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A main drawback of classical Tikhonov regularization is that often the parameters required to apply theoretical results, e.g., the smoothness of the sought-after solution and the noise level, are unknown in practice. In this paper we investigate in new detail the residuals in Tikhonov regularization viewed as functions of the regularization parameter. We show that the residual carries, with some restrictions, the information on both the unknown solution and the noise level. By calculating approximate solutions for a large range of regularization parameters, we can extract both parameters from the residual given only one set of noisy data and the forward operator. The smoothness in the residual allows to revisit parameter choice rules and relate a-priori, a-posteriori, and heuristic rules in a novel way that blurs the lines between the classical division of the parameter choice rules. All results are accompanied by numerical experiments.

By examining the census records of Swedish-Caribbean colony St. Barthélemy, a GIS - Geographic Information System - can be constructed which maps the inhabitants of the harbor city of Gustavia, as well as the inhabitants' placement within the census categories of the colonial administration. This article examines these categories and how they shifted over time, as well as maps out patterns of settlement across the city. One major finding is the division between the Catholic French-Caribbean side on the east and the Anglican Anglo- and Dutch-Caribbean side of the west, the latter of which was home to a number of merchants owning high amounts of enslaved people. This spatial division was also parallel to the political differences between the merchant elite and the Swedish colonial administration. Furthermore, this article encourages additional GIS studies of predemocratic Caribbean cities, particularly regarding spatial division between whites and free people of color.

2017 marked the 70th anniversary of the end of colonial rule in British India and of the division of the country into the two independent states of India and Pakistan. To commemorate the event, in ...

As Singapore confronts escalating demands for eldercare labour in the face of rapid ageing, families are increasingly resorting to market-based, gender-normative options predicated on the care-chai...

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in the assessment of weather patterns and analyzing the precipitation. The moisture analysis in the soil surface has been most efficient with passive remote sensing. The study attempts extraction of soil moisture and quantifying it with rainfall. The Marathwada division was selected as the study area, the region corresponds to low rainfall and is a drought-prone area. The data used were AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 gridded soil moisture and CHRS rainfall data, the daily product of 25 km×25 km resolution. The methodology was demonstrated for the years 2003, 2004, and 2005. A cumulative 122 AMSR-E daily ascending and descending scenes were retrieved and analyzed for the rainy season. The spatial analysis depicts peak soil moisture of 25% for the year 2005, greater than 20%, and 18% during 2003 and 2004, respectively. Peak moisture corresponding to all years is 20% in July compared to 13%, 17%, and 16% in June, August, and September, respectively. The temporal analysis revealed that during the onset of monsoon, soil moisture is 4% with 1.5 mm rainfall and it increases by 25% at peak rainfall of 39 mm. The soil moisture variation is in line with seasonal changes and rainfall variations.

The UK’s referendum on EU membership that resulted in a narrow minority in favour of leave was followed by a leadership vacuum and intense debate about the implementation of the result. The politicization over Brexit resulted in the development of ‘Brexit identities’ of Remainers and Leavers that superseded party identities. We argue that in order to understand how this politicization took place despite a leadership vacuum we firstly need to look beyond the arena of formal party politics to more informal arenas of political contestation on social media, especially Facebook, and secondly understand the linkages between EU and national level politicization that polarised the country around new British-specific identities. Through this, we analyse the ‘politics of division’ not simply as a form of contentious politics driven by political parties, but as a social conflict driven by non-institutionalised groups, grassroots campaigns and ordinary citizens. We find evidence of significant mobilisation that extends beyond the realm of party politics but argue that this mobilisation cannot necessarily be considered entirely ‘grassroots’. Rather, it is driven not just by citizens but also shaped by mainstream and alternative media platforms. The debates cannot, however, be considered purely a form of EU politicization, rather, analysis of Facebook comments shows that politicization over Brexit through these campaigns is primarily contestation over the nature and legitimacy of British democracy. Because of this, we argue that social media is an essential site for the study of EU politicization and political campaigns in general.

Social work practice and training in the context of political and ethnic conflict has seen renewed interest among scholars. Recent research has tried to shift focus away from simplistic interpretat...

This paper explores the practices of division in operation in primary schools in England in response to the pressures of high stakes tests at age 10/11, known as SATs. Using data from interviews wi...

This article explores the recent history of Owino Market in Kampala, Uganda, to analyse the constraints to agency that exist in the informal economy. Detailing conflicts over market management and ...

We examined the type of errors on multiplication and division computation problems of 326 rising fifth graders enrolled in four elementary schools in Northern Portugal. We further examined whether there was a difference in the number of errors across age and whether there was an association between students' performance on number knowledge and multiplication and division computation problems. Error analysis of students' responses indicated that miscalculation and no attempt to solve the problem were the two most frequent error types. We found that older students made more errors compared to younger students. We argue that knowledge of individual student error types is critical to making sound instructional decisions. Based on the results of the present study, we discuss implications for future research and classroom practice., This research was sponsored by a research award to the second author from the Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program.

The theorisation of community as a central aspect of culture remains one of Raymond Williams’ most notable contributions. This article revisits some of its central points and critical contexts with ...

This study determined the physical and technical demands of elite wheelchair tennis (WT) match-play, how the demands differed between divisions (Men, Women, Quad) and the effect that set result and score margin had on these demands. Seventeen WT players were monitored during a singles competition. Physical measures of performance were analysed using an indoor tracking system and inertial measurement units. Technical measures of performance were examined using video analysis. Physical measures of performance differed by division (MenWomenQuad) for most parameters. Rallies were longer during Men's (

Using a case-study of General Motors’ Frigidaire division, this study shows that differences in market conditions for refrigerators and cars, together with the weaker asset specificity of dealers’ physical and other capital, made the opportunistic model used for its auto division impracticable for refrigerators. Frigidaire instead focused on developing symbiotic relationships, based on licensing not only the product and brand name, but also a sophisticated package of business services and training - to encourage dealer conformity and “buy-in” to their formal and informal control systems. Informal controls are shown to have been crucial to incentive alignment and knowledge transfer, underpinned by a vigorous socialization strategy, to build trust and social control and cohesion. This strategy succeeded in getting franchisees and their employees to view themselves as part of the Frigidaire organisation and created the necessary flexibility for Frigidaire’s network to rapidly respond to changing market and competitive conditions during the 1930s.

prLaw and policy in modern family finance: property division in the 21st century edited by Jessica Palmer, Nicola Peart, Margaret Briggs and Mark Henaghan, Cambridge, Intersentia, December 2017, xxvi + 420 pp., €83 (hardback), ISBN - 978-1-78068-464-2

Most Electric Power Exchange (PX) around the world employs Linear Programming (LP) based method for step-wise market clearing in Day-Ahead Electricity Market (DAM). Market clearing involves calcul...

The President of the Family Division knows a thing or two about both ‘welfare’ and ‘law’, but his judgment in Re B (A Child: Post-Adoption Contact) [2019] EWCA Civ 29 raises in passing some tricky ...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from U.S. power plants are independently reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD) within the U.S. Enviro...

This study focuses on proportional division, a specific problem type of proportions and proportional relationships, which embeds a part-part-whole relationship. We investigated how students in grad...

In the traditional mechanical fault diagnosis, the number of normal samples and various fault samples is the same, which shields the adverse effects of sample imbalance on the fault diagnosis resul...

This study examines whether and how the lockdown due to the Covid-19 epidemic affected the division of household activities between partners in a sample of dual-earner heterosexual couples in Italy...

© 2019, © 2019 National Association of Geoscience Teachers. An interdisciplinary undergraduate atmospheric science modeling course was cotaught at a midsize public university by three professors from atmospheric science, statistics, and design using a blended learning approach. The in-class portion of the course taught upper-level students numerical weather prediction modeling and statistical evaluation methods. Online modules were used to teach data visualization techniques and three foundational design principles upon which their efficacy depends : legibility, visual hierarchy, and appropriate use of color. Geoscience students need data visualization skills to prepare for careers in government, industry, and research that increasingly require work with big data and communication with diverse collaborators and audiences. This article focuses on the instructional approach for the visualization component of the course—specifically, the three teaching innovations used: online modules, an interdisciplinary teaching team, and design-focused data visualization instruction. Although course enrollment was low at four students, several valuable lessons were learned that can improve the teaching of visualization in geoscience courses, including the utility of structuring visualization instruction around two separate but complementary visualization skills: visualization for analysis and visualization for sharing knowledge. Evaluation of students’ visualization work at the conclusion of the course demonstrated improvement in the foundational design principles as well as improved ability to select appropriate visualization strategies for different situations. The methods used to assess these improvements are presented alongside illustrative examples of student work. Pre- and postcourse surveys indicate the students felt more confident in creating data visualizations upon completion of the course, and qualitative assessments of student work confirm increased application of foundational design principles in visualizations created by the students. The authors argue that teaching visualization as an online supplement to other geoscience instruction is a potentially replicable model for improving students’ learning about visualization. This is especially true when such instruction relies on open-source programs and materials and leverages interdisciplinary expertise in course design.

International audience; The literature on the 100% money proposal often reveals some confusion when it comes to its implications for the banking sphere. We argue that this can be partly explained by a failure to have distinguished between two divergent approaches to the proposal: the “Currie–Fisher” (or “transaction”) approach, on the one hand, which would preserve banking; and the “Chicago Plan” (or “liquidity”) approach, on the other hand, which would abolish banking. This division among 100% money proponents stemmed, in particular, from different definitions of money, and different explanations of monetary instability. The present paper attempts to clarify this divergence of views.

The purpose of this study was to compare kinematics of two hitting conditions: stationary tee and front toss from a practice pitcher. Twenty-two NCAA Division I Collegiate softball players (20.3 ± 1.5 years; 166.6 ± 6.3 cm; 68.0 ± 7.5 kg) participated. Participants executed five maximum effort swings from a stationary tee and five swings from a front toss practice pitcher. Data for each kinematic variable were averaged for the five maximal effort swings of each condition and analyzed using a within-subject repeated measures ANOVA. The front toss condition revealed significantly greater lead knee flexion at foot contact and greater trunk rotation towards the back side at ball contact. The tee condition revealed greater trunk lateral flexion to the back side at foot contact, greater trunk rotation towards the lead side at follow through, and greater pelvis rotation towards the lead side at follow through. This study most significantly indicates that swing mechanics are different between specific training methods; therefore, athletes should implement techniques most applicable to a competition setting such as the front toss.

DSIR’s Industrial Psychology Division was founded in 1942 by Ernest Marsden, and its mission was to research the working conditions in factories of wartime New Zealand. The education of management and workers on good working practices was also an important part of its work, as was the undertaking of special service investigations, as required. The first director was Leslie Hearnshaw (my father), at the time a psychologist at Victoria University College, and he hired Ralph Winterbourn, Arthur Churton and later Ralph Waite to the division’s staff. Visits were made to factories all over New Zealand. Some of the issues that arose were the high level of absenteeism in New Zealand factories, the employment of women in many munitions factories, keeping workers motivated for tedious and repetitive work, excessive hours of work (in one case up to 74 hours per week) and poor lighting in factories causing eye strain.

The concepts of social reproduction and immaterial labour, normally deployed in accounts of art since the 1960s, can and should also be deployed in the examination of earlier periods of art practic...

This paper elaborates on a systematic research review containing 11,000 articles on international large-scale assessment (ILSA) research. Several activities operating under the ‘formal radar’ of science and governmental policy are observed, which we analytically name ‘grey zone’ activities. These activities are historicised, presented and discussed. An analytical division into three different reasons for performing the activities is made: an entrepreneurial policy reason, an entrepreneurial profitable reason and an appurtenance reason. This division highlights some of the actors in the educational grey zone. The paper is theoretical and elaborative, and contains examples of the activities that can be found in a grey zone.

Many manufacturers are moving to servitization, but making that move successfully requires considering the underlying business logic of a division or product. Differences in existing conditions, su ...

Despite being played in Brazil for more than 100 years, rugby has been restricted to a small community of interested players, a majority of whom have been foreigners (Gutierrez & Almeida, 2014). Ho...

Topographic feature-point groups possess the information about morphological characteristics, developing mechanism and formation process of landform. This paper takes Aster GDEM (30 × 30 m grid cells) as data source to extract peak points and saddle points in the Tibet Plateau to construct topographic feature-point groups. The quantitative depiction and spatial distribution of topographic feature-point groups in the Tibet Plateau have been studied on the basis of a series of carefully designed experiments. Based on the experiment, the classification system of landform divisions has been constructed which consists of four lowly correlated factors. After the four factors are integrated into a comprehensive layer with image integration method, automatic landform division could be realized by the method of unsupervised classification. The result shows that topographic feature-point groups analysis is an effective method in recognizing the characteristics of macro landform. The classification system of landfor...

A dynamic zone division scheme is presented in this paper based on sensitivity analysis of power system. The concept of this scheme is to divide a large power system into small potential areas, which enclose strong correlated buses and have weak connections with each other. These areas can be considered as different individual zones in system analysis. In N-1 contingency analysis, the computation burden is largely reduced by operating in the level of potential areas, and the system cross-section distribution is determined dynamically. Analysis result can be used as an aid of power system operation and control. In this paper, IEEE-118 bus system is chosen as testing system, and this scheme is proved to be feasible and effective for large scale power system, it will be used to build the functional module of next generation EMS in Guangdong power grid and will serve as a function in power grid operation in the future.

Traditionally, diagnosis and treatment planning of structural and three-dimensional anomalies have been performed using two-dimensional X-rays. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the technology utilized in this study, allows creation of specialized images from the craniofacial region that provide more precise and reliable results. The growth of the cranial base, position and size of the cervical system, and the hyoid bone has an influence upon the morphogenesis and the growth of the maxillofacial complex. The data obtained through this current study offer a better understanding of the origin and manifestation of malocclusions, and will, therefore, offer a better therapeutic approach. The objective of the current study is to describe the measurements of the cranial base and the cranial-cervical-mandibular system in young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion, using CBCT.Twenty-four CBCT images were obtained for young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion. The i-CAT Vision (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) was used to view the images. Linear and angular measurements were obtained in the mid-sagittal plane. Univariate and bivariate analyses, as well as a multivariate analysis of principal components, were conducted.The only metric with a statistically significant difference regarding gender was S-N major in the male participants. The metrics SNA-SNB and SNPg are positively related and inversely proportional to the angles BA-S-N and PO-P McGregor. The inclination of the upper incisor showed an inverse relationship with the angles SNA-SNB and SNpg. The craniovertebral angle was diminished in the entire sample, and the variable that vertically relates the hyoid was independent of the other variables.After evaluating 24 images of young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion using helical spiral CBCT, it was concluded that relationships exist between the cranial base structures, the structures that determine the sagittal position of the maxilla, mandible and chin, and the cervical vertebrae complex and hyoid bone.

This paper deals with an interval-oriented approach to solve general interval constrained optimization problems. Generally, this type of problems has infinitely many compromise solutions. The aim of this approach is to obtain one of such solutions with higher accuracy and lower computational cost. The proposed algorithm is nothing but a different kind of branch and bound algorithm with multi-section division criterion of the search region (or box). In the proposed technique, the prescribed/accepted region is divided into several distinct subregions and in each feasible subregion the interval objective function value is computed. Then the subregion containing the best objective value is found by applying a specific interval ranking rule defined with respect to the pessimistic decision makers’ point of view. The process is continued until the interval width for each variable in the accepted subregion is negligible. Finally, the algorithm converges to a compromise solution in interval form. To illustrate the method and also to test the efficiency as well as the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we have solved some numerical examples.

Welcome to volume 44 number 4 of the Commonwealth Law Bulletin. Established in 1974, the CLB is the flagship publication of the Rule of Law Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat and is published...

This study proposes a method for real-time identification of a driver model. The proposed method requires only the yaw rate sensor, the steering angle sensor, and velocity sensors that are usually installed in the production car. The identification algorithm involves the division of the recorded data, prefiltering of the divided data, estimation of the driver's desired response, and identification. The prefilter extracts the driver's involuntary response that can be modelled in a simple form. The ideal car response that the driver attempts to track is estimated from the recorded data, and this response is provided to the identification algorithm of the feedback driver model for error tracking. These newly developed methods enable real-time identification under actual driving conditions. The driving simulator experiments and the actual driving tests were performed, and the proposed method was validated. The results show that the time history of the variation in the driver's characteristics can be realised in real time using the proposed method. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Giunta A., Nifo A. et Scalera D. Subcontracting in Italian industry: labour division, firm growth and the North–South divide, Regional Studies. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of subcontracting on Italian manufacturing firms' growth in the second half of the 1990s. The main results are: (1) producing as subcontractors does not penalize firms but can be a positive determinant of growth, especially when coupled with the propensity to innovate; (2) since a non-linear relationship between growth and subcontracting emerges, an organizational mode not fully specialized in either subcontracting activity or direct sales may be optimal; and (3) the deep dualism of the Italian industrial structure is confirmed, as Southern subcontractors show poorer performances and slower growth. Giunta A., Nifo A. and Scalera D. 意大利产业中的分包：劳动力分配、公司增长以及南北分异，区域研究。 本文旨在考察上世纪90年代后期分包对于意大利制造业公司增长的影响。主要的研究结果包括：（1）作为分包商非但没有对公司产生负面影响反而成为增长中的积极决定因素，尤其是当其与创新结合的情况下；（2）由于在增长与分包中存在非线性关联，一种既非完全关注于分包活动也非直销的组织模式得到推崇；（3）研究肯定了意大利...

The present study examined the impact of 13 aspects involved in student evaluation of teaching (SET). The study used student course evaluations of 1,410 university students in the Division of Publi...

The 57th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society (APS) Division of Plasma Physics (DPP) took place November 16–20, 2015, in Savannah, Georgia, at the Savannah International Trade Convention...

Discretisation, as one of the basic data preparation techniques, has played an important role in data mining. This article introduces a new hypercube division-based (HDD) algorithm for supervised discretisation. The algorithm considers the distribution of both class and continuous attributes and the underlying correlation structure in the data set. It tries to find a minimal set of cut points, which divides the continuous attribute space into a finite number of hypercubes, and the objects within each hypercube belong to the same decision class. Finally, tests are performed on seven mix-mode data sets, and the C5.0 algorithm is used to generate classification rules from the discretised data. Compared with the other three well-known discretisation algorithms, the HDD algorithm can generate a better discretisation scheme, which improves the accuracy of classification and reduces the number of classification rules.

A liquid crystal (LC) device switchable between the reflective and transmissive modes without sub-pixel division is proposed. By using dye-doped nematic LCs for the top LC layer, transflective displays with high reflectance were realized. It is expected that the proposed device can be applied to high-reflectance transflective devices for outdoor applications.

In Marfa, Texas, during the 1980s, Donald Judd installed one hundred boxlike objects, each with the same exterior dimensions—forty-one inches high, with a base of fifty-one by seventy-two inches. Structural features of these objects vary, so that each is unique. For example, a unit might be divided by an interior vertical plane or by an interior horizontal, and the division might occur in full or in part.

We show in this article that in many cases the subfields of a nondegenerate tame semiramified division algebra of prime power degree over a Henselian valued field are inertial field extensions of t...

In order to expand the area of use of beam tracing method, the comprehensive beam tracing method (CBTM) was developed. CBTM is best suited for acoustic and hydro-acoustic simulation of non-homogenous environments. CBTM can trace both refraction as well as reflection of sound wave, using triangular beams. The geometry of scene in CBTM is based on triangles meshes rather than polygons, so complex, irregular shaped objects can be simulated. Furthermore, CBTM traces beams thorough several volumes with different media, allowing for non-convex volumes. This paper presents the algorithms and data structures used for the process of beam division that occurs during the interaction of beam with complex, non-convex environment. Paper also brings measurements of the implemented beam division code and comparison of measured results with results of other methods.

High magnification optical systems such as microscopes usually suffer from limited depth-of-field (DOF) problem. This hinders efficient observation of microscopic objects and prevents vision based approaches from being applied to automatic micromanipulation tasks. A DOF extension method using variable annular pupil was proposed by the authors' previous publication, and a tradeoff between the depth extension range and image quality was observed. In this article, this tradeoff is numerically analyzed by a proposed wavelet-based image quality measure, and a proper DOF scheme to provide the best image for the given object distribution is proposed. The problem is reduced to finding the optimum pupil division parameter. The experimental results conducted for various imaging conditions with some MEMS objects verify that the system DOF can be adjusted according to their position in depth direction to provide the best visibility.

This paper explores the role of ideological division in complicating collaboration between third sector organizations working to influence European Union (EU) policy processes. The Social Platform, the largest alliance of social justice groups working at EU level, is studied to illustrate how a coalition of ideologically disparate organizations cope with internal tensions that are often exacerbated by external shifts in the political opportunities available for mobilization. The alliance is successful at mediating the most significant sources of ideologically based division. However, the external political context for mobilization requires coalition members to compete for recognition and resources available at EU level. The reordering of EU equality legislation and initiatives has most recently exacerbated a series of competitive dynamics in play across the EU third sector and has stretched the ability of the coalition to maintain unity among member organizations.

This article highlights some of the Russian visual works held within the Library of Congress's Music Division. Discussed specifically are original works of art in the Division's general collections, including music material acquired from imperial Russian libraries, as well as holdings of its archival collections, primarily those of artists associated with the Ballets Russes and of Russian emigre musicians.

Three-dimensional point cloud data of a foot are used to determine the critical dimensions for making custom footwear. However, automatic and accurate measurement of dimensions, especially girths, is an issue of concern to many designers and footwear developers. Existing methods for measuring girths are primarily based on points or generated triangles, but their accuracy is heavily dependent on the density of the point cloud data. In this paper we present the use of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) surface modelling technique for measuring girths as it has the advantage of being able to operate on unorganised three-dimensional points, so that the generated surface passes through every scanned point, while repairing incomplete meshes. To overcome the high computational expense of the RBF method, local surface recovery, octree division and combination, inverse power method and improved Cholesky factorisation are used. The girth measurements obtained from adopting these approaches are compared against the existing measurement methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the local RBF implicit surface can provide more stable and accurate measurements using relatively less time, proving its value in custom footwear manufacture.

Chloroplasts arose from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont and multiply by division, reminiscent of their free-living ancestor. However, chloroplasts can not divide by themselves, and the division is performed and controlled by proteins that are encoded by the host nucleus. The continuity of chloroplasts was originally established by synchronization of endosymbiotic cell division with host cell division, as seen in existent algae. In contrast, land plant cells contain multiple chloroplasts, the division of which is not synchronized, even in the same cell. Land plants have evolved cell and chloroplast differentiation systems in which the size and number of chloroplasts (or other types of plastids) change along with their respective cellular function by changes in the division rate. We recently reported that PLASTID DIVISION (PDV) proteins, land-plant specific components of the chloroplast division apparatus, determined the rate of chloroplast division. The level of PDV protein is regulated by the cell differentiation program based on cytokinin, and the increase or decrease of the PDV level gives rise to an increase or decrease in the chloroplast division rate. Thus, the integration of PDV proteins into the chloroplast division machinery enabled land plant cells to change chloroplast size and number in accord with the fate of cell differentiation.