Search

This research work aims at proposing cheap, facile, sensitive, and selective assembly of three electrode electrochemical hydrogen (H2) gas sensor which operates on room temperature in ambient conditions. Palladium oxide-reduced graphene oxide (PdO-rGO) nanocomposite have been synthesized using insitu chemical sol-gel method and modified Hummer’s method. The phase, structure, particle size, and bonding information have been obtained using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. Palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles of size ranging from 30 to 35 nm have been successfully attached with uniform 2D network of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets which offers a large surface area for H2 adsorption. The thin film of nanocomposite have been fabricated on conducting Indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process and is employed as working electrode (WE) in indigenously developed three-electrode cell. Thin film surface morphology have been observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and it shows agglomerates of PdO nanoparticles with multiple randomly stacked rGO nanosheets uniformly spread across the surface of the film. The amperometric response of the assembled electrochemical sensor has been recorded for the detection of 10 to 80 percent concentration of hydrogen gas using potentiostat/galvanostat autolab. The sensitivity of the sensor is found out to be $0.462~ \mu \text{A}$ /% H2 concentration and sensing calibration curve shows a uniform linear response. The stability and selectivity of the sensor has been enhanced using H2 insensitive reference electrode (RE) and solid polymer electrolyte gas permeable membrane, respectively, which will aid new dimensions in designing robust H2 sensor at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A silicon PIN diode was modeled using the Monte Carlo transport code FLUKA. The code was utilized to identify a composite filter having two or more metals without any perforation, in order to flatten the diode’s absorbed dose rate energy response in the photon energy range 60-1250 keV for DC mode operation. The results were validated experimentally, confirming the utility of the diode for gamma radiation detection and monitoring for wide range of energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents CMOD, a novel tool that provides a sound module system for C. CMOD works by enforcing a set of four rules that are based on principles of modular reasoning and on current programming practice. CMOD's rules flesh out the convention that . h header files are module interfaces and . c source files are module implementations. Although this convention is well known, existing explanations of it are incomplete, omitting important subtleties needed for soundness. In contrast, we have formally proven that CMOD's rules enforce both information hiding and type-safe linking. To use CMOD, the programmer develops and builds their software as usual, redirecting the compiler and linker to CMOD's wrappers. We evaluated CMOD by applying it to 30 open source programs, totaling more than one million lines of code. Violations to CMOD's rules revealed more than a thousand information hiding errors, dozens of typing errors, and hundreds of cases that, although not currently bugs, make programming mistakes more likely as the code evolves. At the same time, programs generally adhere to the assumptions underlying CMOD's rules and, so, we could fix rule violations with a modest effort. We conclude that CMOD can effectively support modular programming in C: It soundly enforces typesafe linking and information hiding while being largely compatible with existing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]