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// Jana Simova 1 , Olena Sapega 1 , Terezie Imrichova 2 , Ivan Stepanek 1 , Lenka Kyjacova 2 , Romana Mikyskova 1 , Marie Indrova 1 , Jana Bieblova 1 , Jan Bubenik 3 , Jiri Bartek 2, 4, 5 , Zdenek Hodny 2 , Milan Reinis 1 1 Immunology Unit, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, BIOCEV and Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague 14220, Czech Republic 2 Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 14220, Czech Republic 3 First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 12000, Czech Republic 4 Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science For Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17121 Solna, Sweden Correspondence to: Zdenek Hodny, email: hodny@img.cas.cz Milan Reinis, email: reinis@img.cas.cz Keywords: cellular senescence, cancer chemotherapy, docetaxel, IL-12, cell therapy Received: April 18, 2016 Accepted: May 29, 2016 Published: July 19, 2016 ABSTRACT Standard-of-care chemo- or radio-therapy can induce, besides tumor cell death, also tumor cell senescence. While senescence is considered to be a principal barrier against tumorigenesis, senescent cells can survive in the organism for protracted periods of time and they can promote tumor development. Based on this emerging concept, we hypothesized that elimination of such potentially cancer-promoting senescent cells could offer a therapeutic benefit. To assess this possibility, here we first show that tumor growth of proliferating mouse TC-1 HPV-16-associated cancer cells in syngeneic mice becomes accelerated by co-administration of TC-1 or TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer cells made senescent by pre-treatment with the anti-cancer drug docetaxel, or lethally irradiated. Phenotypic analyses of tumor-explanted cells indicated that the observed acceleration of tumor growth was attributable to a protumorigenic environment created by the co-injected senescent and proliferating cancer cells rather than to escape of the docetaxel-treated cells from senescence. Notably, accelerated tumor growth was effectively inhibited by cell immunotherapy using irradiated TC-1 cells engineered to produce interleukin IL-12. Collectively, our data document that immunotherapy, such as the IL-12 treatment, can provide an effective strategy for elimination of the detrimental effects caused by bystander senescent tumor cells in vivo .