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Gaze-based interaction is a fast and ergonomic type of hands-free interaction that is often used with augmented and virtual reality when pointing at targets. Such interaction, however, can be cumbersome whenever user, tracking, or environmental factors cause eye tracking errors. Recent research has suggested that fallback modalities could be leveraged to ensure stable interaction irrespective of the current level of eye tracking error. This work thus presents Weighted Pointer interaction, a collection of error-aware pointing techniques that determine whether pointing should be performed by gaze, a fallback modality, or a combination of the two, depending on the level of eye tracking error that is present. These techniques enable users to accurately point at targets when eye tracking is accurate and inaccurate. A virtual reality target selection study demonstrated that Weighted Pointer techniques were more performant and preferred over techniques that required the use of manual modality switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design concept is presented that achieves ultrawideband (UWB) array performance with significantly fewer elements than the traditional approach of using a single wideband antenna element type to fully populate the array. Starting from a conventional 8:1 bandwidth array design of a given aperture size, an array of equivalent aperture and bandwidth is created using scaled elements of three different sizes. This wavelength-scaled equivalent array has fewer than 18% of the original element count, i.e., roughly 6-times fewer elements, a similar reduction in weight, and most importantly, a significant reduction in electronics required to feed the array. If proven viable, array architectures of this type could make UWB arrays significantly more cost effective. In this preliminary numerical study, rigorous full-wave simulation tools are used to test the performance of small but informative wavelength-scaled array configurations of flared-notch radiators for the single-polarization case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]