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The article analyzes the reports and editorial policy of the "The Christian Science Monitor" (CSM) newspaper towards the persecution of the Jews in 1933 by the Nazis. By 1933, CSM had established itself as one of the most specialized newspapers of interpretation. It also ranks high among papers which chose to be silent on issues like the persecutions of the Jews by German ruler Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. It also adapted to its position of understanding German needs and policies. Despite failing to fulfill its obligation to uplift human thinking, its work reflects a commitment to reform, while avoiding alarm and conflict. However, its acknowledgement to the failure to protest Hitler's policies, were published by their own paper itself the tenth anniversary of the Nazi.

It is well-known that phronēsis is realized when people reflect on their actions (praxis) and act accordingly, but the question of how this concept of practical reasoning can serve both people who make music and at the same time the music they make has not yet been answered. This paper aims to reveal in what way phronēsis can lead to fulfillment in and through music and also to musical quality, especially when people make music with others. First, phronēsis will be explored as it is interpreted in North America and Germany. Second, the German term aesthetic praxis is introduced, because it reveals that phronēsis is significant for this concept. The line of argument aims at showing that the notions of 'acting ethically' and 'acting aesthetically' do not stand in opposition to each other when people make music. On the contrary, phronēsis is a kind of knowledge that is relevant to an aesthetic praxis and therefore young people should be enabled to practice phronēsis when making music. If this process is intitiated, they are enabled to reflect on their own musical actions, as ethical and aesthetic practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insights on German and the American perspective on music education. The author relates the internationalization of music education to the scholarly traditions of the U.S. and Germany. She notes the importance of international understanding to the promotion of music educational system and development of scholarly or music identity in the world. Moreover, the author mentions the use of Didaktik concepts in the actual teaching and learning of music in the countries.

This paper explores representative environmental action in international, European Union, and German environmental law as an example of "legal translation." The Aarhus Convention, dating from 1998, requests signatory parties to provide environmental NGOs with wide access to justice so that the protection of the environment can be controlled by the judiciary. Both the European Union and Germany have implemented the provisions of the Aarhus Convention into their respective legal orders. This process of implementation can be considered as "legal translations." The argument of this paper is that a perspective of "legal translation" provides new vistas on the various intertwined layers of law constituting transnational environmental law. First, the example of representative environmental action shows how important context is for legal translations: the traditional German "impairment of rights doctrine" (Schutznormtheorie), historically developed in the nineteenth century, has still major importance in German administrative law and has to be taken into account when translating the Aarhus Convention. Secondly, legal translations take place in judicial hierarchies: both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Compliance Committee of the Aarhus Convention have ruled upon Germany's translation of representative environmental action and found it wanting; yet, the picture is much more complex and nuanced than the usage of "hierarchy" suggests, as a closer look reveals. Thirdly, literal translations are the basis of legal translations: in transnational law, multiple languages have to be literally translated, both on a European and an international level. Fourthly, the example of representative environmental action demonstrates the persistence of national peculiarities: after all, national peculiarities cannot too easily be overcome or abandoned; rather, they continue to play a significant role in transnational law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thesis of this paper is that governments of some otherwise enlightened states are increasingly fearful of acknowledging the restraints imposed on them by existing international law. They are also reluctant to enter into new commitments by way of international conventions that would expand the reach of international law. The paper asks whether these fears are based on a true understanding of international law or on some distorted view of it. It will draw comparisons and some contrasts between Australia and the United States in their reactions to a number of recent events as well as to some enduring situations of contemporary relevance. Had time (and the limits of my research) permitted, one might also have examined public attitudes toward international law in China, Japan, and Russia in this context, where similar fears appear to be entertained. France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, also enlightened states, appear by contrast to belong to a group more dedicated to international law. As Robert Kagan has recently remarked, the experience of two world wars at close quarters, and the formation of the European Union, have made the European countries more dedicated to process, where the United States is more interested in results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of George S. Messersmith, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State in charge of immigration and refugees from 1937-1939, in the German-Jewish crisis. Messersmith played an important role in arousing the U.S. administration to the Nazi danger. Although he had understood the full meaning of Adolf Hitler's anti-Jewish crusade and expressed sympathy for the plight of the German Jews, he never suggested any proposals for asylum or rescue. During the first year of the Nazi regime, until Messersmith's transfer to Vienna in 1934, he consistently favored protests with regard to assaults on American citizens, most of whom were Jews.

Despite high potentials and sophisticated goals set by federal policy-makers, local authorities are reluctant to move procurement to the Internet. This paper investigates the reasons of this phenomenon by presenting insights from a positivist multiple-case study among thirteen German municipalities. Our results suggest that perceived risks and benefits, acceptance among local businesses and neighboring municipalities are the strongest determinants for adoption. In order to tap the full potential of eprocurement in the public sector, federal policy-makers on the one hand should encourage pioneering municipalities to demonstrate other municipalities that eprocurement positively impacts public procurement and on the other hand should foster standardization of procurement platforms, thereby attracting more enterprises to build up the capabilities of using these platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hülya Kandemir's book, Himmelstochter (Daughter of heaven), chronicles her transformation from a well-known regional pop singer to a pious Muslima in Germany. Kandemir describes her turn to Islam and the ensuing fine-tuned construction of a modern pious Muslim subjectivity in the contexts of a growing Muslim German public sphere, Muslim German cultural production, and the public sphere at large. Kandemir's transformation unfolds in Germany in the middle of an often young and visible larger movement of Muslim piety. Her narrative and experience transcend her individual life and demonstrate debates among groups of younger Muslims across ethnic lines. In this paper I introduce Kandemir's book and trajectory to illustrate aspects of dynamic transformations underway among groups of younger European Muslims. Drawing on a reading of the book and ethnographic observation at a major cultural event, I illustrate how Islam powerfully remakes the lives of young Muslims like Kandemir in ways that are also uniquely German or European. I argue that in particular young Muslimas enter debates and lifeworlds of piety regardless of considerable animosity or even rejection from dominant society. In the process they further Muslim German cultural production and establish themselves as pious Muslimas in the public sphere at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary Berlin novels commonly anchor representations of post-unification Berlin within an ethics of remembering in which the city's mottled topography is frequently portrayed as a historically saturated site. Invariably, this historical focus is supported by an aesthetics in which representing Berlin is concomitant with an ethical obligation to address in some form the city's pasts. It is argued in this paper that through an engaged comparison of Walter Benjamin's theory of critical pedestrianism with Nietzsche's "The Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life," Dutch novelist Cees Nooteboom's novel "All Souls Day" questions the possibility of representing the city as a discursive space in which the past and the present can mutually co-exist. Nooteboom's text offers a singular and unique perspective on the ethical burden the recently unified cities faces in the post-unification era, namely the obligation to remember the division and pre-division German pasts, by questioning whether it is at all possible for the city to fulfill this duty of historical remembering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses six of the first film novels to appear in Germany, during the period 1913 to 1917. The novels present various attitudes to the film business, especially in its relationship to art and commerce, and also deal with: issues of illusion and reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For nearly all companies, an Internet presence is no longer an issue, but rather a question of how the Web site can be used to add value to the company's business. What applies to one company in a certain sector in one country, however, does not necessarily apply to a comparable company in the same sector in another country. National characteristics play a key role in determining human interaction of all forms—also including electronic communication. This paper takes an exploratory approach and analyzes three matched pairs of U.S. and German Web sites of companies drawn from commercial airlines, traditional mail-order companies, and package delivery services. As a result, national culture, telecommunication infrastructure, and market characteristics are identified as key drivers influencing the structure and functionality of corporate Web sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a redefinition of Judaism in Imperial Germany. It focuses on the practices, mentalities, and community. Jews assimilated West European culture as Central Europe transformed during the emancipation period. Integration of culture was welcomed by the Jews and in the process, Judaism has either evolved or declined. This paper deals on the assumptions of Judaism's evolution or decline involving the perspectives from Alltagsgeschichte, a school of history in Germany, the history of everyday life, and changing structures.

The article discusses about the Jewish community in Boston, Massachusetts and the rise of Nazism in 1933-1939. Emphasis has been given to explore the limits of Jewish response to the rise of Nazism. The period of the study, 1933-1939, include the political issues facing Jews in the 1930s and their reaction to the rise in Nazism. The Boston Jewish community fight Nazism by highlighting Nazi Germany's anti-liberal, anti-democratic and anti-religious features. They argued that Germany threatened the interests of all Americans. However, this approach had drawbacks, it prevented them from emphasizing their primary concern, which is Nazi antisemitism.

The article focuses on the situations concerning the secular education for the German Jews in the 19th century and their participation as university teachers and scientists in the country. Several issues are discussed including the interpretations of the concept of Judaism, the Jewish participation in secular education, and the activities of German Jewish students in Prussian universities. The paper also tackles on issues related to religion of students in German universities and the Jewish participation in university teaching.

Ozaphan was a proprietary material devised for inexpensive motion-picture film prints sold to the home market. Developed in France in the 1920s, the stock printed silent motion pictures on cellophane. In the early 1930s, Ozaphan film was introduced in Germany on a large scale for educational purposes, as well as home entertainment. The production and selling of Ozaphan films started in 1931 and ended in the mid-1960s. This essay tracks the history of this little-known film material and discusses its material properties. The production and distribution of Ozaphan films was a collaboration among Germany's film equipment manufacturers, toy industry, and commercial motion picture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of the Daughter of Germany reflects a widespread phenomenon of writing in Israel and the diaspora, not just in Germany and Austria, where Jewish writers began in the 1990s to explore their fraught relations with their adopted, readopted, or abandoned Heimat. In the uneasy encounters with present-day Germans, who may have to deal with their suppressed family and national past, Jewish writers find it impossible to free themselves from a history not of their making. This article discusses what the staging of erotic fantasies says about the grappling with the traumatic past. The fetish of the German woman has to do more with sexual stereotypes in cinema and popular culture than with anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, but it projects social and cultural anxieties, in particular about ethnic and racial difference. The power relations at play here in the imagination of male and female Jewish writers reflect constructions of Jewish sexuality and masculinity. The German woman as an erotic object of love has a deep and complex history in German-Jewish writing and in the Jewish imaginary in general, which cannot be erased. Although newly arrived Israelis tried to think of Berlin in the 2010s as a place like any other, relations between Germans and Jews remain tainted by their entangled histories and the traumatic past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the attitudes and perceptions of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency chairman, Chaim Arlosoroff concerning the rise of Nazism in Germany. It offers information on the study that examines the extent of Arlosoroff's understanding of the rise of Nazism. It described the nature and the type of tactics and the social structure of the Nazi party as excepted by Arlosoroff in his speeches. It presented the awareness of Arlosoroff on the upcoming plight of the Jews in the hands of the Germans that could have triggered his murder.

Examines the dissemination of pragmatic thought and the reception of U.S. pragmatism in Germany from 1899 to 1952. Criticisms of epistemological idealism of phenomenalism and apriorism; Policy of separaticism, motivated by a need to maintain its own identity and survive as a consciously German entity; Difference of the hermeneutic language and the pragmatist thinking.

This article examines the differences in how Holocaust testimony is told and received in Israel and in Germany through an analysis of the unique case study of Karla Raveh (1927-2017). After forty years of silence, Raveh became an admired witness-celebrity in her prewar hometown in Germany, where she spent every summer for thirty years bearing testimony before thousands of Germans. Meanwhile, her testimony received little to no attention in Israel, her adopted home. Raveh's case study raises questions about the complex interplay between individual testimonials and national context, and between personal motivations and intended audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German political policies and social pressures before, during, and immediately after the National Socialist period had considerable impact on the process of Jewish family formation. Personal ads placed in several leading newspapers based in Berlin reveal changing attitudes and parameters for the creation of partnerships and marriages during these decades, illustrating the complicated Jewish experience of emigration, survival, and self-identification during and after the Holocaust. The rise of the Nazis intensely altered the parameters of the search for a partner, changing expressions of self-description and highlighting very different life goals, just as the effects of the Nazi period would echo in postwar ads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Military History Museum (MHM) in Dresden against the backdrop of recent theoretical elaborations on agonistic memory, as opposed to the cosmopolitan and antagonistic modes of remembering. It argues that the MHM attempts to combine two functions of the museum: the museum as forum and the museum as temple. By examining the concept underpinning the reorganization of the permanent exhibition of the MHM, and by bringing examples from both the permanent and temporary exhibitions, the article shows that the discourse of the MHM presents some relevant compatibilities with the principles of agonistic memory, yet does not embrace agonism to the full. The article also suggests that the agonistic mode of remembering requires rejecting the notion of the museum as temple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Jewish presence in Palestine brought about by Zionism and consolidated politically by the Balfour Declaration reintroduced into the German and German Jewish consciousness the idea of the proximity of Jews to the Orient while challenging their image as 'orientals.' It was photography that showed such new Jewish appearances especially palpably and that confronted viewers with a changing Holy Land. This article discusses three photo books on Palestine published in 1925, using them as markers for the contested presences and absences of Jews and Judaism in Germany. The books discuss the status of Palestine and the role of Jews as its new, old colonizers, allowing for a plethora of opinions on the political meaning of Zionism, many of which would be attacked soon thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centennial anniversaries of World War I have prompted a boom in publications about the war, including many recent photographic compendiums that strive to document the war in visually appealing ways. This type of historical illustration, which often borders on sensationalism, threatens to conventionalize historical narratives of the war and obscure important ethical considerations of a current encounter with the war's violent past through images. This article draws on archival research into the personal photo albums of German soldiers in World War I to argue for an engagement with private memory of the war that can forge important empathic connections to the past as a way of adding needed nuance to the visual representation and present understanding of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers an alternative genealogy of modern debates on Jews, focusing on the rise of new ideas about Jews' role in society among eighteenth-century German technocratic thinkers. Drawing on recent work in science and technology studies, it examines how major debates on Jews took place not only earlier than is usually assumed but also in disciplines--namely, cameralism and police science--that were despised by most of the humanistic enlighteners at the center of modern European Jewish historiography. Yet, it was in the so-called Age of Projects--and not merely in the Age of Enlightenment--that new visions of dealing with Jews emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the immediate aftermath of Nazi misrule and wartime bombing, as Germans struggled to survive amid the ruins of their national identity and architectural treasures, passionate debates arose over how to devise usable symbols for the new post-Nazi cityscape. This article features the zealous dispute in Leipzig over how to make Johann Sebastian Bach a symbolic centerpiece, either by erecting a splendid new mausoleum where Bach had been buried or by moving his remains to a new shrine in the Thomaskirche, where Bach had served as cantor. So great were the perceived stakes that even Communist officials took opposing sides in this fight for the postwar urban memory landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Nuremberg trials, the relationship between the legal process and historical research has been the subject of much scrutiny, leading to a consensus that courts produce distorted and poor historical accounts of mass atrocity. The recent shift in legal treatment of the Holocaust from criminal to civil litigation, with the Holocaust restitution lawsuits brought before American federal courts in the 1990s, has only exacerbated historians' critique of the law. In contrast, this article argues that the restitution litigation represents a new and fruitful model for the relation of law to historical inquiry. In this model, the judge plays a facilitative and supervisory role vis-àà-vis the historian, encouraging the production of broad and contextualized historical narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approaching culture as a set of practices that help cope with problems, I explore the emergence of the "Schnullerfee," a fairy that helps wean children from pacifiers (Br., dummies) in German-speaking areas. I analyze how parents invoke the dummy fairy in order to deal with their own needs and those of their child, especially as they navigate conflicting medical recommendations. Drawing on my ethnographic research on German family culture, and analyzing contemporary medicalization discourses, I consider practical strategies of risk management in childrearing and the question of shifting authorities in family life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late eighteenth century, Jewish authors in France and Prussia started to articulate their political ideas through polemics against the Catholic Church. The fact that Jews were able to employ anticlerical tropes despite their precarious legal and social position underscores the importance of anticlerical polemics for the emergence of new forms of civic belonging in a period when Jews became, or dreamed of becoming, citizens for the first time. Anti-Catholicism served as an expression of new horizontal alliances with other social groups and--in the case of France--of Jews' dedication to a state defined against anti-revolutionary clergy. Unlike antisemites in the late nineteenth century, who denounced Jews for dividing the nation with their anti-Catholicism, Enlightenment thinkers accepted the anticlericalism of Jews such as Moses Mendelssohn because they saw it as proof of Jews' ability to transcend parochial Jewish concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After World War I, German cinema witnessed the emergence of many smaller firms which competed for profile and profits alongside a handful of larger and better known corporations. Thanks to an ambitious director and generous loans, one of these, Trianon-Film, quickly expanded into a vertically integrated company with international connections, including a planned co-production with Mauritz Stiller. Allegations of loan irregularities and financial mismanagement resulted in a legal investigation in 1925 which proved fatal for Trianon. Yet for the short period in which it flourished, it exemplified, in its setbacks as well as achievements, the strategies pursued (and challenges faced) by the motion picture business in Weimar Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the specific version of Zionism developed in Central Europe by examining the life and work of Robert Weltsch. Born in Prague in 1891, Weltsch was the editor of the official journal of the German Zionist federation, the Jüdische Rundschau, from 1919 until 1938. I trace the impact of German nationalist ideology and politics on Weltsch's thinking, arguing that he developed an ambivalent concept of Jewish nationalism that cannot be identified as either ethnic or civic. Weltsch criticized liberal ideology and affirmed völkisch ideas of national community while rejecting national chauvinism and embracing universal humanity. Weltsch's Zionism was an attempt to fulfill the cultural aspirations of völkisch nationalism and yet to avoid its political consequences. His ideas remained an unsolved contradiction and, though supported by many German Zionists, were thus not able to shape the politics of the Zionist movement and the political reality in Palestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encyclopedias are special "knowledge formats" ("Wissensformate"). They follow a particular method and form of defining, arranging, and representing knowledge. They claim to be all-embracing, objective, systematic, and valid over a long period of time. This essay argues that encyclopedias are, like every other knowledge format, "cultural snapshots" that mirror the conditions of their time and production. Based on archival studies and oral history interviews, this essay presents the "knowledge story" of the "Handwörterbuch der Sage" (Encyclopedia of legends). Analyzing its failure offers deep insights into the practices of knowledge production and representation within the discipline of German Volkskunde in the 1950s and 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community study approach acquired a somewhat unexpected popularity among German researchers from both the humanities and the social sciences in the first decades after World War II. During the 1950s and 1960s, numerous village communities were chosen as fieldwork sites by sociologists and folklorists who were looking into issues of social change and rural restructuring in postwar Germany. This case study addresses Hesse, one of the German federal states founded after World War II, where a number of community studies were conducted from the late 1940s well into the 1960s. We consider the publications that resulted from fieldwork studies in village communities as a specific textual genre. Our study interrogates the writing conventions of village monographs and their capacity to convey academic knowledge to wider audiences. Knowledge transfers between academic research and policy makers became topical, as did the relationship between sociological research and the community study approach in Volkskunde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the institutionalization of the post-war field of "Volkskunde" in the Soviet Occupation Zone and early East Germany. After a short summary of post-war science policy in the Eastern zone, the main focus is on two primary initiators of the field, Adolf Spamer and Wolfgang Steinitz. The author analyzes the scientific approaches and strategies they used to establish the field in the Eastern part of Germany. Both Spamer and Steinitz are examined with respect to how scholarship abandoned the personnel, institutional, and ideological structures left over from earlier nationalist and National Socialist contexts, while simultaneously accepting the new political circumstances. Thus, the concepts of continuity and change play a particular role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are there situations in which otherwise attractively complex, sub- and cross-national networks are unlikely to replace the hoary old Westphalian state? Perhaps, but whatever the answer, global governance as a discipline seems to have a hard time fully considering the question. One of the problems with operationalizing global governance may be the simultaneous profligacy and poverty of the idea itself: its definitional overemphasis on change and consequent inattention to the state's capacity to reconstitute its core functions and thus to achieve a predictable continuity. As a result, for all the excellent work done under its name, global governance as a unifying concept may actually contribute very little, and be less than the sum of its parts. Thinking about limits is not necessarily skepticism about the processes that collectively constitute global governance, but a way to give more meaningful shape to ideas which, as yet, are as problematically defined as they are fashionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1932, during the death throes of the Weimar Republic, the British writer John Heygate was hired to work as a supervisor in Berlin on English-language versions of Ufa films, produced in collaboration with the Gaumont-British Picture Corporation. In 1934 he published a novel, Talking Picture, principally based on his experiences making Early to Bed (1933). The essay unearths the real film personnel, German and English, lurking behind Heygate's characters, and draws comparisons with the 'camera eye' writings of his Berlin contemporary, Christopher Isherwood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The memory of World War I had a decisive influence on the formation of German nationalism in the years preceding the rise of National Socialism. Analyzing popular German films of the 1920s, this article suggests that despite the significant postwar nation-building process, the bourgeois culture of the Weimar Republic also endeavored to utilize memories of war experiences in order to undermine nationalism and to contemplate an alternative, transnational framework for collective identity. Focusing on two films—Leo Lasko's pseudo-documentary Weltkrieg (1927/28) and Richard Oswald's fictional Dr. Bessels Verwandlung (1927)—the article examines the ways they presented the war as an inevitable outcome of nationalism, implying that rationalism and subjectivity, the fundamental concepts of the Enlightenment, can be obtained only through an alternative, non-nationalist perception of collective identity. The contemporary reactions to these films show that these ideas, although repressed and forgotten after January 1933, were not exceptional to German bourgeois society in the Weimar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians are dumb witnesses to a culture wrangling with itself about its criminal past if they only narrate the sequence of historical controversies such as those that have dotted the German public landscape since the Holocaust. They need to be alive to the subterranean biblical themes flowing beneath the surface froth of events, linking past and present through the continuity of German political emotions that are necessarily collective and therefore sensitive to anxieties about accusations of collective, inherited sin. This article argues that the guilt/shame couplet so common both in public German and academic discourses about postwar Germany cannot account for the intergenerational transmission of moral pollution signified by Holocaust memory. In order to understand the dynamics of German political emotions, it is more useful to employ an alternative couplet: stigma and sacrifice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that Israeli women and the Israeli legal, religious and medical establishments are exceptionally supportive of reproductive genetics and its outcomes, in the form either of selective abortions based on the unborn child's prospective health, or of prevention of carriers of the same recessive genetic anomaly from marrying each other. While reproductive genetics has been intensely criticized throughout the western world, criticism has been more or less absent from Israeli-Jewish society. Indeed, Israeli women are heavily pressured to engage in the selection of their embryos, or, in the ultra-Orthodox community, to marry according to "genetic compatibility." Where other theories understand this as deriving from collective ideals of bodily perfection that push for the selection of future generations, I ask why inhibitions concerning Prenatal Diagnosis (PND) and its more immediate meanings are lacking. In order to answer this question, I draw on culturally specific Israeli-Jewish understandings of such issues as the biocultural concept of "life" and that of a "life worth living" versus "wrongful life"; the moral standing of the fetus and its mother; and Jewish-Zionist attitudes towards science, medicine and eugenics. Reflections offered in this essay draw upon my recently completed doctoral research comparing the fields of reproductive genetics in Israel and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with four films, which were released between 1956 and 1960 by East Germany's state owned film company DEFA and were co-produced by French companies. The four films referred are: Gerard Philipe's Die Abenteuer des Till Ulenspiegel/Les AventuresdeTillL'Espiègle, Raymond Rouleau's Die Hexen von Salem/Les Sorcières de Salem, Jean-Paul Le Chanois's two-part Die Elenden/Les Misérables and Louis Daquin's Trübe Wasser/Les Arrivistes. These films reveal some striking insights into the interplay of cold-war politics, cultural policy, and film production in East Germany and France during the 1950s. All the four films suggest the need to re-center the very definition of national cinema through the dialectic of co-productions catalyzed in the west by the economic imperative of international competition under cold-war conditions. For the French producers the cooperation with the DEFA studios was an economic opportunity. State-run DEFA was used by the Communist Party to create high quality films for mass consumption that would educate and inform the public about the evils of the past and address the viewer as the imaginary socialist citizen of the future.

Focuses on the history of Germany from 1933 to 1941. Arguments about the defeat of Germany in the World War I; Factors that contributed to Adolf Hitler's dictatorship according to author Karl Dietrich Bracher; Role of political elites in the German history.

Presents an analysis of imperialism in the context of German history. Political motivations behind German colonialism; Events that characterized racism following World War II; Impact of the Cold War on relations of Germany with the Third World countries.

Focuses on the historical and cultural archives of Germany. Contributions of German art collector Sulpiz Boisserée to the development of archives; Reason behind historians' interest on medieval history; Impact of World War I on the development of archives.

Focuses on the European integration of Germany in the twentieth century. Factors that contributed to transnational relations between Germany and European countries; Impact of World War I on transnationalism; Economic relations following World War II.

Focuses on the continuity of music in the history of Germany. Relations between music and national identity; Efforts to retain musical superiority of Germany; Composers during the Nazi regime.

This article looks into the modern Jewish traveling cultures of remembrance in Worms, Germany. In the city, the physical perseverance of synagogue, the cemetery, and religious artifacts and historical documents anchored remembrance and bestowed community upon the rapidly modernizing Jewish community. Yet Jewish tourism during the modern age did not follow a simple nostalgic yearning. The representation of the city more solidified German Jews' self-understanding as culturally integrated members of German society.

The article focuses on Swiss debates on the legacies of the Holocaust and the Nazi era. The entire process of examination and restitution was accelerated by the dozens of class-action suits filed by Holocaust survivors. Although in many cases no settlement has yet been reached, these lawsuits have pushed governments and corporations to allow investigations into their wartime past and, eventually, to consider offering compensation to Holocaust survivors and their descendants. Subsequently, the question of how authorities, business circles and the wider public have reacted to Nazi mass murders, deportations and persecution has challenged representations of the wartime past all over Europe. Shifts in historical consciousness have also called into question national paradigms with their binary oppositions between resistance and collaboration, making the definition of victims and perpetrators more difficult.

Deals with a case study which revealed the ways in which the Nazi past was understood in postwar Germany and the process of reception in general. Biological background of Wolfgang Stuadte, the director of the films; Discussion on the plot of the films "Die Mörder sind unter uns (The Murderers Are Among Us)" from 1946 and "Rotation" from 1948 to 1949; Explanation on how contemporary film reviewers interpreted the Mitläufers in the films.

Examines the analogy between photographs and icons from the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps in Germany in 1945. Characteristics of photographs that make history; Difference of photographs labeled as icons of terror from those labeled as documentary images; Reception of the photographic icons in Germany.

This article focuses on the role of orientalist Johann David Michaelis in the emergence of antisemitism in Germany during the 18th century. Michaelis engaged in the debates on whether to grant contemporary Jews civil rights, arguing against the systematic proposals for the civic improvement of the Jews that the Prussian official Christian Wilhelm von Dohm had set forth in his 1781 treatise Ueber die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden. He insisted that Mosaic law was designed to preserve Jewish separatism and would thus stand in the way of integrating the Jews into a modern, secular state. In his polemics against Dohm, he claimed that modern Jews were themselves products of the southern climate of ancient Israel and as such unable to be assimilated into a German state.