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In this paper, we present an inoculated combination of technologies to facilitate and advocate education in Rural India. A combination of open-sourced Arduino, single board-processors like Raspberry Pi are used to develop infrastructure to empower education in remote and rural parts of India. Being a self-contained system, the dependencies on external factors is reduced as it might not be possible to operate regular computers without grid-connected supply. The whole system is powered using renewable energy (RE) source viz., Solar PV. This implies that the system is an independent green computing device. Further, this enables commerce while augmenting education facilities for the underserved population residing in remote and rural areas where energy is still a challenge today. The Ardunio is used to perform various systemic operations like motioning the load, calculating the ambient light etc. The Raspberry Pi is the core processor unit of the system which typically acts like a computer that runs on a Linux-based Kernel Operating System (OS). The System-on-Chip (SoC) is then connected to a HDMI display periphery hub which switched between multiple displays. The supply to all of this sub-system is powered by a Solar PV. A charge control is implemented to overlook the charging process of the storage battery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wireless sensor networks face information disclosure, information tampering, replay attacks and other threats. For wireless sensor networks in the objective conditions, this paper proposes a wireless injection attack based on the TinyOS operating system comparable to Man-in-the-middle attack, and designs a set of schemes on injection attack by hardware node platform and TinyOS platform. The results show that it successfully injects false data into the normal wireless communications in wireless sensor networks, resulting in terminal receives fake data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper identifies several key challenges that were experienced by the authors while doing research and development work relating to wireless sensor networks. Some key issues include complexity, outdated platform level designs, lack of flexibility and hardware expenses. The challenges were addressed by designing a new customised mote platform, using a modular design approach. The platform supports both TinyOS and ContikiOS, promoting flexibility and operability. Dual operating system (OS) support allows programmers to choose which OS to use based on the application specific problem that needs to be solved. The mote consists of two modular units that provide processing and communication functionality on one layer and energy storage and harvesting on a second layer. The energy harvesting module uses a solar panel to charge a rechargeable battery pack. Designs were based around minimalistic concepts to minimise cost and reduce hardware complexity. User friendly design was also a key consideration, since the platform is intended to be used by novice programmers to obtain practical experience in sensor networks. The platform can be manufactured in South Africa resulting in an overall cost reduction for small quantities. Future work will include the design of several application specific add-on boards to facilitate field tests in water quality monitoring, gas sensing, smart grid metering, agricultural monitoring and asset tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We consider the binary consensus problem over the wireless sensor networks (WSN), where each node of the network initially observes one of two states and the aim of each node is to decide which one of the two states was held by the majority of nodes. In this paper we consider the averaging of a measurement in aWSN composed of N nodes.We evaluate the distributed binary consensus algorithm by deriving the average convergence time of the algorithm. Since this time has been evaluated theoretically for mathematical aspects [1], we complete this work by considering real life environment including packet loss phenomenon and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol used in real message transmissions. In addition we compare the new analytical results with those obtained by a hardware emulation of the same binary consensus algorithm under TinyOS and TOSSIM. In performance evaluation, we consider the analysis of the average convergence time for node states. In the simulations, we apply the distributed binary consensus algorithm for fully connected, ring, path, Erdos Reny random, and star-shaped topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobility management is one of the most important research issues in 6LoWPAN which is a standardized IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSN) protocol. Since the IP-WSN application domain is expanded to real-time applications such as health-care and surveillance systems, a fast and seamless handover becomes an important criterion for supporting mobility in 6LoWPAN. In this paper, we have studied mobility characteristics along with design issues and different mobility scenarios. Also, two approaches are incorporated for mobility management namely timer driven and message driven approaches. Both of these are implemented using TinyOS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes an application in home automation based on wireless sensor network for monitoring of an electrical network in the consumption and quality of supply energy. The system allows scalability and flexibility with low cost. When installing sensors in each plug, it is possible to draw a map of the building to see areas where there is greater demand for electricity as well as places where there is too much distortion. Gateway is configured for the IEEE 802.15.4 to IEEE 802.3 and MATLAB was used to monitor data. The calculations of power and harmonic distortion are performed on each sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the world is moving towards the “Internet of Things” [1], Internet Protocol enabled wireless sensor network is becoming an important research area. In order to make it possible and to facilitate transmission of IPv6 packets over low powered networks, 6LoWPAN [9,11] has been introduced. 6LoWPAN incorporates an adaptation layer between network and data link layers. Two routing schemes are used in 6LoWPAN depending on which layer takes routing, forwarding decisions. If adaptation layer takes the decision, then it is called mesh under, whereas if the network layer is involved, then the scheme is route over. In this paper, we present a comparative study of these two schemes. Various performance metrics, such as average round-trip time delay, end to end delay and packet delivery ratio are compared and suitability of the two schemes are analyzed for a Sensor-Grid infrastructure. We also propose a technique which improves the route-over scheme. Our ultimate goal is to apply this Sensor-Grid infrastructure in health-care applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The massive escalation in the number of applications and the technology used in the development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) over the last decade has compelled the designers to adopt a holistic approach while designing WSN applications. This implies that a designer should develop a protocol stack which would be flexible enough to be used by a group of applications if not all on account of differing properties of WSN for differing applications. However development of an independent layered protocol stack for every application would be quite cumbersome owing to the manpower and the time required for its implementation. Instead, it would be advisable to use a Cross-Layered Protocol Stack which would in turn fulfil the stringent constraints imposed by the sensor networks in terms of energy and memory cost. In this paper we have discussed the development of a Cross Layered protocol stack which is a structured approach to the design of high level WSN contrary to most monolithic Protocol stack design approaches. We have implemented the stack for a sensor network application consisting of TelosB motes using TinyOS. This protocol stack has been developed as a part of a project which aims at tracking a mobile entity in an indoor environment. This paper focuses on the development of protocols for 4 layers of the stack viz. the datalink, the MAC along with the Topology Control, the network layer and the Application layer leaving the other layers unperturbed. The results and the Performance of the developed protocols are noteworthy and they demonstrate the Potential of the Protocol Stack to perform equally well in similar environmental applications with the exception of certain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the most demanding research topics prevalent in the modern research domain. WSN consists of densely deployed sensor nodes in the area which is to be sensed or monitored. Each sensor node is a tiny and power constrained device which is assigned the task of monitoring. Sensor networks have a very wide range of application and so they are much in demand. Every tiny sensor node needs to transmit the sensed data to more powerful sink nodes or base station. Thus as communication is an important aspect of WSN, so the underlying technologies being used should also be competent enough to enable better functionalities. This paper deals WSN technologies. A successful WSN has been designed with heterogeneous sensing devices using the most popular and efficient technology, namely the IP technology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the field of smart metering it can be observed that standardized protocol, like Wireless M-Bus or ZigBee, enjoy a rapidly increasing popularity. For the protocol implementations, however, up to now, mostly legacy engineering processes and technologies are used, and modern approaches such as model driven design processes or open software platform are disregarded. Therefore, within the WiMBex project, it shall be demonstrated that it is possible to develop a commercial class Wireless M-Bus implementation following state-of-the art design process and using TinyOS as an open source platform. This contribution describes the overall approach of the project, as well as the state and the first experiences of the current work in progress. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a technique to integrate energy-aware real-time scheduling into sensor node platforms from the perspective of the combined periodic (or time-bounded) and a periodic (or time-unbounded) scheduling policy. In the scheduling policy, the first objective is to meet the timing constraints of periodic tasks as well as to improve the response time of a periodic tasks. The second objective is to minimize the energy consumption in a battery-powered sensor node without missing the timing constraints of periodic tasks. Experiments showed that the proposed scheduling technique achieved efficient performance in terms of the minimal deadline miss ratio of periodic tasks, a fast average response time of a periodic tasks, and low power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We present the concept, design, and implementation of the proxy mote, a Linux-based TinyOS platform able to execute a TinyOS application in a fully functional way. The main use case for the proxy mote is to expose a non-TinyOS (âlegacyâ) sensor/actuator device to TinyOS applications. This is achieved by complementing the proxy mote with a device-specific driver. Multiple proxy motes, each representing its own device, run in parallel on a single PC and communicate among themselves. Thus a distributed, multi-node TinyOS application can use a complex, heterogeneous legacy sensor/actuator installation. At runtime, a proxy mote is a Linux process. Multiple proxy motes form an intra-PC ânetworkâ and exchange Active Message packets over a dedicated infrastructural Linux process that acts as a switch. We include performance results for the proxy mote and proxy network, for typical TinyOS applications. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Security is a critical issue in many real-world applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This research focuses on implementing security mechanisms, against two specific types of attack that occur in a network of MICAz motes. These are 'denial-of-service' (DoS) attacks where unnecessary packets are sent causing services to appear unavailable and thus these services are denied to the legitimate sensor nodes, and 'passive information gathering' attacks where an adversary tries to obtain the confidential information stored in wireless sensor nodes. A machine learning technique named neural network (NN) is used to detect DoS attack conducted by an adversary. We compare and evaluate NN with our new method. The results clearly show an improved performance for our new proposed symmetric-key algorithm compared to NN. Lower encryption computational energy cost (8 µJ vs 16 µJ), lower memory requirements (8896 bytes of ROM and 434 bytes of RAM vs 15848 bytes of ROM and 763 bytes of RAM), and less execution time (0.164835 ms vs 0.6208791 ms) show the significant advantages of using symmetric-key algorithm instead of NN for detecting DoS attack. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Obtaining hundreds of sensor nodes to experiment new algorithms on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in real testbed is costly and time consuming. Simulation environment can reduce these costs though it may not produce exactly same results as real testbeds. There is many kind of simulations available for WSN such as Cooja and Tossim. None of these simulation environments provides an all-in-one solution to help researchers design topologies, running the network step by step and giving extensive reports of generation environment. In this paper a new simulation environment, SmartSim, has been developed to provide an useful all-in-one solution. It has new, unique features such as detailed graphical presentation of topology, ability to proceed through network events either forward or backward and a comprehensive power usage report generation. SmartSim eases the algorithm implementation in TinyOS based WSN, provides troubleshooting tools and linear and non-linear energy usage of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The general feeling about ecology is changing worldwide. People all around the world are more careful about problems such as energy provisioning and consumption. New ideas, such as the Smart Grid concept, are trying to give solutions to the energy problems by means of a modern power grid with intelligent management capabilities. In such scenarios, networking solutions, e.g., the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), will allow appliances to be remotely coordinated in order to optimize the total power consumption, and balance the power demand. This paper presents an innovative implementation of the IPv6 stack over the 6LoWPAN adaptation layer. Our 6LoWPAN implementation aims to provide a support platform for IPv6 over interoperable constrained-resources devices, such as those embedded in the electrical appliances. Our main goals are to optimize the memory management and to address the portability problems of the stack. In particular we want to develop a stack which is not tied to a particular data-link protocol. Comparison with existing solutions is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work presents the issues involved in running TinyOS on the eZ430RF2480 Zigbee compliant platform. TinyOS is a widely used operating system in modern wireless sensor networks, with a flexible and powerful modular system. However, running an operating system on any new target board is always a technical challenge. In order to port TinyOS to a new platform, the nesC compiler must be adapted and several operating system modules must be ported or created. The code was written following the modular structure of TinyOS to facilitate the portability to similar modules. The new TinyOS platform was tested using a hardware implementation: one node is configured as a gateway between a PC and the ZigBee network and the other as the sensor node. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]