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Based on cultivation theory, this study examined whether Instagram use is positively related to: 1) greater affluence estimates (i.e., estimates regarding the prevalence of affluence); 2) greater materialistic values, and ultimately; 3) lower self-esteem. Based on an online survey of 530 adults in Korea, this study found that Instagram use was positively related to affluence estimates and materialistic values. In addition, the results showed that Instagram use was indirectly related to lower self-esteem mediated by greater materialistic beliefs. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

This research examined the effects of virtual reality (VR) news on knowledge gain and news attitudes. This study found that compared to non-VR news, VR news could have a negative impact on knowledge gain, whereas it could have some positive effect on news attitudes. The positive effect on news attitudes was only found with a more experience-related news topic (i.e., travel sites in Rio de Janeiro), but not with a less experience-related news topic (i.e., new surgical procedure for pancreatic cancer). The positive impact of VR on news attitudes was mediated by presence and subsequent enjoyment.

This study examined the effects of multitasking and persuasion knowledge on evaluations of in-game advertising (IGA). Specifically, we examined how the evaluations of IGA vary by: 1) multitasking (i.e., whether one multitasks or not); and 2) persuasion knowledge (i.e., whether one's persuasion knowledge is primed or not). The findings of this study showed significant interactions effects between multitasking and persuasion knowledge priming on ad evaluations. Compared with the non-multitasking condition, multitasking resulted in more negative evaluations of IGA, only when persuasion knowledge was primed. Multitasking did not affect the evaluations of IGA when persuasion knowledge was not primed. Theoretical implications for multitasking effects and practical implications for marketing and ad literacy are discussed.

This study examined the effects of ad prominence and persuasion knowledge PK priming on game users' responses to in-game ads, the advertised brands, and the game. The experimental results suggested that game players showed more negative attitudes toward the brand and the game in response to high prominence ads. In addition, there was a significant interaction between ad prominence and PK priming on recall and attitudes. High prominence ads resulted in better product recall, only when PK was not primed. In contrast, high prominence ads resulted in more negative attitudes toward the game and game players' lower intention to play the game in the future, only when PK was primed. These results suggest that high prominence ads might be preferred when PK is not primed, whereas low prominence ads might be preferred when PK is primed. This study contributes to research on the effects of in-game ads in mobile games and provides practical implications for advertisers and game developers.