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Mobile edge computing (MEC) provides a novel computing paradigm to satisfy the increasing computation requirements of mobile applications. In MEC-enabled intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the latency-sensitive computing tasks are offloaded to RSUs for execution, reducing the transmission latency compared with the cloud solutions. However, the repetitive executions of the same tasks whose outputs are dependent on the inputs lead to the extra system latency, an alternative is to cache the required services on RSUs in advance. The service requirements of latency-sensitive computing tasks are satisfied by jointly considering computation offloading and service caching. Besides, the digital twin (DT) is utilized to construct the virtual world reflecting the physical world in real-time to efficiently make offloading strategies. In this paper, a computation offloading and service caching method using decision theory in ITS with DT, named CODT, is proposed. Specifically, the computation offloading and service caching in ITS is modeled first with DT. Then, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem is formulated to minimize the system latency. Afterward, the decision theory is used to analyze the utilities of offloading strategies in different states of RSUs and make the optimal strategy. Finally, extensive simulations based on the real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed CODT outperforms other baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many models account for the traffic flow of road users, but few take the details of local interactions into consideration and how they could deteriorate into safety-critical situations. Building on an existing model of human sensorimotor control, we develop an agent-based modeling framework applying the principles of utility maximization, motor primitives, and intermittent action decisions to account for the details of interactive behaviors among road users. The framework connects the three principles to the decision theory and is tested to determine whether such an approach can reproduce the following four phenomena. Firstly, when two pedestrians travel on crossing paths, their interaction is sensitive to initial kinematic asymmetries, and secondly, based on the asymmetries, the two pedestrians rapidly resolve collision conflict by adapting their behaviors. Thirdly, when a pedestrian crosses a road while facing an approaching car, the pedestrian adapts his or her crossing behavior according to the time-to-arrival of the car, and fourthly, either the pedestrian or the driver of the car may yield to the other to resolve their conflict. We show that these phenomena emerge naturally from our modeling framework. We believe the proposed behavior model and phenomenon-centered approach of analysis offer promising tools to examine road user interactions. We conclude with a discussion on how the model can be generalized to safety-critical situations and to include other variables affecting road-user interactions.

A swimmer’s potential can be exploited to the full if an individual approach is applied to training early enough. In the initial stage of a competitor’s career, it is hard to say whether the person will reach the world level. It is influenced by factors related to physical and mental characteristics, swimming technique, or the current skills level of the athlete. Some of them cannot be improved by swimmers; however, a few of these factors can be affected and upgraded by working on them. The data from 30 swimmers were collected in the research. Then, adopting the COMET method, the values of attributes characteristic for the athletes were entered into the proposed model to determine the predispositions of each of them. The applied method proved to be effective in assessing the parameters of competitors, and at the same time, it is a modern approach free of the rank reversal phenomenon. In addition, the model obtained allows for the study of input data to check how the change of a given criterion will affect the overall rating. The model developed is forward-looking. The results are satisfactory but can be improved to analyze somatic traits better and achieve more accurate predictions.

The penetration of the distributed energy resources in the distribution networks is facilitated by the structure of the microgrids (MGs). The MG operator (MGO) can schedule the MG resources to meet the local load and participate in the wholesale markets. In this article, a new model is developed for the MGO participation in the day-ahead (DA) (energy and reserve) and the real-time (RT) energy markets under uncertainties. For this purpose, the effect of the uncertainties of demand and generation from renewable energy sources on the MGO decisions is represented in a two-stage stochastic model. The MGO bids in the DA and RT markets are modeled as the first and the second stage decisions, respectively. Moreover, the information gap decision theory method is used to model the behavior of the MGO to address the uncertainties of the RT energy market price and the probability of calling the reserve. The results show that as the RT price uncertainty radius increases, the energy sold to the RT market decreases/increases in the risk-averse/risk-taker strategy. Furthermore, to manage the uncertainty related to the probability of calling the reserve, the reserve capacity provided by the MGO in the risk-averse and the risk-taker strategies decreases and increases, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a new generalization for the notion of homogeneous functions. We show some properties and how it appears in some scenarios. Finally, we show how this generalization can be used in order to provide a new paradigm for decision-making theory called consistent influenced/disturbed decision making. In order to illustrate the applicability of this new paradigm, we provide a toy example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-centered systems of systems, such as social networks, the Internet of Things, or healthcare systems are growingly becoming significant facets of modern life. Realistic models of human behavior in such systems play an essential role in their accurate modeling and prediction. Nevertheless, human behavior under uncertainty often violates the predictions by the conventional probabilistic models. Recently, quantum-like decision theories have shown a considerable potential to explain the contradictions in human behavior by applying quantum probabilities. But providing a quantum-like decision theory that could predict rather than describe the current state of human behavior is still one of the unsolved challenges. The fundamental contribution of this work is introducing the concept of entanglement from quantum information theory to Bayesian networks (BNs). This concept leads to an entangled quantum-like BN (QBN), in which each human is a part of the entire society. Accordingly, society’s effect on the dynamic evolution of the decision-making process, which is less often considered in decision theories, is modeled by entanglement measures. To reach this aim, we introduce a quantum-like witness and find the relationship between this witness and the famous concurrence entanglement measure. The proposed predictive entangled QBN (PEQBN) is evaluated on 22 experimental tasks. Results confirm that PEQBN provides more realistic predictions of human decisions under uncertainty when compared with classical BNs and three recent quantum-like approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing of grid-connected variable renewable energy (VRE) on the demand side causes balance problems in the power system. Thus, dealing with the uncertainty, variability, and consequently, flexibility requirement is becoming an urgent challenge to the power system operators. Virtual power plant (VPP), which bundles different types of small-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) into a single unit for optimization will effectively mitigate those uncertainties. An optimal VPP energy management method is proposed in this article for optimal energy and operating reserve (OR) scheduling. The studied VPP is a cluster of dispersed generating units (including dispatchable and stochastic power sources), flexible loads, as well as storage units. VPP operator has to make decisions based on the uncertainty coming from the stochastic VRE, load demand, as well as market electricity price. Thus, a dynamic risk reserve quantification method is proposed to cover both VRE power and load forecast uncertainties, while information gap decision theory is applied in the unit commitment procedures to study the impact of price uncertainty on the decision-making of VPP operators. Finally, the proposed method is implemented and verified with a case study, and optimal decisions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge generated from appliances usage data can be used for personalizing and reducing the number of user interactions. Appliances such as Washing Machines (WM) are capable of storing the settings data selected by the user, during operation. Before the operation of a WM, the user has to enable the options for these settings for a preferred mode of operation. We have proposed a Device Interaction Graph solution that automatically recommends and auto-completes the user's preferred settings in real time. For direct manual interactions on the WM, the auto-completion solution is applied when the user incrementally changes the settings on the user interface. For voice based command interactions with the WM, the auto-completion solution would be applied after understanding any incomplete settings requirements mentioned by the user. This settings auto-completion solution improves the user experience by reducing the number of manual or verbal interactions required to enable the operation of the device. We have applied the auto-completion solution on the data obtained from 158,213 connected WMs and achieved recommendation accuracy of 89.79% with an average 3.132 interactions.

Recently, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) based localization has attracted much attention due to its potential to achieve high accuracy. However, the error caused by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation significantly affects the localization performance. In this paper, a novel method combining V2V communication and NLOS identification is proposed to improve accuracy of vehicle localization in NLOS scenarios. First, the algorithm identifies NLOS links with statistical methods. In this step, identification is conducted by decision theory or z-test, which depends on whether priori NLOS information is known or not. After that, NLOS links are discarded. Using the information including length of remaining links and GPS positions of surrounding vehicles, the estimated positions of target vehicles can be obtained by multilateration. It is shown by simulations that the proposed algorithm outperforms several classical methods in accuracy. Specifically, when priori NLOS information is available, 80% of vehicles have a localization error less than 5 m. For the case where NLOS information cannot be obtained, the algorithm still have good performance, and the ratio of vehicles having error within 5 m reaches 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 34 million people in the US have diabetes, a major cause of blindness, renal failure, and amputations. Machine learning (ML) models can predict high-risk patients to help prevent adverse outcomes. Selecting the ‘best’ prediction model for a given disease, population, and clinical application is challenging due to the hundreds of health-related ML models in the literature and the increasing availability of ML methodologies. To support this decision process, we developed the Selection of Machine-learning Algorithms with ReplicaTions (SMART) Framework that integrates building and selecting ML models with decision theory. We build ML models and estimate performance for multiple plausible future populations with a replicated nested cross-validation technique. We rank ML models by simulating decision-maker priorities, using a range of accuracy measures (e.g., AUC) and robustness metrics from decision theory (e.g., minimax Regret). We present the SMART Framework through a case study on the microvascular complications of diabetes using data from the ACCORD clinical trial. We compare selections made by risk-averse, -neutral, and -seeking decision-makers, finding agreement in 80% of the risk-averse and risk-neutral selections, with the risk-averse selections showing consistency for a given complication. We also found that the models that best predicted outcomes in the validation set were those with low performance variance on the testing set, indicating a risk-averse approach in model selection is ideal when there is a potential for high population feature variability. The SMART Framework is a powerful, interactive tool that incorporates various ML algorithms and stakeholder preferences, generalizable to new data and technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy and bioenergy are two leading renewable forms of energy in the move toward a near-zero-emission electric power industry. Concentrated solar power units coupled with thermal storage and biomass power plant offer dispatchable electricity, raising their ever-growing role in future renewable-dominated networks. This paper proposes a day-ahead and intraday dispatch model for maximizing the profit of an Integrated Biomass-Concentrated Solar (IBCS) system considering the synergies arising from their coupled operation. To sensibly capture uncertainty and decision sequence of real-life electricity markets, a two-stage stochastic structure is proposed, while the solar-related uncertainty is involved using Information Gap Decision Theory (IGDT). The model is complemented with a novel multi-objective architecture based on the compound of IGDT and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR), which allows handling risk exposure to both stochastic and IGDT inputs. The Pareto strategies in the multi-objective model are extracted through an expanded form of the $\epsilon$ -constraint method, whereas a posteriori approach based upon the out-of-sample assessment is applied to derive the optimal dispatch pattern among the generated Pareto strategies. The simulation results demonstrate that: 1) the proposed integrated dispatch model achieves substantial profitability, and 2) the performance of the suggested CVaR-IGDT model is superior to conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely suggested that a key goal of visualization systems is to assist decision making, but is this true? We conduct a critical investigation on whether the activity of decision making is indeed central to the visualization domain. By approaching decision making as a user task, we explore the degree to which decision tasks are evident in visualization research and user studies. Our analysis suggests that decision tasks are not commonly found in current visualization task taxonomies and that the visualization field has yet to leverage guidance from decision theory domains on how to study such tasks. We further found that the majority of visualizations addressing decision making were not evaluated based on their ability to assist decision tasks. Finally, to help expand the impact of visual analytics in organizational as well as casual decision making activities, we initiate a research agenda on how decision making assistance could be elevated throughout visualization research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern over catastrophic weather events, mostly as a direct result of climate changes, has underscored the need for expanding traditional power system contingency analyses to handle the associated risks of extreme power outages. To enable power system operators to make timely decisions when facing extreme events, we explore in this paper the viability of a classifier which uses the machine learning approach based on the Bayes decision theory as a means of predicting power system component outages. However, owing to an excessively imbalanced and largely sparse power component outage datasets, the corresponding classifier learning is a challenging problem in the data mining community. In the proposed approach, we apply a resampling method to overcome the class imbalance problem. The proposed classifier provides an effective framework that not only minimizes outage prediction errors for power system components, but also considers the cost of each preventive action according to its implication in extreme events. The outcome of the proposed model can be used for introducing operation-oriented preventive measures that allow the rescheduling of generation resources for maximizing the power system resilience. The performance of the proposed classifier is examined through numerical simulations by utilizing the confusion matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probabilistic decision-making is a fundamental problem considered in many disciplines from engineering to social sciences. In this article, we address decision-making in contexts where the law of large numbers (LLN) does not apply. Non-LLN regimes include almost all high-impact decisions. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) decision making is further increasing the importance of developing principled approaches for such problems. In this regard, we first introduce a method called bounded expectation (BE) to apply the accepted principle of ignoring negligible probabilities. We show that BE provides some satisfactory results and insights into some decision-making problems. Pointing out some shortcomings of BE, we then turn to a much more general setting, using change-of-probability measures. We show that the proposed approach can be considered a generalization of expected utility theory (EUT) from two different perspectives. First, the approach converges to EUT as the number of repetitions grows. Additionally, when the fundamental distortion parameter, $\epsilon $ , is set to zero, the proposed theory reduces to EUT. We then propose a systematic approach to applying the developed framework to non-LLN decisions. Finally, through a real-world example, we compare the decisions made with the proposed method and the conventional methods. It is speculated that due to the complexity and multidimensionality of decision-making under non-LLN regimes, the presented ideas can potentially lead to considerable further research, some of which is discussed in this article.

We consider nonparametric Bayesian estimation and prediction for nonhomogeneous Poisson process models with unknown intensity functions. We propose a class of improper priors for intensity functions. Nonparametric Bayesian inference with kernel mixture based on the class improper priors is shown to be useful, although improper priors have not been widely used for nonparametric Bayes problems. Several theorems corresponding to those for finite-dimensional independent Poisson models hold for nonhomogeneous Poisson process models with infinite-dimensional parameter spaces. Bayesian estimation and prediction based on the improper priors are shown to be admissible under the Kullback–Leibler loss. Numerical methods for Bayesian inference based on the priors are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a cost-based mathematical optimization is used to evaluate the optimal amount of imported power from the public main grid to a private microgrid (MG), that is the “LAMBDA lab MG” testbed placed at the Sapienza University of Rome. In this regard, this article considers five tests based on using different sources, including a photovoltaic (PV) array, an emergency generator set, a fuel cell, and the main grid, for load satisfaction. The “LAMBDA lab” can be considered as a “multisource multioutput energy hub” with three optional sources and both electrical and heat demands in output. This article considers PV production and load demand as indeterministic parameters and evaluates the problem under uncertainties. As a result, a stochastic programming model is defined, and a powerful optimization function is used to reach the optimal power received from the main grid. Besides, information gap decision theory is used to model the robustness of the problem against uncertainties associated with renewable generation units (PV system) and electricity loads applied on a real case for the first time. In the result section, the contribution of each source in electrical and heat load demands is presented in addition to the cost of each test by evaluating the effect of demand response of 15%. Finally, a comparison between the stochastic programming method and IGDT has been accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is dedicated to developing an online collision detection and identification (CDI) scheme for human-collaborative robots. The scheme is composed of a signal classifier and an online diagnosor, which monitors the sensory signals of the robot system, detects the occurrence of a physical human–robot interaction, and identifies its type within a short period. In the beginning, we conduct an experiment to construct a data set that contains the segmented physical interaction signals with ground truth. Then, we develop the signal classifier on the data set with the paradigm of supervised learning. To adapt the classifier to the online application with requirements on response time, an auxiliary online diagnosor is designed using the Bayesian decision theory. The diagnosor provides not only a collision identification result but also a confidence index which represents the reliability of the result. Compared to the previous works, the proposed scheme ensures rapid and accurate CDI even in the early stage of a physical interaction. As a result, safety mechanisms can be triggered before further injuries are caused, which is quite valuable and important toward a safe human–robot collaboration. In the end, the proposed scheme is validated on a robot manipulator and applied to a demonstration task with collision reaction strategies. The experimental results reveal that the collisions are detected and classified within 20 ms with an overall accuracy of 99.6%, which confirms the applicability of the scheme to collaborative robots in practice. Note to Practitioners—This article is intended to provide a novel online collision event handling scheme for robots in industrial environments. This scheme is designed to quickly and accurately detect an accidental collision and distinguish it from the intentional human–robot interaction. The method takes the raw signals from external torque sensors and provides a collision diagnosis result with a reliability index. The simple structure makes it easy to be implemented as a regular fault monitoring routine for collaborative robots. Different from the conventional methods, the proposed collision identification scheme in this article especially focuses on overcoming the following two challenges in practice: first, to timely and accurately report a collision within its early stage, and second, to ensure a high identification accuracy in a complicated environment, where ubiquitous disturbance and noise are unneglectable. The experimental validation at the end of this article confirms its promising application value in human–robot collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service restoration is one of the critical functions to enable the future self-healing distribution system. To restore the distribution system in a timely and reliable manner, the realistic system operating conditions need to be accurately characterized. In this paper, two main factors that have great impacts on distribution system restoration (DSR) in practice are investigated. First, cold load pickup (CLPU), generally caused by thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), is a common phenomenon after an outage and shaped by the outage duration. However, the time-dependent behaviors of CLPU are rarely considered in literature. In this paper, the operating state evolution of TCLs after an outage is analyzed to characterize time-dependent CLPU. And the time-dependent CLPU is analytically embedded in DSR to accurately represent the actual behaviors of the restored loads. Second, it is difficult to predict loads that fluctuate during DSR due to the lack of real-time measurement data. Accordingly, a robust DSR based on the information gap decision theory (IGDT) is proposed to address this challenge, fully considering the uncertainty of CLPU. The proposed models are tested in IEEE 13-node and 123-node test feeders. Simulation results demonstrate that the time-dependent CLPU model and the uncertainty modeling of CLPU can accurately capture the actual behaviors of loads with TCLs after an outage, which greatly improves DSR decisions in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-to-peer sharing economy such as Uber and Airbnb has played an essential role in the global economy. Different from the traditional rental economy, sharing economy does not guarantee standard services for its users and the service quality is largely monitored by the users via their evaluations/feedbacks of the service. However, in the existing sharing economy markets, users are not incentivized to offer their true feedbacks to the platforms, and they are often incentivized to misreport. Therefore, our goal is to design reward mechanisms that can incentivize the users to report they are true feedbacks. The existing work has considered the problem when the feedbacks are binary (e.g., good or bad), but the feedbacks in practice are usually n-ary. Therefore, we propose a novel framework to design reward mechanisms which incentivize users to report their feedbacks truthfully when the feedbacks are n-ary. This is achieved by designing a proper reward scheme such that reporting feedback truthfully is a Nash equilibrium given that the cost of the platform is minimized. We form the problem as a linear program, which takes incentivizing users to report truthfully as constraints and minimizes the cost to the platform. The linear program is solved via its dual problem. Under a proper condition, we get a special solution structure of the linear program. This special structure allows us to derive a general solution form which does not need to solve the linear program in a brute force manner and the computation complexity is significantly reduced.

Distributed energy resources especially wind and photovoltaic power, and demand response are highly valued in recent years for their advantages in environmental protection, sustainable development, and so on. However, their volatility poses double risks to the DER aggregator when formulating a profitable bidding strategy and schedule scheme. To this end, first, this article proposes an information gap decision theory-based optimal bidding strategy to model the dual uncertainties confronted by the DER aggregator without knowing the specific distribution pattern of uncertainties. Second, the DER aggregator is assumed to be risk-averse or opportunity-seeking, and the corresponding strategies could be obtained. The former comes up with a robust strategy under severe uncertain circumstances, and the latter presents a profit-maximization scheme while enduring more risks. The validity of the proposed method is examined using the dataset from the Thames valley vision project; the obtained results demonstrate that proper adjustment on aggregator's bidding strategy could be achieved based on its preference for high-profit or stability, which is also applicable for other market entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the use of distributed energy storage systems in microgrids, and proposes a planning method which accounts for the uncertainties of load and distributed generation. Objectives of the planning method are the reduction of the energy costs, while providing the supply of ancillary services as a technical support to the network. The energy costs are evaluated considering a hourly varying pricing scheme and optimizing the storage systems charging/discharging stages. The technical support is devoted to the restraint of bus voltage amplitudes, and of network components' currents/powers within admissible ranges. The input data uncertainties are managed through three decision theory criteria (i.e., the minimization of expected costs; an approach based on the weighted regret felt by the design engineer; and a stability area criterion), which allow considering the multiple design alternatives and futures (i.e., possible values of uncertain input data) in an accurate and feasible way. The design alternatives refer to the size and location of the distributed storage systems, while each future is associated with a different level of load demand and power production of distributed generation over the whole planning period. The results of numerical applications are reported and discussed with reference to a Cigré test network.

Negation is a new perspective to represent knowledge. The negation of probability distribution has been proposed, and it has a lot of interesting properties, which can reach a maximum entropy. Because of the defects of the classical probability theory in the expression of uncertainty, the basic belief assignment (BBA) in the Dempster–Shafer theory (D–S theory) are widely used in decision theory. Thus, negation provides a new perspective for D–S theory to measure fuzziness. In this paper, a new definition of negation of BBA is presented. In the proposed negation, BBAs are represented as vectors, and negation is realized by matrix operators. This method has a good interpretation of the matrix operators and has the merit of simplifying the problem. With several different definitions of entropy to determinate the uncertainty of BBA, the proposed negation of BBA can reach a maximum belief entropy when the entropies satisfy a certain property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some real-world situations, Pythagorean fuzzy sets are more powerful and effective than intuitionistic fuzzy sets to describe vague and uncertain information, and there are many Pythagorean fuzzy information systems for conflicts in which attitudes of agents on issues are depicted by Pythagorean fuzzy numbers. In this paper, we first provide the concepts of positive, neutral, and negative alliances with two thresholds and employ examples to illustrate how to compute positive, neutral, and negative alliances in Pythagorean fuzzy information systems for conflicts. Then, we focus on three-way conflict analysis based on the Bayesian minimum risk theory and explore examples to show how to compute the positive, neutral, and negative alliances with a Pythagorean fuzzy loss function given by an expert. Finally, we study how to calculate positive, neutral, and negative alliances with group decision theory and take examples to demonstrate how to construct the positive, neutral, and negative alliances with a group of Pythagorean fuzzy loss functions given by more experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Networks with device-to-device (D2D) technology allow for two possible communication modes: traditional communication via the base station, and direct communication between the users. Recent studies show that in-band full-duplex (IBFD) operations can be advantageously combined with D2D communication to improve the spectral efficiency. However, no algorithms for selecting the communication mode of mobile users in IBFD networks have yet appeared in the literature. In this paper, we design a distributed mode selection scheme for users in D2D-enabled IBFD networks. The proposed scheme maximizes the users’ prob-ability of successful communication by leveraging only existing signaling mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As systems become more complex, systems engineers rely on experts to inform decisions. This challenges systems engineers as they strive to plan activities such as, qualification in an environment where technical constraints are coupled with the traditional cost, risk, and schedule constraints. Bayesian network (BN) models provide a framework to aid systems engineers in planning qualification efforts with complex constraints by harnessing expert knowledge and incorporating technical factors. By quantifying causal factors, a BN model can provide data about the risk of implementing a decision supplemented with information on driving factors. This allows a systems engineer to make informed decisions and examine “what-if” scenarios. This paper discusses a novel process developed to define the probability distributions, or priors, in a BN model based primarily on expert knowledge supplemented with extremely limited data (25 datasets or less). The model was developed to aid qualification decisions—specifically to predict the suitability of six degrees of freedom vibration testing for qualification. The process defined the model priors primarily with expert knowledge in an unbiased manner. Validation of the model provided evidence that this novel process might be an effective tool in harnessing expert knowledge for a BN model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal networks are composed of individuals with on-and-off interactions. In the study of human dynamics, a typical interaction is interpreted as a coincidental or forced concurrence of two events. Since human beings’ rationality is bounded, the interaction between sentient individuals is normally investigated under the framework of game theory in the past half a century. In this brief, a game model on social networks is introduced, in which individuals play a $2\times2$ divide-and-conquer game with their neighbors, which is a specific symmetric game based on the type of their interactions. The individuals in a network play with the game with a certain strategy. The duration of a continuous interaction is defined to be the number of the continuous rounds in which at least one of them receives a non-zero payoff. On the contrary, the inter-event time is measured by the number of the continuous rounds in which both players do not receive any payoff. A detailed analytical and numerical study of the model’s dynamical properties is presented, showing that it reproduces the burstiness of the human coordinating system. The findings reveal that the burstiness is inducible by rational interactions of humans. The new model and analysis shed some new lights on the origin of the burstiness of human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor network deployment in a 3-D environment with an optimal balance of system lifetime, cost, coverage, connectivity, and fault tolerance is a challenging task. Current studies on this task are still very few. In this letter, we propose a two-stage deployment strategy for this task. To implement the strategy, we propose a Bat Algorithm-based meta-heuristic algorithm named Smart Bat Algorithm (SBA). The SBA enhances the searching behaviors of artificial bats to be smarter and more efficient by leveraging decision theory and fuzzy logic techniques. The simulation results indicate that the SBA delivers better and more robust solutions compared with three other popular meta-heuristic algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A control logic has a central role in many echo cancellation systems for optimizing the performance of adaptive filters, while estimating the echo path. For reliable control, accurate double-talk and channel change detectors are usually incorporated to the echo canceler. This work expands the usual detection strategy to define a classification problem characterizing four possible states of the echo canceler operation. The new formulation allows the use of decision theory to continuously control the transitions among the different modes of operation. The classification rule reduces to a low-cost statistics, for which it is possible to determine the probability of error under all hypotheses, allowing the classification performance to be accessed analytically. Monte Carlo simulations using synthetic and real data illustrate the reliability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of uncertain parameters in electrical power systems presents an ongoing problem for system operators and other stakeholders when it comes to making decisions. Determining the most appropriate dispatch schedule or system configuration relies heavily on forecasts for a number of parameters such as demand, generator availability and more recently weather. These uncertain parameters present an even more compelling problem at the distribution level, as these networks are inherently unbalanced, and need to be represented as such for certain tasks. The work in this paper presents an information gap decision theory based three-phase optimal power flow. Assuming that the demand is uncertain, the aim is to provide optimal and robust tap setting and switch decisions over a 24-hour period, while ensuring that the network is operated safely, and that losses are kept within an acceptable range. The formulation is tested on a section of realistic low voltage distribution network with switches and tap changers present. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this letter, we propose novel (semi)blind hard decision fusion rules that use the mean of the secondary user characteristics instead of their actual values. We show that these rules with slight (or no) additional system knowledge achieve better receiver operating characteristics than existing (semi)blind alternatives. These rules also have a low-complexity analytical solution under Neyman–Pearson criterion in some relevant cases. Numerical results are reported in a channel-aware scenario to demonstrate their appeal and to confirm the theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum decision theory, advanced earlier by the authors, and illustrated for lotteries with gains, is generalized to the games containing lotteries with gains as well as losses. The mathematical structure of the approach is based on the theory of quantum measurements, which makes this approach relevant both for the description of decision making of humans and the creation of artificial quantum intelligence. General rules are formulated allowing for the explicit calculation of quantum probabilities representing the fraction of decision makers preferring the considered prospects. This provides a method to quantitatively predict decision-maker choices, including the cases of games with high uncertainty for which the classical expected utility theory fails. The approach is applied to experimental results obtained on a set of lottery gambles with gains and losses. Our predictions, involving no fitting parameters, are in very good agreement with experimental data. The use of quantum decision making in game theory is described. A principal scheme of creating quantum artificial intelligence is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The revised IEEE 1547 Standard together with the grid codes from several European countries require the contribution of photovoltaic inverters to the reactive power and voltage control of distribution networks. This paper presents a decentralized approach for controlling reactive power from a photovoltaic (PV) inverter through a linear decision rule that is in terms of the PV generated real power, conforming to standard characteristic curves in the German grid code. The linear decision rules are computed using an affinely adjustable robust counterpart of an optimal power flow type formulation, with the PV real power generation specified in an uncertainty interval. The robust solution, which is computed via convex quadratic programming, guarantees that both the voltage deviations and power loss will remain within their optimized bounds for all realizations of PV real power sampled from the uncertainty set. The proposed linear decision rules are compared with a local control method that seeks the same type of multiobjective optimization. Monte Carlo simulation results on meshed distribution networks with up to 830 nodes show the superiority of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new non-deterministic approach for multiyear distribution network reinforcement planning (DNRP) considering the uncertainty sources pertaining to loads, electricity prices, investment costs, and operation costs. Accordingly, the underlying idea of the information-gap decision theory (IGDT) is used to obtain a robust solution protected against different realizations of each uncertain variable lying in its robust region. The proposed model is capable of adjusting the robustness of the optimal solution in terms of a specific parameter designated as the budget of uncertainty. As the uncertain loads, investment and operation costs competitively tend to maximize their robust regions for a particular value of the budget of uncertainty, the normalized normal constraint (NNC) method as a proficient multi-objective optimization method is exploited in this paper to solve the proposed multiobjective IGDT-based DNRP (IGDT-DNRP) model. Mainly, the NNC method presents a set of Pareto optimal solutions rather than a single optimal solution. Accordingly, a posteriori out-of-sample analysis is introduced in this paper to find the best solution among the set of Pareto optimal solutions. The proposed IGDT-DNRP model is implemented on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network under different circumstances. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed nondeterministic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous formulation for the application of information accounting to binary decision theory is extended to permit the quality of the decision to be quantitatively measured by evaluation of the underlying informational support. Both a single exemplar measure of information, separability, and its ensemble average equivalent, separation, are shown to measure the information support for decision quality (i.e., how well-informed is the decision), rather than the information support for decision adjudication (i.e., which hypothesis is the better choice) provided by predecision information measures. When compared to the traditional receiver operating characteristic, these measures present several functional advantages. They are scalar in nature, and may be directly optimized over secondary parameters, as well as being rigorously well posed and universally comparable. They incorporate the effects of all relevant decision components (prior information, observational information, and decision rule) in a unified manner while still being easily related to the predecision information measures of log likelihood ratio and generalized signal-to-noise ratio. They can be applied equally well to individual trials or composite averages, and evaluation does not require knowledge of the underlying truth. Compared to false alarm-oriented methods for assessing decision performance, their construction reduces sensitivity to tail effects in the underlying distributions.

This paper tackles the problem of joint users’ uplink transmission power and data rate allocation in multi-service two-tier femtocell networks. Each user—either macrocell (MUE) or femtocell user equipment (FUE)—is associated with a two-variable utility function that represents his perceived satisfaction with respect to his allocated resources (i.e., power and rate). User's utility function is differentiated based both on the tier that the user belongs to and the service he requests. The joint resource allocation problem is directly confronted as a two-variable optimization problem and formulated as a non-cooperative game. The theory of supermodular games is utilized towards treating the two-variable optimization problem and the inherent multidimensional competition that arises among the users. The existence of proposed game's Nash Equilibrium (NE) point is analytically shown, while game's convergence to its NE point is proven. A distributed and iterative algorithm for computing the desired NE is introduced, where the optimal values of each user's uplink transmission power and data rate are simultaneously updated at the same step. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated via modeling and simulation and its superiority compared to other state of the art approaches is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-way decisions play an important role in rough sets and decision theory. As a representative model, decision-theoretic rough sets (DTRSs) provide a sound interpretation of thresholds used in three-way decisions. This problem is associated with the determination of the loss function of DTRSs. In this paper, we investigate a novel way of determining the loss functions of DTRSs with relative values. More specifically, with the aid of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, the determination of loss functions is realized in the context of DTRSs. First, a hierarchical structure of DTRSs is constructed. Second, along the hierarchical structure, pairwise comparison matrices are analyzed in a top-down fashion. In light of the generic condition imposed on the loss functions of DTRSs, some constraints on relative values between loss functions are introduced. The relative ratios at each level are computed. Considering the consistency ratio (CR) of the reciprocal matrices, two mathematical programming approaches are developed by exploiting the flexibility of information granularity. Then, we design a decision procedure for the determination of loss functions and deduce three-way decisions. The loss functions are calculated by aggregating the relative ratios being available at each level. With regard to the loss functions, we finally compare the existing studies with the AHP method. We demonstrate that the relative value with AHP improves the restriction of the existing studies and exhibits a certain level of tolerance to inconsistency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Exploitation of temporal series of hyperspectral images is a relatively new discipline that has gained a lot of attention from the image processing scientific community. In this paper, we consider the specific problem of anomalous change detection (ACD) in hyperspectral images and discuss how images taken at two different times can be processed to detect changes caused by insertion, deletion, or displacement of small objects in the monitored scene. We introduce the ACD problem using an approach based on the statistical decision theory and we derive a common framework including different ACD approaches. Far from being inclusive of all the methods proposed in the literature, this tutorial overview places emphasis on techniques based on the multivariate Gaussian model that allows a formal presentation of the ACD problem and the rigorous derivation of the possible solutions in a way that is both mathematically more tractable and easier to interpret. The unification of different approaches under a single rigorous statistical scheme provides both a tutorial overview of ACD techniques, and a useful instrument for researchers already familiar with the ACD problem. Dedicated preprocessing methods aimed at improving the robustness of the ACD process are also discussed. Real data are exploited to test and compare the presented methods, highlighting advantages and drawbacks of each approach. The tutorial aspect of the paper has suggested the use of a freely available data set. This should hopefully motivate the interested reader to experiment with the processing methods and performance evaluation chain presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the context of electricity market and smart grid, the uncertainty of electricity prices due to the high complexities involved in market operation would significantly affect the profit and behavior of electric vehicle (EV) aggregators. An information gap decision theory-based approach is proposed in this paper to manage the revenue risk of the EV aggregator caused by the information gap between the forecasted and actual electricity prices. The proposed decision-making framework can offer effective strategies to either guarantee the predefined profit for risk-averse decision-makers or pursue the windfall return for risk-seeking decision-makers. Day-ahead charging and discharging scheduling strategies of the EV aggregators are arranged using the proposed model considering the risks introduced by the electricity price uncertainty. The results of case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework under various price uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Physical infrastructures are commonly composed of interconnected and intra- and interdependent subsystems, which in their essence constitute systems-of-systems (S-o-S) with multiple functions, operations, and stakeholders. Their complexity is characterized by highly interconnected and interdependent physical, cyber, organizational, and economic subsystems through shared resources, decisions, and states. This paper explores potential sources of systemic risks in complex S-o-S by analyzing unique failure modes of such systems in a nonlinear dynamic multiobjective sequential decision-making process. We posit that certain preferences of decision-makers when choosing among multiple competing objectives may reduce the safety margin of a specific subsystem within the S-o-S to withstand unexpected external perturbations due to the interdependencies manifested by shared states among the subsystems. This can contribute to the failure of an entire S-o-S even though all decisions are made based on Pareto-optimality. By quantifying the level of subsystem interdependency caused by shared states, this paper develops a method to mitigate such systemic risks through decomposing and coordinating the interconnected subsystems of an S-o-S in a decentralized way. The implication of the proposed theory is demonstrated using an illustrative example of a highway bridge S-o-S. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

When building vision systems that predict structured objects such as image segmentations or human poses, a crucial concern is performance under task-specific evaluation measures (e.g., Jaccard Index or Average Precision). An ongoing research challenge is to optimize predictions so as to maximize performance on such complex measures. In this work, we present a simple meta-algorithm that is surprisingly effective – Empirical Min Bayes Risk. EMBR takes as input a pre-trained model that would normally be the final product and learns three additional parameters so as to optimize performance on the complex instance-level high-order task-specific measure. We demonstrate EMBR in several domains, taking existing state-of-the-art algorithms and improving performance up to 8 percent, simply by learning three extra parameters. Our code is publicly available and the results presented in this paper can be replicated from our code-release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the industrial process, it is helpful to take the previous fault diagnosis results into consideration during the current determination of faulty variables. In this paper, an unsupervised data-driven fault diagnosis method based on normalized relative reconstruction-based contribution (RBC) and the minimum risk Bayesian (MRB) decision theory is presented. Normalized relative RBC is used to represent the characteristic of the observation of the samples, and beta distribution is adopted to approximate the probability density distribution of the variable being faulty or normal. On the basis of the adjustable loss function, the conditional risk is obtained. The fault diagnosis method based on MRB decision is proposed, which will reduce the influence of smearing effect, improve the diagnosis rate, handle faults with a small magnitude, and identify multiple process faults. Numerical simulation examples and the Tennessee Eastman process are given to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signal processing concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), in its role as a performance measure, is recast within the more general context of information theory, leading to a series of useful insights. Establishing generalized SNR (GSNR) as a rigorous information theoretic measure inherent in any set of observations significantly strengthens its quantitative performance pedigree while simultaneously providing a specific definition under general conditions. In turn, this directly leads to consideration of the log likelihood ratio (LLR): first, as the simplest possible information-preserving transformation (i.e., signal processing algorithm) and subsequently, as an absolute, comparable measure of information for any specific observation exemplar. The information accounting methodology that results permits practical use of both GSNR and LLR as diagnostic scalar performance measurements, directly comparable across alternative system/algorithm designs, applicable at any tap point within any processing string, in a form that is also comparable with the inherent performance bounds due to information conservation.

Manipulating logic functions via majority operators recently drew the attention of researchers in computer science. For example, circuit optimization based on majority operators enables superior results as compared to traditional synthesis tools. Also, the Boolean satisfiability problem finds new solution approaches when described in terms of majority decisions. To support computer logic applications based on majority, a sound and complete set of axioms is required. Most of the recent advances in majority logic deal only with ternary majority (MAJ-3) operators because the axiomatization with solely MAJ-3 and complementation operators is well understood. However, it is of interest extending such axiomatization to n-ary majority operators (MAJ-n) from both the theoretical and practical perspective. In this work, we address this issue by introducing a sound and complete axiomatization of MAJ-n logic. Our axiomatization naturally includes existing MAJ-3 and MAJ-5 axiomatic systems. Based on this general set of axioms, computer applications can now fully exploit the expressive power of majority logic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The supply of electrical energy is being increasingly sourced from renewable generation. The variability and uncertainty of renewable generation, compared to a dispatchable plant, is a significant dissimilarity of concern to the traditionally reliable and robust power system. This change is driving the power system toward a more flexible entity that carries greater amounts of reserve. For congestion management purposes, it is of benefit to know the probable and possible renewable generation dispatch, but to what extent will these variations effect the management of congestion on the system? Reactive power generation from wind generators and demand response flexibility are the decision variables here in a risk averse multiperiod AC optimal power flow (OPF) seeking to manage congestion on distribution systems. Information Gap Decision Theory is used to address the variability and uncertainty of renewable generation. In addition, this work considers the natural benefits to the congestion on a system from the over estimation of wind forecast; providing an opportunistic schedule for both demand response nodes and reactive power provision from distributed generation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]