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Two new cucurbitane-type triterpenoid saponins, 2,20 β ,22 β -trihydroxy-16 α ,23( R )-epoxycucurbita-1,5,24-triene-3,11-dione 2- O - β -D-glucopyranoside ( 1 ), 2,20 β ,22 α -trihydroxy-16 α ,23( S )-epoxycucurbita-1,5,11,24-tetraene-3-one 2- O - β -D-glucopyranoside ( 2 ) were isolated from the fruit of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopy, etc. Besides, both of the compounds showed significant hepatoprotective activities at 10  μ M against paracetamol-induced HepG2 cell damage.

Three new flavonoids including two isoflavanones sophortones A and B ( 1 and 2 ), and one chalcone sophortone C ( 3 ) were isolated from the roots of Sophora tonkinensis . Their structures were established by UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations.

Six new iridoid glycosides were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the whole plants of Hedyotis diffusa Willd. They were identified as E -6- O-p -methoxycinnamoyl-10- O -acetyl scandoside acid methyl ester ( 1 ), Z -6- O-p -methoxycinnamoyl-10- O -acetyl scandoside acid methyl ester ( 2 ), E -6- O -caffeoyl scandoside methyl ester ( 3 ), E -6- O - p -coumaroyl-6'- O -acetyl scandoside methyl ester ( 4 ), Z -6- O - p -coumaroyl-6'- O -acetyl scandoside methyl ester ( 5 ), and E -6- O - p -coumaroyl-4'- O -acetyl scandoside methyl ester ( 6 ). The structures of them were elucidated based on unambiguous spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR). They were screened for anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, antitumor effect, and neuroprotective effect and did not show potent activities.

Three new monocyclic monoterpenoid containing β -D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)- O - β -D-glucopyranosyl moieties, together with three other known monocyclic monoterpenoid O -glycosides, were obtained from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis for the first time. Their structures were determined by UV, IR, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR data.[Formula: see text].

One pair of new amides enantiomers ( 1a and 1b ) and two known amides were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonum cuspidatum . Their structures were established using UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR data. Notably, compound 1 possesses unique C-C connection between feruloyltyramine and resveratrol. Their absolute configurations were determined by the ECD method. All compounds were evaluated for their α -glucosidase inhibitory activity and compounds 2 and 3 showed significant inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 2.82 and 13.06 μmol/L, respectively (positive control acarbose, IC 50 385 μmol/L).

Two new quinochalcone glycosides, hydroxysafflor yellow A-4'- O - β -D-glucopyranoside ( 1 ) and 3'-hydroxyhydroxysafflor yellow A ( 2 ), were isolated from the safflower yellow pigments of Carthamus tinctorius . The structures of new compounds were elucidated by a detailed spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, ECD). The in vitro assay indicated that compound 1 could improve the survived rate of primary mouse cortical neurons on glutamate-induced neurons damage model at a concentration of 10 μM.

Two new benzoic acid derivatives, sophophenoside A ( 1 ) and sophophenoside B ( 2 ), were isolated from Sophora flavescens . Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 2 were assayed for their hepatoprotective activity on the cytotoxic effect of D-galactosamine on HL-7702 cells, and compound 1 exhibited a moderate hepatoprotective activity at a concentration of 10  μ M.

Phytochemical investigation of the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort led to the isolation and identification of three new compounds, chuanxiongoside A, (2 E ,4 E )-8-(6- O -inositolyl)-8-oxo-2,7-dimethyl-octadienoic acid ( 2 ), chuanxiongoside C ( 3 ). The structures of these compounds were unambiguously established by HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, CD, NMR spectral data and comparison to reported data. All the isolated compounds ( 1 - 3 ) were investigated for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. All compounds showed excellent inhibition of NO production stronger than curcumin. [Formula: see text].

Three new compounds named tanshinoic acid A ( 1 ), tanshinoic acid B ( 2 ), and tanshinoic acid C ( 3 ) were isolated from the rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza , together with two known compounds methyl salvianolate A ( 4 ) and methyl salvianolate C ( 5 ). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1 D and 2 D NMR). The in vitro assay indicated that 4 and 5 could improve the survived rate of cells on oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) induced neurons damage model and glutamate-induced neurons damage model at a concentration of 10  μ M. [Formula: see text].

One new epoxydon ester ( 1 ) and a new benzolactone derivative ( 2 ), along with four known compounds ( 3 - 6 ), were isolated from the insect-associated fungus Phoma sp. Their structures were confirmed by extensive MS and NMR spectroscopic analysis and their absolute configurations were determined by a combination of modified Mosher method and Mo 2 (OCOCH 3 ) 4 -induced electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments. Compounds 1 and 5 were revealed to have potent antioxidant activities, which were approximate to the potency of the positive control trolox. In addition, 1 also exhibited moderate cytotoxic effect against human MGC-803 tumor cell line.[Formula: see text].

Two new lignans, wikstronoside B ( 1 ) and forsysesquinorlignan ( 2 ), were isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa , along with two known sesquineolignans, hedyotol A and hedyotol C ( 3 and 4 ). The structures of new compounds were established via extensive spectroscopy techniques, including UV, IR, HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD. Compounds 3 and 4 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated via a detection model with LPS-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, and compound 3 showed a moderate activity.

Two new isobenzofuranone derivatives, polyphthaliside A ( 1 ) and polyphthaliside B ( 2 ), and a new isocoumarin derivative, polyisocoumarin ( 3 ), were isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum . Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. The cytotoxicity activity and PTP1B inhibitory activity of compounds 1-3 were estimated and none of them exhibited activities at a concentration of 10 μ M.

Two new naturally occurring products named salviamine G (1) and 4-methyl-9-(ethoxycarbonyl)-8-naphthoic acid (2) were isolated from the rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza . Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR). Compounds 1 and 2 were screened for their inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and influenza A (H3N2) using acyclovir (ACV, IC 50 = 0.67 μ M) and oseltamivir (IC 50 = 2.01 μ M) as a positive control. Compound 1 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and influenza A (H3N2) with IC 50 values of 11.11 and 8.62 μ M, respectively.

Prolonged paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and cold stress (CS) are known to cause sympathoexcitation and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study examined the effect of PSD with CS on hemodynamic perturbations by investigating blood pressure and heart rate variability (BPV and HRV) in conscious rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups ( n  = 10, each): normal sleep (NS), PSD of 72 h, and recovery sleep of 7 days after PSD. When compared with NS, PSD increased systolic blood pressure in all three conditions: before CS (PreCS), CS, and after CS (PostCS). The PSD also increased heart rate in both PreCS and PostCS. Furthermore, spectral power changes were observed throughout the experiment. The PSD increased very-low-frequency BPV in PreCS, decreased very-low-frequency HRV in CS, and increased low-frequency BPV in all three conditions. The PSD increased low-frequency HRV in PreCS, increased high-frequency BPV in both CS and PostCS, and also increased high-frequency HRV in both PreCS and CS but decreased that in PostCS. On the other hand, when compared with PSD, recovery sleep has reversed most cardiovascular changes in PSD toward the NS level. However, when compared with NS, spectral powers of very-low-frequency BPV in the recovery phase showed a lower level. These results showed that in the resting condition, PSD might evoke sympathoexcitation with a tendency to increase both very-low-frequency BPV and very-low-frequency HRV, as the intensified myogenic oscillations. However, in the CS condition, PSD evoked the sympathoexcitation yet might attenuate such myogenic oscillations.

Phytochemical investigation on the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea led to the isolation of two new thiophene polyacetylene glycosides (1 and 2) and six known compounds (3-8). Their structures were elucidated based on the extensive spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS). The absolute configurations of new compounds were established by calculated and experimental circular dichroism. All the compounds were assessed on the lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in BV2 cells and compounds 3, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory activities.

An ongoing phytochemical investigation of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea resulted in the isolation of four new C 10 -type polyacetylene glycosides (1-4). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS). The absolute configurations of compounds 2-4 were determined by comparing the specific rotations of their aglycones. Notably, compounds 2 and 3 exhibited significant hepatoprotective activities against APAP-induced HepG2 cell injury at a concentration of 10 μM. Compounds 2 and 3 showed weak anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced NO production in microglia BV2 cells at a concentration of 10 μM.

Phytochemical investigation of the extract of Arctii Fructus led to the isolation and characterization of two new compounds, named arctiisesquineolignan B (1) and arctiiphenolglycoside A (2). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical evidence, as well as by comparison with known analogs in the literature. Compound 2 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control ascorbic acid at a concentration of 10 μM.

Four new neolignan glucosides named (7S, 8R)-4,7,9,9'-tetrahydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-8-O-4'-neolignan-9'-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), (8R)-4,9,9'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-7-oxo-8-O-4'-neolignan-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), (7R, 8S)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-7'-oxo-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), and (7'S, 8'R, 8S)-4,4',9'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-7',9-epoxylignan-7-oxo-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4) were isolated from the fruits of Arctium lappa L. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, CD), as well as by comparison with known analogues in the literature.

Two new glycoside compounds, named saffloquinoside C (1) and (-)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid-4-O-[6'-O-(2″-methylbutyryl)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (2), were isolated from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic means including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and CD data. Compound 1 was a rare quinochalcone glycoside with six five-membered dioxaspirocycle.

Two new compounds, named (3R,5R,8R)-3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5-hydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one (1) and (1R)-1-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-phenylethylene glycol (2), were isolated from the extract of Rhodiola crenulata. Their structures were determined on the basis of various spectroscopic methods, including IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and chemical evidences. The cytotoxicity of these two compounds was evaluated by using MTT method.

Two new neolignan glucosides named (7S, 8R)-4,7,9,9'-tetrahydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxyl-7'-oxo-8-4'-oxyneolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and (7'S, 8'R, 8S)-4,4',9'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-7',9-epoxylignan-7-oxo-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, together with two small molecular peptides named 3-benzyl-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2,5-piperazinedione and 3-benzyl-2,5-piperazinedione, were isolated from the extract of Arctii Fructus. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods (IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and CD).

Two new furan derivatives named pollenfurans A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of bee-collected rape pollen. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of the 6,7-diol moiety in both compounds 1 and 2 were confirmed by Snatzke's method, observing the induced circular dichroism after the addition of dimolybdenum tetraacetate in DMSO.

A new nortriterpenoid saponin, 3β,17β-dihydroxy-28-nor-12-oleanen-16-one 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl (1 → 2)-{α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1 → 3)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl (1 → 4)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside]} (1), along with two pairs of known isomers, was isolated from the roots of Symplocos caudata Wall. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Two new flavonoid glycosides, hypolaetin 4'-methyl ether 8-O-beta-d-glucuronide 2''-sulfate (1) and hypolaetin 4'-methyl ether 3'-O-beta-d-glucoside (2), and a new phenylpropanoid glucose ester, 1,6-diferuloyl glucose (3), were isolated from the leaves of Sterculia foetida L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence.