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The development of rehabilitation has traditionally focused on measurements of motor disorders and measurements of the improvements produced during the therapeutic process; however, physical rehabilitation sciences have not focused on understanding the philosophical and scientific principles in clinical intervention and how they are interrelated. The main aim of this paper is to explain the foundation stones of the disciplines of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech/language therapy in recovery from motor disorder. To reach our goals, the mechanistic view and how it is integrated into physical rehabilitation will first be explained. Next, a classification into mechanistic therapy based on an old version (automaton model) and a technological version (cyborg model) will be shown. Then, it will be shown how physical rehabilitation sciences found a new perspective in motor recovery, which is based on functionalism, during the cognitive revolution in the 1960s. Through this cognitive theory, physical rehabilitation incorporated into motor recovery of those therapeutic strategies that solicit the activation of the brain and/or symbolic processing; aspects that were not taken into account in mechanistic therapy. In addition, a classification into functionalist rehabilitation based on a computational therapy and a brain therapy will be shown. At the end of the article, the methodological principles in physical rehabilitation sciences will be explained. It will allow us to go deeper into the differences and similarities between therapeutic mechanism and therapeutic functionalism.

Purpose: This article provides rehabilitation professionals and engineers with a theoretical and pragmatic rationale for the inclusion of haptic feedback in the rehabilitation of central nervous system disorders affecting the hand., Method: A narrative review of haptic devices used in sensorimotor hand rehabilitation was undertaken. Presented papers were selected to outline and clarify the underlying somatosensory mechanisms underpinning these technologies and provide exemplars of the evidence to date., Results: Haptic devices provide kinaesthetic and/or tactile stimulation. Kinaesthetic haptics are beginning to be incorporated in central nervous system rehabilitation; however, there has been limited development of tactile haptics. Clinical research in haptic rehabilitation of the hand is embryonic but initial findings indicate potential clinical benefit., Conclusions: Haptic rehabilitation offers the potential to advance sensorimotor hand rehabilitation but both scientific and pragmatic developments are needed to ensure that its potential is realized.

This review examines cognitive, neurological, and neuroanatomical recovery associated with abstinence from volatile substance misuse (VSM). Articles describing functional or structural brain changes longitudinally or cross-sectional reports comparing current and abstinent users were identified and reviewed. A significant lack of empirical studies investigating central nervous system recovery following VSM was noted. The few case reports and group studies identified indicated that cognitive and neurological impairments appear to follow a progression of decline and progression of recovery model, with the severity of impairment related to the duration and severity of misuse, blood lead levels among leaded petrol misusers, and the duration of abstinence for recovery. By contrast, severe neurological impairment known as lead encephalopathy from sniffing leaded petrol occurred as more catastrophic or abrupt damage to cerebellar processes that may never fully recover. Neuroanatomical damage may not recover even with prolonged abstinence.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of neuropsychological tests for on-road evaluation outcome after inconclusive assessment., Methods and Procedures: Thirty-five patients were assessed neurologically, neuropsychologically by traditional clinical tests and by on-road evaluation. Simple univariate tests, logistic regression and ROC-curve analysis were used to investigate the predictive power of different neuropsychological tests., Main Outcomes and Results: Six measures from the California Computerized Assessment Package (CalCAP) and the Digit-Symbol test from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale predicted the outcome of the on-road evaluation. A logistic regression analysis showed that a model with two variables from CalCAP and the Digit Symbol test predicted the results of the on-road driving evaluation with an overall accuracy of 84.8%., Conclusions: The findings indicate that the outcome of on-road assessment is most related to cognitive skills such as attention and processing speed in combination with cognitive flexibility.

The Bobath concept is a problem-solving approach to the assessment and treatment of individuals following a lesion of the central nervous system that offers therapists a framework for their clinical practice. The aim of this study was to facilitate a group of experts in determining the current theoretical assumptions underpinning the Bobath concept.A four-round Delphi study was used. The expert sample included all 15 members of the British Bobath Tutors Association. Initial statements were identified from the literature with respondents generating additional statements. Level of agreement was determined by using a five-point Likert scale. Level of consensus was set at 80%. Eighty-five statements were rated from the literature along with 115 generated by the group. Ninety-three statements were identified as representing the theoretical underpinning of the Bobath concept. The Bobath experts agreed that therapists need to be aware of the principles of motor learning such as active participation, opportunities for practice and meaningful goals. They emphasized that therapy is an interactive process between individual, therapist, and the environment and aims to promote efficiency of movement to the individual's maximum potential rather than normal movement. Treatment was identified by the experts as having "change of functional outcome" at its center.