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Background: Physicians play a key role in ensuring athletes with concussion safely return to sport. Research has shown deficiencies in concussion education amongst physicians and medical students. However, studies have not previously been conducted in UK medical schools., Objectives: To assess students' concussion knowledge and learning in Scottish Medical Schools., Design: A survey with 23 questions was distributed to Year 3-6 medical students studying in Scotland in October 2020. The survey included the following: (1) demographics, (2) concussion knowledge, e.g. 'What is the role of headgear in preventing concussion?' (3) concussion learning, 'In which part of the curriculum should concussion be taught?.' Frequencies of responses were calculated for each question., Results: 200 students responded (response rate 8%). The average symptoms and management score were 87.3% and 31% respectively. 15% of participants knew that headgear has no role in preventing concussions and one participant identified the minimum "return to sport" timeframes for adults and children. 15% had learnt about concussion at medical school with 92.5% interested in receiving concussion teaching at medical school., Conclusion: Knowledge gaps exist in managing and preventing sports-related concussion. There is a discrepancy between levels of concussion teaching and the desire and importance placed on concussion education.

Objective: Concussion education strategies that improve knowledge and attitudes long term are needed. This exploratory study piloted an interactive concussion education program, adopting concepts from the learning sciences and attitude change literature, for the underserved and high-risk population of motorsports., Method: Forty UK motorsport drivers (ages 16-20 years) participated. The workshop group received a two-phased workshop-based program. The comparison group received a concussion leaflet. Participants completed an adapted version of the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey (RoCKAS-ST) at pre-, post- and 2-month follow-up. Within-group analysis for the workshop group explored the differential effect of the individual difference variable, Need for Cognition (NfC), and effectiveness was explored through post-workshop questionnaires and interviews., Results: Unlike the comparison group, the workshop group showed a significant improvement in knowledge over time ( F (2,58) = 45.49, p < .001, η2 p = .61). Qualitative data indicated workshop-program participants developed safer attitudes toward concussion following programming. Preliminary evidence suggested individuals' responses to concussion education aligned with differences in NfC., Conclusion: This study piloted the first concussion education program for motorsport drivers and explored whether aligning educational provision with the NfC construct may help to improve program effectiveness. Findings are relevant to addressing the public health issue of concussion through educational approaches.

Introduction: Abnormal mammograms confirmed as benign are known as false-positive mammography (FPM) results. Research indicates that a history of FPM results may be linked to diagnostic delays in Black women, yet much of the research on FPM has focused on White women. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine: 1) The influence of FPM on breast cancer (BrCa) screening beliefs and intentions among Black women and 2) Whether emotional states, personality traits or coping behaviors altered the previously described relationships. Design: BrCa-free, Black women, aged 40 and older who completed screening mammograms in 2016 were recruited for a case-control study from 2016 to 2017. Women with FPM results were cases, and women with normal results served as matched controls. Print surveys assessing demographics, personality traits, emotions, BrCa screening history, BrCa beliefs, and africentric coping behaviors were mailed to participants. The final sample consisted of 118 respondents (55 cases, 63 controls). Ordinary least squares (OLS) models were constructed. Personality traits and emotions were tested as mediators and coping behaviors as moderators of the relationship between FPM results and BrCa beliefs. Results: FPM status was associated with a higher perception of barriers to mammography, and an elevated perception of barriers was associated with lower intentions to complete mammography. Collective coping behaviors functioned as a moderator and were associated with a decreased perception of mammography barriers in women with FPM results. Conclusions: FPM status had a detrimental impact on mammography intention indirectly through the perception of mammography barriers, but the use of africentric coping behaviors moderated the relationship between FPM status and perceived barriers to mammography. Culturally specific research focused on Black women is needed to explore influences on BrCa screening beliefs and mammography completion in this population.

Background: Though research has examined heavy drinking by housing type, the link between type of college student housing and protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has rarely been examined comparing different college campuses., Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the role of housing type, perceptions of peer drinking, and PBS with respondent heavy drinking among undergraduate college students from one Southeastern and one Midwestern university in the United States., Methods: 1,448 college students enrolled in undergraduate courses at two public universities completed a paper and pencil survey of attitudes and experiences about dating, sexuality, and substance use. Data were analyzed using multiple group path analysis., Results: Students living in Greek housing perceived their close friends as engaging in more risky drinking, and had higher rates of heavy drinking compared to those living in other housing types. The effect of perceptions of peer drinking on PBS was significantly different between campuses as were several other indirect pathways to heavy drinking. Conclusion/Importance: Understanding more about the differing roles of college residential environments can help inform effective drinking interventions, and reduce heavy drinking among college students.

To determine the prevalence of Fragile X-associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) among men with undiagnosed ataxic disorders. PCR amplification of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene and a chart review of clinical features were performed for 286 male subjects who had non diagnostic genetic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia between November 1998 and October 2002 prior to widespread clinical testing of FXTAS. Chart review showed that 55% of tested subjects manifested only one cardinal clinical feature of FXTAS (progressive intention tremor, ataxia, and cognitive decline), 20% had two of the three findings, and 4% had all three. Gait ataxia associated with clinical features not characteristic of FXTAS was reported in 47% of subjects. Molecular analysis yielded one FMR1 premutation (100 CGG repeats). Combining our data with that of comparable published studies shows 17/1,320 (1.3%) males tested for adult-onset ataxia had FMR1 premutations. FMR1 premutations are an uncommon cause of spinocerebellar ataxia. This study is in agreement with other similar studies and supports recommendations that testing be considered only if there are additional supporting clinical features indicating that a possible FMR1 premutation may be involved.