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Taking Chizhou City, which was located in the southwest of Anhui Province as the test area, test points were selected to observe and compare the temperature and dust retention effects of different vegetation types. The methods of the study: The temperature is measured by a combination of manual measurement and self-calculating thermometer. By using the formula "dust reduction rate = (dust content of dust source-dust content of green space) / dust content of dust source", calculate the dust reduction rate, and analyze the data. The results of the study showed that urban green space had obvious cooling and dust retention effects. In terms of air temperature, the variation range of bare land was the largest, followed by that of grassland, and that of shrub and herbaceous vegetation was small, while temperature variation range of shrub and herbaceous vegetation with arbors was the smallest, and this kind of vegetation arrangement had the strongest ability to adjust temperature and the best cooling effect. In terms of dust retention, the effect of the shrub and herbaceous vegetation with arbors was the best, followed by shrub and herbaceous vegetation and grassland, and the results also showed that the dust retention effect of the road green space was better than that of the park green space and the residential green space. The result of the study is that: The Trees, shrubs and herbs has the greatest ability to regulate temperature, with a difference of 3 to 7 °C. The temperature adjustment range of Shrubs and herbs is 2~3 °C; all the urban green space of different vegetation types has the effect of cooling and dust retention. The cooling and dust retention effects of different vegetation types were studied in order to provide some theoretical basis for the planning and construction of urban green space.