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A generalized integrated control strategy for vehicle dynamics using an optimal torque vectoring control approach is extended in this paper. The central objective of this approach is to generate optimal additional tire forces and yaw moment over the vehicle through the application of individual wheel torque to keep the vehicle on a target path. This is achieved by minimizing the error between the actual and target forces and moment at the center of gravity (CG). In this paper, this methodology is extended to a constrained optimal control approach that handles additional real-time constraints, which has several vehicle control applications. An online optimization strategy is used to solve the resulting constrained optimization problem that gives the necessary tire force adjustments at the tire level. Some typical applications are 1) differential braking on all wheels, which is applicable to both electric and conventional cars and 2) hybrid torque vectoring on the front wheels and differential braking on the rear wheels. Both simulations and experimental results show the usefulness of this approach of handling constraints with this optimal torque vectoring control. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we study the spontaneous cortical neuronal network in hopes of finding a reliable indicator of burst initiation pathway, which would allow us to study burst initiation in conjunction with burst propagation in future research. Electrical activity is recorded using a 96-electrode microelectrode array on a weekly batch culture (half of the medium was replaced twice every week). We hypothesize that the first-spike onset sequence, which we call first-spike rank order (FSRO) is a reliable indicator i of burst initiation, and verified our hypothesis by studying evoked bursts using rearranged rank probability matrices. Under similar conditions, stimulating the same site reliably reproduces the same FSRO. Spontaneous bursts can be classified based on their FSRO using dendrogram clustering. Bursts with different first-spike sequences showed evidence of sharing common early-to-fire neurons, but early-to-fire neurons only consist of a minority of neuronal activity during burst initiation, which is in partial accordance with existing literature. In the study of early-to-fire neurons, we also noticed that our batch-cultured network did not show clear preburst activity, which may indicate fundamental difference compared to continuous perfusion culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]