beyond Freud, he dealt with psychotic phenomena and maintained that paranoia, mania and depression can be treated by psychotherapy if the therapist exposes himself in an existential manner with the patient. The author expresses his critical opinion of the editors of t...

Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Letters and Papers from Prison: A Biography. By Martin Marty (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), xii + 275pp. $24.95 cloth. Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a German Pro...

The 27th annual meeting of the German Association for Stable Isotope Research (GASIR) was held from 4–6 October 2006, in Freiberg, Germany, and was hosted by the Institute of Mineralogy of the Tech...

Health-care workers are an important vaccination target group, they are more frequently exposed to infectious diseases and can contribute to nosocomial infections. We established a country-wide online monitoring system to estimate influenza vaccine uptake and its determinants among German hospital staff (OKaPII). The online questionnaire included items on vaccination behavior and reasons for and against influenza vaccination. After a pilot phase in 2016, a country-wide roll-out was performed in 2017. Questions on measles (2018) and hepatitis B (2019) vaccination status were added in subsequent years. In 2017, 2018 and 2019 in total 52, 125 and 171 hospitals with 5 808, 17 891 and 27 163 employees participated, respectively. Influenza vaccination coverage in season 2016/17 and 2017/18 was similar (39.5% and 39.3%) while it increased by 12% in 2018/19 (52.3%). Uptake was higher for physicians than for nurses. Self-protection was the most common reason for influenza vaccination. While physicians mainly identified constraints as reasons for being unvaccinated, nurses mainly referred to a lack of vaccine confidence. Of the hospital staff, 87.0% were vaccinated against measles, 6.3% claimed to be protected due to natural infection; 97.7% were vaccinated against hepatitis B. OKaPII shows that influenza vaccination coverage among German hospital staff is low. Occupational group-specific differences should be considered: physicians might benefit from easier access; information campaigns might increase nurses’ vaccine confidence. OKaPII serves as a platform to monitor the uptake of influenza and other vaccines; it also contributes to a better understanding of vaccination behavior and planning of targeted interventions.

The commentary compares the WPA position statement with a similar paper published recently by the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN; Deutsche Gesellschaft f...

Youth involvement in conflict and violence is a frequent problem in Germany as well as in many European countries. The European Commission's White Paper on Sport presumes that sport participation might be of help in preventing adolescents from delinquency and violence. It further claims that social norms inherent in the world of sport (e.g. fair play, team spirit) might foster pro-social behaviour patterns and help reduce aggressiveness among juveniles (Commission of the European Communities 2007). This article challenges that assumption by confronting it with German data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). On the theoretical level, the paper explicates different mechanisms of how sport participation might influence violent behaviour patterns. On the empirical level, the article examines the relationship between the involvement in club-organised sport activities and violent behaviour patterns among 15-year-old German adolescents. Overall, the results suggest that sport activiti...

The study of Shakespeare in a European context, and in European countries where he is primarily read in translation, has burgeoned since the collapse of communism in 1990. This short paper briefly surveys the field, pointing out certain ironies arising from, amongst others, the attachment to Shakespeare in the German literary culture and informs readers of recent and forthcoming research-network events (in particular conferences) that take this work forward.

Defence Package (SDP), has been mired in controversy virtually since its inception. More than three years after signature of the contracts in December 1999, there are still aftershocks caused by various parties hoping to either stop the process or at least inflict serious political damage. This seems to stem from being aggrieved at being excluded from the deals, because they have never subscribed to the need for such expensive equipment for the SANDF or are concerned that a fair process was not followed. The bundle of projects that was handled as a single package to obtain maximum commercial and political leverage constitutes the largest armaments deal ever concluded in South Africa. It consists of 28 Gripen Advanced Light Fighter Aircraft and 24 Hawk Lead In Fighter Trainers from BAE/SAAB, 4 corvettes from a German Frigate Consortium, 3 submarines from a German Submarine Consortium, and 30 Agusta 109 helicopters from Italy. The total contract value at date of signature was approximately R24.9 billion (US$3.98 billion) at the rate of exchange prevailing at that time (R6.25 to the US dollar and R6.4 to the euro). The bulk of the equipment is to be imported and the value of the contracts fluctuates as the rand fluctuates against the other currencies. Reaction against the deal stems from five separate concerns that tend to get intertwined: • Does South Africa need such a large and well-equipped defence force? • Can the country afford the costs of the project? • Do South Africans know what the true cost of the project is (as the number seems to vary every time the government puts a value to it)? • Given that there are accusations of improper behaviour by various officials, such as Tony Yengeni, was the deal compromised, or was there a fair process in place during the negotiations and signing of contracts? • Was there corruption and is it being dealt with, or is there a cover up? Let us consider these issues in some detail. After 1994, the newly elected democratic government set about revisiting all aspects of national life with a view to transformation appropriate to the new open democratic order that they wished to build. Like other branches of government, the Ministry of Defence initiated an open consultative process to establish a consensus about the future nature of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). This Defence Review process is unprecedented internationally for its openness and willingness to engage with the widest possible range of opinion. All and any interested parties were invited to participate. It culminated in a Defence White Paper in 1996, the Defence Review Report in 1998, and a White THE ARMS DEAL CONTROVERSY

The German Dual System is now a source of pride at home and emulation abroad. For example, the reforms which the British government proposed in 1991 to apply to post- compulsory education, as detailed in its White Paper Education and Training for the 21st Century (1991), would effectively set up in the United Kingdom structures similar to those which have already existed in Germany for decades. It is therefore timely to examine the recent development of the Dual System. In 1990 there were 1.8 million young persons (40% female, 60% male) in training under the Dual System-that is, 70% of the age cohort (BMBW, 1990, p. 1). The fact that in the early 1970s only 50% of the age cohort was involved gives an indication of the developmental impetus of this education/training process. Yet despite its manifest success it suffers from certain problems, and it is the aim of the present paper to analyse its strengths and weaknesses. The Dual System, like most important institutions in German public life, has a legal basis: the Vocational Education Law (Berufsbildungsgesetz (BBiG)). This was first passed in 1969 by the CDU/CSU/SPD Coalition, and revised in 1990 in preparation for impending German re-unification (cf. Jobst, 1990), the aim being to apply it as quickly as possible to

This paper analyses the waxing and waning of loyalty in German citizenship. The paper focuses on three areas where loyalty historically played a role: military service, requirements that naturalisa...

This paper studies research interests, paradigmatic orientation and political involvement among roughly 700 full professors of economics at universities located in German-speaking countries. We collect biographical and institutional information on these professorships to derive indicators for research orientation, paradigmatic stance and political involvement. The main contribution of this paper is empirical; it documents the fairly homogeneous paradigmatic stance of German-speaking academic economics, analyzes the interplay between paradigmatic orientation and the policy process and contributes to a better understanding of the role of economic experts in German economic policymaking. Regarding the latter, we found that a highly asymmetric involvement of (under-represented) pluralist/heterodox perspectives relative to (over-represented) ordoliberal views in policy contexts is characteristic of economic policymaking in Germany.

This paper examines debates over the nature, purpose, and reform of geographical education in schools in the eighteenth-century German-speaking territories. Attention is paid to contemporaries’ concerns over the cognitive content of geography – what geography was – and, in greater detail, to their views concerning how the subject might be taught, its teaching improved, and the end in view of teaching it, namely to produce informed citizens. The paper shows that while there was widespread agreement over the utility of geography, opinions differed over how best to teach it, and to whom. These differences centred less on religion, between the largely Catholic southern German territories and the chiefly Protestant northern German territories, and more upon the age, social status, gender, and intended future of the pupil. Proposals for the reform of geographical education argued that geography be taught first with reference to the pupil’s locality and to notions of “homeland” from which local setting attention would be paid to other states, countries, and continents.

Thomas Muntzer was one of the most important inaugurators of the Radical Reformation. The paper opens with a brief biography comparing his career to that of Meister Eckhart. The paper then examines...

This paper looks at how the memory and, subsequently, narratives of the Waffen SS “Galicia,” later known as 1st Ukrainian Division of the Ukrainian National Army, are being (re)constructed and presented to a wider audience by scholars, politicians, and World War II veterans. The narratives and political framings of the “Galicia” Division tend to divide into two dichotomous approaches, each presenting itself as “historical truth.” On the one hand, the ex-members are often portrayed as traitors, opportunists, and war criminals. On the other, ex-“Galicians” are seen as those who arguably chose “the lesser of two evils” and joined the German Army in order to defend their motherland against the Soviet invasion and build a nucleus for the Ukrainian army. Rather than follow the well-trodden paths of attempting to justify or condemn the Division’s actions, this paper will analyze how the interpretations of the Division’s identity are presented in contemporary debates, addressing at the same time the concept of memory. It will offer a discussion of the political framing of history in contemporary Ukraine and of the challenges that Ukrainian historiography faces with regard to the question of World War II in general and the “Galicia” Division in particular. In this way the paper will seek to contribute to an understanding of the institutionalization of memory and the shaping of national identity through existing and newly emerged narratives about World War II in contemporary Ukraine.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of the systemic innovations approach for transforming transplantation systems. It explores potential leverage points for intervening in the LTx-system as well as possible paths of transformation. We present possible transition pathways giving the example of the German Lung transplantation system that teeters on the brink of collapse due to system failures and organ scarcity and illustrate systemic innovations as core mechanisms for systems change in health systems. Desk research and semi-structured experts interviews provided qualitative data for a deductive-inductive coding and a rigorous qualitative content analysis of the data. Depending on the systemic innovations chosen to achieve systems change, transplant systems follow different transformational paths: from a collapse to a leapfrogging towards a non-human transplantation system. Thus, global health areas like transplantation benefit from analysis on systemic innovations as these support researchers, public policy and regulators by developing transformative strategies in healthcare systems. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of the systemic innovations approach for transforming transplantation systems. It explores potential leverage points for intervening in the LTx-system as well as possible paths of transformation. We present possible transition pathways giving the example of the German Lung transplantation system that teeters on the brink of collapse due to system failures and organ scarcity and illustrate systemic innovations as core mechanisms for systems change in health systems. Desk research and semi-structured experts interviews provided qualitative data for a deductive-inductive coding and a rigorous qualitative content analysis of the data. Depending on the systemic innovations chosen to achieve systems change, transplant systems follow different transformational paths: from a collapse to a leapfrogging towards a non-human transplantation system. Thus, global health areas like transplantation benefit from analysis on systemic innovations as these support researchers, public policy and regulators by developing transformative strategies in healthcare systems.

City-to-city cooperation is one mechanism in which climate policies are developed, transferred and learned between cities. However, the process of transfer of urban climate policies and sustainability in bilateral cooperation that embeds knowledge gaps and different political contexts is under-researched. Especially missing is an understanding of the modes, sources and depth of learning in these constellations, and their relations to urban climate governance. This paper asks to better understand this learning relationship. It does so by applying guiding questions from policy transfer framework and governance learning literature to the cooperation between two German cities (Berlin and Freiburg) and one Israeli city (Tel Aviv-Yafo). By aligning qualitative methods with these frameworks, the paper reveals that in this constellation learning is mostly sequential, from exogenous sources and with no substantial contribution to urban climate governance in the recipient city (Tel Aviv). However, learning ...

0. Since the year 1992, the Serbian Institute in Bautzen/ Budysin has published a series of monographs (Schriften/Spisy) with at present close to 40 volumes. These are for the most part original and carefully researched investigations of between 112 and 527 pages in the areas of Serbian history, literature, language, culture, art, society, religion, education, and politics. Also included in this "Series Maior" (our designation-the Latin maior and minor seem more adequate translations than English large, small and major, minor, respectively, of Sorbian wulki and maty) is the Sorbische Bibliographie/Serbska bibliografija, which appears every five years (for an overview of the bibliography up to the year 1995, see our review in CSP 42 [2000]: 385-86); a conference volume; and a selection of reprinted papers.Five years ago, the Institute published the first two volumes in a "Series Minor" (Upper Sorbian Maty rjad; Lower Sorbian Maty red; German Kleine Reihe). Since then five more of these slim volumes have appeared in print.1 Actually, both the title "Series Minor" and the consecutive numbering of the volumes appear for the first time in the fifth volume; this lack of a subtitle and volume numbering will no doubt present some problems for librarians and bibliographers (the Institute's website gives the general title Kleine Reihe des Sorbischen Instituts/Ma!y rjad Serbskeho instituta and also numbers the volumes consecutively; see www.serbskiinstitut.de/si.publm.html).As opposed to the "Series Maior", i.e., the monograph series described above, the "Series Minor" is obviously meant to be published quickly and is addressed to topical issues in contemporary Sorbian life, presents documentation, and, as in Nr. 7, makes available a master's thesis. However, it must be said that this philosophy is never stated overtly by the publisher, i.e., the Sorbian Institute. We must thus await future issues or an explicit editorial philosophy to determine whether our presupposition is correct. Four volumes are devoted to the area of language maintenance, revitalization, and politics (vols. 1, 2, 4, 6); one volume to linguistic analysis (Nr. 7); and one volume each deals with church history (vol. 3) and the reminiscences of a Sorbian Stasi victim (vol. 5), respectively.1. It seems quite appropriate that the "Series Minor" should start out with the publication of workshop papers concerning the major problem facing minority language policy makers in Europe today, viz., that of maintaining and/or further developing such languages (vol. 1). The six sections in this volume deal with Sorbian (both Lower and Upper); Scots Gaelic; Welsh; Saami; Basque; and Romansh. The workshop was held in April, 1999, at the Sorbian Institute in Bautzen/Budysin, a city of some 40,000 inhabitants in Upper Lusatia in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The city itself cannot boast of more than 8% Upper Sorbian speakers and it is in fact located in what is now generally considered a peripheral area of Upper Sorbian with little hope of language survival beyond the present generation. As Leos Satava points out in his lead paper, it is only in the Western, i.e., the Catholic, part of the Upper Sorbian language area that "the situation is quite favourable so far since 'the baton' is still being passed on in the sphere of ethnic consciousness and intergenerational language transmission" (15).Satava's conclusion is borne out by Ludwig Ela's paper on Sorbian in which the latter states that one cannot really speak of a revitalization policy for this language group (except for the project "Witaj") since the attention of language of policy makers concentrates on "Bestandschutz" and "Bestandspflege" (which basically means "protecting and preserving what there is"). "Witaj" (Lower/Upper Sorbian for "welcome") is a project that foresees the establishment of Sorbian kindergartens and thus eventually of schools and has indeed succeeded in regaining some lost linguistic territory in the Lower Sorbian area (21). …

INTRODUCTIONAdvances in instructional technology provide a variety of ways to help students read authentic texts in a foreign language. Links to annotations, sound files, and images help students of varying levels of competence to achieve their own, individual reading goals. The mere presence of annotations and other features in electronic materials, however, does not guarantee comprehension of a text's complexity or of the culture behind it. This paper seeks to show the role that on-line electronic reading materials can play when learners read and study culture in a second language. Its first part considers the positive features of electronic texts in contrast to paper texts. The second shows how these very features might lead to the kinds of misrepresentation that the mere parsing of individual sentences tend to cause. The third proposes that reading involves not merely identification and/or learning of a stable set of cultural values and facts and that, therefore, the presentation of reading materials should be designed to encourage students to view culture as a process, i.e., as a living organism that is never static and ever evolving. The fourth and fifth parts suggest how electronic materials might be devised to encourage this. My consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of electronic materials relies on current literature on second language learning. To illustrate my points about the main features of electronic materials I will marshal examples from Brown University's On-Line Czech Literary Anthology, which is located at www.brown.edu/Departments/LRC/CZH/ (henceforth BCzA). In the sixth part I will present my conclusions.1.0. POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ON-LINE ELECTRONIC TEXTS vs. PAPER TEXTSThe salient positive characteristics of on-line electronic materials for reading are best appreciated when we consider the disadvantages of their counterparts on paper. A paper text, if devoid of annotations, is not necessarily accessible to students of all language levels. If the text is glossed, its annotations are visible regardless of whether the reader needs them all. The visible presence of such annotations can tempt students to look up every single word rather than trying to grasp the main point of the text on the basis of only a few critical words. Beginning-level students might also be overwhelmed or intimidated by vocabulary lists containing a multitude of unfamiliar words. Paper texts lend themselves to be read linearly and their lexical information is usually provided only at the first occurrence of a word. Devoid of sound and frequently of images, printed materials do not readily help learners create visual and auditory representations of events and characters.The electronic text, on the other hand, has a more efficient way to deliver "helping hands" for language students; its structure is likely to give readers a stronger sense of choice than its paper counterpart. The electronic text allows readers to believe that they are actively seeking information on their own; each reader makes decisions about which lexical links to open and/or which follow-up exercises to do. The reader can also decide how s/he will read the text (be it a global reading of the text, a detailed reading of each sentence, or analyzing the literary associations in the text) and choose annotations accordingly. A text with such "invisible and unobtrusive" (Davis 1989: 42) annotations is less likely to overwhelm the beginning-level reader than a text with a long, visible vocabulary list. A clean text combined with prereading questions also encourages students to make attempts at reading globally.Research in second language teaching reports the positive effects of texts with multimedia annotations and glossing. Multimedia format such as the German electronic text Cyberbuch is said to stimulate students' interest (Moyer 1999: 45). Lomicka's data suggests a possible positive effect of multimedia annotations on comprehension, including the comprehension of cause-effect relationships in a text (1998: 49). …

An important contributor to the post-war debate on architecture’s relationship to the city was the German architect Oswald Mathias Ungers (1926–2007). Starting in the early 1960s, he became increasingly interested in questions of typological organisation and morphological transformation, positing their relationship in dialectical principles. This paper traces some of the shifts in Ungers’s understanding of architecture through a utilisation of typology as a design theme, the morphological transformation of architectural form, and the coincidence of opposites in urban building complexes by reviewing a selection of closely linked pieces of design research (lectures, writings, and large-scale housing projects) from the 1960s to 80s. This paper examines how Ungers’s interest in rational design as a problem of serial formal and social transformations led him to new understandings of architectural and urban design. The concepts of typology and morphology hereby played a central role in reclaiming architecture as a formal and intellectual, but also a social and imaginative project, through which the city could be reasoned, however, always through the problems arising from architectural form itself.

In the Europeanisation literature, the fact that judgements of the European Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) can have an impact on national politics is no longer controversial. The paper shifts the focus towards administrative bodies and asks about the impact of CJEU case law on them. It establishes three different possible categories to describe the relationship between judicial politics and European and national administrative bodies: dialogue, subordination and indifference. The paper argues that access to courts is one crucial factor for a dialogical relationship. In contrast to the European Commission, national administrative bodies are less equipped to engage with the CJEU. The case study on social and environmental considerations in German public procurement decisions demonstrates that the relationship between national administrative bodies and the CJEU might be best described as one of indifference. National administrative bodies’ focal point is mainly the national implementation of EU law

The paper shows why German spatial planning is neoliberalized after the 2007 global economic crisis. Drawing on historical materialist theory the paper provides a conceptual framework for t...

Border regions are commonly perceived as disadvantaged areas marked by peripheral location. Most of them are indeed suffering from the distance to political decision centers and economic core regions. The main reason for this drawback can be found in barrier effects caused by the presence of state borders, leading to a truncation of potential catchment areas. This paper attempts to bring together two different approaches: a spatially oriented approach focusing on cross-border flows and a sociological survey on the perceptions of the border region’s inhabitants. Based on a research project on quality of life and on cross-border interrelations in the southern part of the German–Polish border region, the paper provides a first set of data in order to verify whether cross-border flows increase during the process of gradual opening of state borders. It gives an overview of cross-border interrelations in the fields of demography, employment, economy, education, and tourism. Moreover, it includes the inh...

The modern Mission Command philosophy in military operations originated with the German concept of Auftragstaktik (mission tactics). It emphasizes in general terms the exercise of disciplined initiatives by subordinates during the execution of mission-type orders in the course of military operations that are conducted within the overall intent of a commander. The present paper contains an overview of the historical evolution of the mission command concept and its application. The paper compares the mission command concept with the detailed or linear method of command. This paper focuses on the relevance of the mission command concept for the Hellenic Land Forces (HLF) in Greece. The paper provides a historical account on when and where mission command was successfully exercised by the Hellenic Armed Forces in the modern military history of Greece. The authors support the premise that the mission command concept is essential for safeguarding Greek national security in the current environment of evo...

This paper analyses the powerful stereotypical media discourse that shapes and reproduces a certain racialised and prejudiced perception of people identified as “Roma” in Germany. Using a close analysis of a single picture – appearing as harmless at first glance – and through the reconstruction of its various interpretational contexts and semantics the paper identifies mechanisms used in stereotypical media coverage of “Roma”. This qualitative analysis draws on media analysis of antigypsyism as well as on research of photographic construction of the “gypsy” in order to analyse the contemporary visual regime of “Roma” in Germany. As it portrays “the Roma” as a fundamentally different and socially deviant group, this visual stereotyping is shown to be an integral element of the persistent antigypsyist ideology, deeply embedded in German society.

Taking an everyday life setting, namely playgrounds, as a starting point, the paper foregrounds a nuanced analysis of the internal differentiations of the middle class’s positioning in regard to social diversity. In so doing, the paper contributes to debates on contemporary segregation research, (dis-)affiliation of the middle classes in inner-city diverse neighbourhoods and geographies of encounter. Empirical findings are based on an analysis of the narratives and daily spatial routines of middle-class parents in three inner-city neighbourhoods in a major German town. The findings contradict the conventional wisdom that middle-class parents would always seek a socially homogeneous environment in which to raise their children and show the presence of a middle-class fraction with a collective orientation. The analysis highlights the need for a closer look at playgrounds as a setting for cross-social interaction and, in terms of micro-level politics, a setting to promote diverse and inclusive neighb...

As some of the first people to spend extended amounts of time with Indigenous peoples, missionaries were well placed to provide information to European and colonial audiences on non-European peoples. Moravian missionaries arrived in Australia in the mid-nineteenth century and over the next six decades worked amongst numerous Indigenous groups in the south-eastern part of Australia, in the interior, and in northern Queensland. This paper will trace the contributions made by German Moravian missionaries to anthropological and ethnographical knowledge both in the colonies as well as in Germany. It will particularly focus upon the connections forged in religious and scientific networks through anthropological work. The paper contends that a unified German identity was forged through scientific work that transcended denominational boundaries. Moreover, the ability to disseminate ethnographical knowledge within secular circles, both in the colonies and in Germany, provided legitimisation to missionary w...

This paper analyzes one of the biggest paleontological expeditions at the turn of the twentieth century. The Tendaguru expedition in the South of German East Africa, today’s Tanzania, took place from 1909 to 1913. Organised by Berlin’s Museum fur Naturkunde, the expedition took advantage of the German colonial enterprise, unearthing and transporting over 225 tons of fossils to Berlin. Among them were the bones of what eventually became the biggest mounted dinosaur in the world: Brachiosaurus brancai. This paper focuses on the issues that interrupted or delayed the visible outcome of the Tendaguru expedition and thus complicated, delayed, or interrupted a supposedly very unproblematic enterprise. By focusing on these complications, this paper aims to give new insights into the history of the Tendaguru expedition and its aftermath. At the same time, this episode in the history of transforming natural objects into objects of natural history serves to show the ways in which disruptions shaped and tran...

This paper considers the dehumanization of the African during and after the First World War, focussing on East Africa. During the campaign dehumanization was evident in attitudes towards African soldiers but was most starkly seen in the treatment of the carriers. These attitudes informed the work of the Imperial War Graves Commission, which largely excluded Africans from individual commemoration in British cemeteries and memorials. The German authorities were more inclusive in their commemoration of African casualties, at both Moshi and Tanga (Tanzania). The paper puts these attitudes in historical context, looking at dehumanizing approaches to Africans in a range of sources from the pre-war and wartime period.

This paper examines the ecology of Slovene in the twentieth century by focusing on two key emergent themes. It focuses firstly on monolingualism as a key goal for Slovene language planners, starting with their efforts to create a standard language with no German influences in the nineteenth century, and continuing in their work to prevent Serbo-Croat influence in Yugoslavia in the twentieth century. A particular focus of the paper is on how standardisation enabled an emergent Slovene-speaking elite to accumulate linguistic capital and, upon the dissolution of the Habsburg state, to become solely culturally and politically dominant. The second focus is on how the gradual development of a language ecology dominated by prescriptive practices and a strongly nationalist language ideology allowed the elite to maintain its dominance over the allocation of linguistic capital despite the social upheaval caused by the turbulent political and economic context of the twentieth century.

Discussions about the what, the when and the how of teaching and learning in schools deal in German-speaking countries with the term Lehrplan, while English-speaking countries discuss similar topics with the term curriculum. Yet, these two terms are not just exchangeable terms in two different languages, but imply also two different styles of reasoning or two different modes of thinking. By the examples of a Lehrplan designed by Georg Kerschensteiner for the Munich school in 1899 and two different Lehrplane for the elementary school in the Swiss canton of Zurich, one from 1905, the other just currently being implemented, the paper discusses the question, what is being studied, when the notion of Lehrplan defines the research focus. Against this backdrop the paper askes in a concluding chapter, what can be gained by guiding research by the Anglo-Saxon notion and tradition of curriculum history and if and how comparative research is possible, regarding the tight coupling of language and concepts.

Service user involvement (SUI) in social work education has gained widespread attention in Europe and other continents. Nevertheless, experiences on including service users in social work education have not been reported from Germany or other German-speaking countries to date. This paper reports preliminary experiences with implementing SUI in a bachelor’s programme of social work in a German University of Applied Sciences. The main goals of the current paper are (1) to provide a background for implementing service user approaches in Germany by introducing the structure of social work education in Germany; (2) to report experiences from a weekend seminar where service users worked together with students of social work in the framework of a curriculum of a German University of Applied Sciences and (3) to formulate some implications of these experiences for SUI across Europe. The main results were that introducing service user involvement into a German curriculum of social work is possible but needs...

On 5 January 1945, four Jewish female prisoners were executed by hanging in Auschwitz. They were charged with stealing gunpowder from the ‘Union’ munitions factory, where they were force-labored, and smuggling it to the prisoners of the Sonderkommando at the nearby camp of Birkenau, who mutinied three months earlier, on 7 October 1944. This paper delves into the details surrounding the uprising of the Sonderkommando: it traces the preceding events, namely, the establishment and activity of the underground network for the smuggling of gunpowder, and then it delineates the German investigation following the uprising, which led to the imprisonment and execution of the four Jewish women. This paper presents several main results. First, contrary to common knowledge, the four women who were executed were not alone in the smuggling activity: no less than 30 Jewish female prisoners participated in the gunpowder smuggling, carried out in secrecy during a period of about 7 months. Regarding the investigation that f...