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In this article, an analytical thermal conductivity model considering the degradation caused by the different phonon scattering mechanisms is presented for studying the self-heating effects (SHEs) in ultrathin body and buried oxide (UTBB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs. By allowing for phonon-boundary and phonon–electron scattering, as well as tuning the surface roughness, the model enables accurate predictions for silicon films of different thicknesses over a wide temperature range. In order to apply the temperature-dependent self-built thermal conductivity model to the technology computer-aided design (TCAD) electrothermal simulation, a piecewise fitting, and equivalent strategy is developed by using the zero points (ZPs) and extreme points (EPs) of the first- and second-order discrete differentials of the model. The results show that the modified model is closer to the experimental data from literature studies than the default TCAD model in predicting the thermal conductivity distribution of the SOI-structure. Furthermore, the TCAD simulation results with our modified model show the same trend as that with its default model in predicting the performance degradation of UTBB SOI devices due to SHEs, such as the degradation of carrier mobility in the channel and the increase of subthreshold swing (SS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pump–probe system with a subnanosecond pulsed laser is expected to be a compact and inexpensive transient spectroscopic system that enables nondestructive and noncontact evaluations of the physical properties. However, an improvement in the sensitivity and a theoretical model to complement the measurement signal are necessary to obtain the transient signal precisely because of the low sensitivity and large time resolution. We have developed a highly sensitive pump–probe system with a subnanosecond pulsed laser that combines signal amplification based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in this study. An integrated theoretical model of the transient response obtained by a subnanosecond pump–probe under the SPR condition was proposed. Our model consisted of the profile descriptions of the used pulse source, temperature change, generated thermoelastic stress, estimated permittivity change in the metal film, and estimated reflectivity change. The theoretical estimations in the time domain and the incident angle dependence were compared with those of the experimental results to verify our theory. As a result, the estimations were well in agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, the signal-amplification mechanism based on SPR was discussed using our theory. The amplification was caused by the broadening of the resonant curve of SPR and the shift of the resonant angle, which seemed to come from the increase in the electron–phonon scattering rate and the thermal expansion of the metal film, respectively. A clear mechanism of SPR-based signal amplification of the subnanosecond pump–probe was identified through experimental and theoretical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The galvanomagnetic properties [magnetoresistivity (MR) and Hall Effect] and resistivity at temperatures from 2 to 300 K in magnetic fields of up to 9 T as well as optical characteristics (real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity, optical conductivity, and reflectivity) at room temperature were studied. It was shown that the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity has a “metallic” type and is quadratic at low temperatures (< 60 K) that can be caused by the “electron–phonon–surface” interference scattering mechanism in WTe2. Whereas an applied magnetic field induces a minimum in the temperature dependence of the resistivity at low temperatures that shifts to a higher temperature with increasing field, one of the possible explanation of which is the transition from high to weak effective magnetic fields. The MR increases with the magnetic field according to the quadratic law, reaching 1750% at 2 K, which is due to the compensation of charge carriers in WTe2. The Hall effect studies showed that the majority charge carriers are electrons with the concentration of $\sim 10^{19}$ cm−3 and mobility of 7500 cm2/ $\text{V}\cdot \text{s}$ at 2 K. At the same time, optical investigations did not reveal the feature characteristics of metals. The optical conductivity spectrum is a broadband centered at 3.4 eV and formed by interband transitions. The presence of peaks in the infrared region indicates the formation of low-energy gaps in the band spectrum of WTe2. The obtained data on the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity also evidence the absence of a contribution from free carriers up to 0.2 eV. The optical characteristics are shown to be in good agreement with the data on electronic transport properties. The revealed features are a manifestation of the topological nature of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study simulates and compares symmetric and asymmetric MoS2 nanosheet transistor structures. The results show that the asymmetric MoS2 nanosheet transistor achieves higher current density and better gate control, and thus, this structure is optimized to meet the current density requirement for low-power applications in the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS). Dielectric materials of Al2O3 and HfO2 are investigated, and equivalent oxide thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 2 nm are analyzed. Transistors with Al2O3 as the dielectric exhibit better performance than those with HfO2 due to the lower level of remote phonon scattering. The gate length and underlap region are scaled down from 14 to 5 nm and from 7 to 1 nm, respectively, in an attempt to further enhance the ON-current. The substoichiometric metal oxide AlOx is used to induce more electrons in the undoped MoS2 channel. AlOx increases the ON-current with no gate control degradation. After optimization, the transistor demonstrates a subthreshold swing of 62.3 mV/dec, a drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 21.6 mV/dec, and a current density of $495 ~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ with a supply voltage of 0.65 V. Compared with Si gate-all-around transistors, the MoS2 nanosheet transistor exhibits excellent gate control, good electrostatics, and comparable current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InGaZnO thin-film transistors (IGZO TFTs) adopting p-type Si with different doping concentrations as the gate electrodes are fabricated to study the effects of the electrical coupling between the gate electrode and the gate dielectric on the carrier mobility in the IGZO channel. In general, the carrier mobility is found to increase with increasing gate doping concentration because more holes in the gate electrode can screen/suppress the remote phonon scattering of the gate dielectric on the channel electrons (the screening effect). However, for certain gate doping concentrations, the carrier mobility surprisingly shows a decrease instead (the anti-screening effect). This has three implications: 1) like the free electrons in the n-Si gate electrode of OTFT, the holes in the p-Si gate electrode can oscillate about the dopant ions; 2) when the oscillation frequency is close/equal to the atomic vibration frequency of the high- ${k}$ gate dielectric, the resulting resonance between the gate electrode and the gate dielectric can enhance the atomic vibration of the latter to increase the remote phonon scattering on the channel carriers of the IGZO TFTs; and 3) the anti-screening effect could occur in any MOS-based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the inversion layer mobility characteristics in Si-face 4H silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with nitrided and phosphorus-doped gate oxides were compared using Hall effect measurements. The inversion layer mobility was evaluated by applying a body bias and changing the temperature. The carrier scattering properties were determined for elevated temperatures (i.e., 473 K), at which point the impact of Coulomb scattering decreases and that of phonon scattering increases. The phonon-limited mobility of these MOSFETs was almost the same when plotted as a function of the effective normal electric field in the inversion layer, possibly representing the nature of the thermally grown SiO2/SiC interface. On the basis of this finding, the effect of phonon scattering was separated from the inversion layer mobility. The MOSFETs exhibited a remarkable difference in Coulomb scattering: the MOSFETs with phosphorus-doped gate oxide exhibited a more rapid increase in Coulomb-limited mobility with increasing surface carrier density than did the MOSFETs with nitride gate oxide. This resulted from the effective suppression of Coulomb scattering in the inversion layer, which is one of the reasons why phosphorus-doped gate oxide achieves higher inversion layer mobility than nitrided gate oxide. These results show that the inversion layer mobility of SiC MOSFETs can be modeled using a conventional framework of phonon, Coulomb, and surface roughness scattering. Therefore, the suppression of Coulomb scattering is key to further improving the inversion layer mobility of SiC MOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a surface-potential-based approach to model the bias-dependent effective velocity observed in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) due to optical phonon scattering. Our model precisely reproduces the progressive decrease in the saturation velocity in GaN HEMTs with increasing gate voltages, as reported in the literature, which is predominantly due to the scattering of electrons, forming the high-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), by optical phonons at high overdrive voltages. We show that this dependence differs from the traditional mobility degradation models in terms of its impact on the device current–voltage (I – V) characteristics and illustrate how the inclusion of a velocity saturation model also provides the model users with an additional handle for parameter extraction. The model is explicit and, by virtue of its Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) compatibility, is readily implemented in the industry-standard Advanced SPICE Model for HEMTs (ASM-HEMTs) model and has been validated against experimental dc I – V and RF S-parameter measurements of an in-house GaN device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the Si-substrate doping concentration on electrical characteristics of back-gate (BG) and top-gate (TG) MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) are investigated. The experimental results show that MoS2 FETs fabricated on different-concentration Si substrates using the same processing have similar interface characteristics and surface roughness of gate dielectric but exhibit different carrier mobility, and the higher the doping concentration, the higher the carrier mobility. This is because the carriers in Si substrate can screen the phonon scattering from the low-energy surface optical phonon produced by the soft Hf-O bonds in HfO2 dielectric, which will couple with the carriers in MoS2 channel, resulting in the reduction of the mobility, and the higher the Si-substrate concentration, the better the screening effect. Also, it is found that the BG dielectric scattering will impact on the mobility of the TG transistor, which causes a similar change trend of carrier mobility to that of the BG MoS2 FET as the Si-substrate concentration increases. Therefore, it can be revealed that the Si-substrate concentration has an important influence on the carrier mobility of MoS2 FETs, and the high Si-substrate concentration is beneficial for fabricating high-performance BG and TG MoS2 FETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the temperature-dependent transistor characteristic of Epi-Gd2O3/AlGaN/GaN metal oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOSHEMT) and compare its properties with that of AlGaN/GaN metal-Schottky high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) grown on 150 mm Si (111) substrate. Introducing an epitaxial single crystalline Gd2O3 between the metal gate and AlGaN barrier not only improves the gate leakage current significantly but also enhances its thermal stability. We observe that there is no significant change in the gate leakage current even at 473 K compared to that measured at room temperature (RT) (298 K), and this is also evident in the transistor’s subthreshold behavior at 473 K. We have determined the electric field within the Gd2O3 as well as AlGaN and investigated the leakage conduction mechanism through Gd2O3. The ION/IOFF of the transistor was measured as high as ~108 even at 473 K with the lowest VTH shift (91.4 mV) with temperature. Our measurements also confirm the presence of polar optical phonon scattering, which directly affects the 2-D electron gas (2DEG) mobility at high temperatures and thus the electrical characteristics of HEMT and MOSHEMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the characterization of the channel mobility properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on the heterogeneous β-Ga2O3-on-SiC (GaOSiC) substrate fabricated by an ion-cutting process. The mobility of GaOSiC MOSFETs is significantly improved as the postannealing temperature of Ga2O3 channel increases from 900 °C to 1200 °C. The GaOSiC transistor annealed at 1200 °C exhibits mobility consistent with the β-Ga2O3 donor wafer, which suggests that the defects in Ga2O3 channel induced by the H+ implantation for the ion-cutting step can be eliminated by the high-temperature annealing. As the ambient temperature (Tamb) increases from 0 °C to 150 °C, the mobility within the accumulation regime of GaOSiC MOSFETs decreases with the temperature following a Tamb−1 law, which is limited by the phonon scattering. The results of this work will be critically important for designing the transport properties of the GaOSiC channel, significantly advancing the development of Ga2O3 power devices on high thermal conductivity substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of separation and sorting techniques, highly enriched semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have become widely accessible, which has led to the rapid growth of high-performance solution-processed SWNT-based thin-film field-effect transistors (TFTs) showing capabilities comparable to the ideal single-SWNT FETs. With such improvements, theoretical studies and detailed analyses of these networks have become necessary. In this work, a model justifying the near-ideal electrical transport in SWNT networks is presented. The field-dependent resistive properties of the networks are calculated using a numerical solver based on the derived individual resistances of SWNTs and the intertube couplings. The model is capable of simulating mixed SWNT networks consisting of both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes of varying chiralities. Our analysis reveals that the high electrical currents in networks could be largely attributed to the suppression of phonon scattering and strong intertube couplings in highly dense SWNT networks (>30–40 SWNTs μm2). Comparisons between the simulated and experimental results indicate good agreement thereby demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports that Hetero-interfacial-thermal resistance (HITR) due to phonon scattering and weak electron–phonon coupling at hetero-interfaces, can impact stacked Si gate-all-around (GAA) nanosheet field effect transistor (NSHFET) self-heating effect (SHE) and reliability. We have investigated the HITR of Si/SiO2 and Si/metal-silicides on SHE of vertically stacked Si GAA NSHFET. Our simulation predictions reveal that a very noticeable effect of the HITR of Si/M0 at front end of line (FEOL) and back end of line (BEOL) interface (FEOL/BEOL) is that the hot-spot location is shifted into the channel away from drain depletion region, which affects the device SHE and degrades device performance. The impact of nanosheet width (WNSH) and sheets stacking number (N) on device SHE and drive current degradation with and without HITR effect are also studied. It is revealed that wider nanosheets with lower HITR can be a better device design choice for heat mitigation in high performance logic transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an analytical thermal conductivity model for confined nanochannel in gate-all-around silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (GAA SiNW FETs) is developed by considering the limitations caused by the cross section and length. A geometry dependence of phonon mean free path (MFP) is established for quantitatively analyzing the influence of cross-sectional dimension. Furthermore, the length-induced degradation mechanism is revealed by employing the transverse transportation phonon effective MFP. The results calculated by the model which was verified by published data indicate that the thermal conductivity of confined nanochannel in the GAA SiNW FETs is suffering from a severe degradation compared to that of ultrathin silicon in fully depleted (FD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs. In addition to the suppression caused by the cross-sectional boundaries, the impact of the channel length should be taken into consideration during the modeling of thermal conductivity for accurately evaluating the self-heating effects (SHEs) in GAA SiNW FETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of an n-type monolayer MoS2 piezoelectric field-effect transistor (PZFET) based on a realistic model that includes scattering by intrinsic phonons, remote phonons, and charged impurities. By employing the density-functional theory (DFT), first, we evaluated the effect of the uniaxial compressive out-of-plane strain on the band structure and carrier’s effective masses of a MoS2 monolayer. Thereafter, by solving the linearized Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), the carrier mobility, mean free path, and mean-free-time modulation under different vertical strains in the presence of various scattering mechanisms are computed. By the use of the computed properties, we assessed the characteristics of the PZFET, in which the vertical strain is induced in the monolayer MoS2 channel from the piezoelectric layer (π-layer). The results indicate that the studied PZFET in relation to both the ballistic and nonballistic transports is subthermionic [subthreshold swing (SS) smaller than 60 mV/decade] with a relatively large ION/IOFF ratio. The results based on the realistic model indicate that a monolayer MoS2 PZFET enables the scaling of the channel length and the supply voltage beyond the conventional field-effect transistors (FETs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show disordered materials such as amorphous silicon (a-Si), in spite of their low mobility, can efficiently amplify photocurrent via carrier multiplication process. Detectors with a thin (~40nm) a-Si multiplication layer has demonstrated single photon sensitivity at high speed under room temperature. It is believed that the abundance of bandtail states that cause low mobility of the amorphous materials actually contribute to the detector’s superior performance because carrier impact ionization involving these states, which can be modeled by donor-acceptor pairs (DAPs), relax the k-selection rule of the many-body carrier multiplication process. Our paper presents a theoretical framework to calculate the carrier multiplication process in a-Si or other disordered materials involving DAPs. Our analysis also establishes the relations between detector characteristics and key parameters such as the density of band tail states, layer thickness, and applied electric field. DAP assisted carrier multiplication rate is computed first. Carrier multiplication coefficients for electrons and holes under given applied field are then calculated using a trial distribution function that satisfies both the continuity equation and the energy balance equation. Our analysis shows that thinner a-Si gives rise to higher multiplication efficiency than thicker a-Si because of its higher carrier kinetic energy when the layer thickness is shorter than the length of energy relaxation by phonon scattering. Using the calculated carrier multiplication coefficients, voltage dependent gain of the device is computed and the results agree well with the measured results of a-Si cycling excitation process (CEP) detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have observed and analyzed the 1/ƒ1+α noise in transient leakage current through a metal–insulator–metal stacked high-k capacitor of TiN–ZrO2–TiO2–TiN. The ZrO2 and TiO2 films, formed by atomic layer deposition, are polycrystalline and show geometrical variety at interfaces (i.e., grain boundaries). Two types of transient leakage current are observed: 1) the monotonically decreasing component with power law dependence and 2) the uneven component having power law dependence. To analyze the uneven component in time domain, we assumed that the power law decay occurs due to a gradual change in the redistribution of electrons between interfaces of ZrO2–TiN and ZrO2–TiO2. The frequency-domain analysis shows that the 1/ƒ1+α noise comes from the transient leakage of direct tunneling and trap-assisted tunneling (α > 0). In particular, the noise in the uneven component, the random telegraph noise part ((α ~ 1), relates to local trap states in a grain boundary affected by phonon scattering. In addition, the analytical method we developed in this article shows an excellent agreement with various measurements of the transient gate leakage current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the extraction of the electron velocity as a function of gate bias from N-polar GaN deep recess high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) designed for mm-wave power amplification. Bias-dependent small-signal S-parameter measurements are used to obtain small-signal equivalent circuit parameters, which are applied to a transit delay model. The model accounts for fringing capacitance to arrive at an electron velocity associated with the transit of the physical gate length. A peak electron velocity of 1.4 × 107 cm/s was obtained at a drain current of 700 mA/mm corresponding to a channel charge density of 0.3 × 1013 cm−2. At higher current, the velocity slowly decreased with the electron velocity crossing below 107 cm/s at 1.8 A/mm. This behavior was found to be in good agreement with a previously proposed model based on optical phonon scattering at the source injection point. An analysis of the delay components is used to provide guidance for the factors influencing the device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past couple of years, GaN-based vertical FETs have been explored to complement their potential logic applicability along with its well-known advantages in high-power and RF applications. In this article, the performances of short-channel gate-all-around (GAA) GaN vertical nanowire MOSFETs, fabricated for a possible low-voltage logic application, have been investigated via simulation, assuming the multilevel trapping effects at the gate interface and the self-heating effects. The simulation results reveal that shallow traps at the interface increase the OFF-state current, the subthreshold swing, and the drain-induced barrier lowering, while deep traps at the interface lower the ON-state current and cause the threshold voltage instability. When the gate voltage is higher than the flat-band voltage of the nanowire channel in the saturation region of operation, the mobility degradation, related to the self-heating, becomes significant due to the increased incorporation of the optical phonon scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we performed gated four-probe measurements on amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) to extract their intrinsic mobility and contact resistance as functions of gate voltage and temperature. The abnormal degradation of field-effect mobility was observed in a-IGZO TFTs both at high gate voltage and at high temperature. Results showed that contact resistance played a major role in mobility degradation at high gate bias, whereas band-like transport (phonon scattering) accounts for mobility degeneration at high temperature. We proposed a novel method, which exposed the contact regions to ultraviolet (UV) ozone. The mobility was boosted from 23 to 30 cm2/Vs, nearly 40% increment at high gate bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose two different designs of p-type piezoelectric (PE) FinFETs (PE-FinFETs) covering low-power (LP) and high-performance (HP) operation modes. LP mode PE-FinFETs achieve a lower OFF-current (${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$) and HP mode PE-FinFETs result in a larger ON-current (${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$). These two different modes are achieved by simply changing the outer PE-gates bias. The advanced nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approach self-consistent with six-band ${k}\cdot {p}$ method including phonon scattering is used to investigate the device performance. The gate voltage-controlled strain is analytically derived from the principle of PE effect. The HP and LP PE-FinFETs are studied, respectively, and the impacts of channel material, device orientation, and phonon scattering on both HP and LP PE-FinFETs are comprehensively investigated. The simulation results show that Ge is superior to Si for both LP and HP PE-FinFETs. With a supply voltage of 0.5 V, ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ of Ge LP mode PE-FinFETs is reduced by 18 times, and Ge HP mode PE-FinFETs obtain 50% ON-current enhancement. ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ (${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$) is unchanged for LP (HP) mode PE-FinFETs. Phonon scattering not only causes a large ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ degradation but also changes the optimal device orientation for both Si and Ge HP mode PE-FinFETs compared to their counterparts without phonon scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of electron–phonon scattering on the negative differential resistance of graphene nanoribbon p-n junctions is investigated. The results show that the optical phonon scattering, due to inelasticity, significantly increases the valley current such that the peak-to-valley ratio decreases several orders of magnitude compared to ballistic approximation. It also shifts up the valley voltage. The former effect manifests itself more in structures with a smaller band gap and better ballistic characteristics. We show that it remains remarkable in different lengths of the transition region and severely affects the performance of the device. The results also show that phonon scattering plays a significant role even in ultrascaled nanodevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the noncoherent transport due to electron–phonon (e-ph) interaction in graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistors (GNRFETs) using nonequilibrium Green’s function method in mode space. Phonon dispersion calculations in conjunction with the e-ph interaction computations show that in an armchair GNR, only a small number of phonon modes are coupled to the carriers. Our simulation shows that under a threshold gate voltage, the drain–source current is diminished by the low-energy phonons such as acoustic phonon modes and radial-breathing-like phonon modes, while at great biases of the gate, the current drop is essentially due to high-energy optical phonon modes. The effect of drain voltage on scattering process is discussed, which shows that at higher drain voltages, the ballisticity decreases. We also explore the phonon scattering dependence on the dimensions of GNRFET channel. In larger width ribbon, the impact of phonon scattering decreases. The channel with a length of 30 nm is ballistic up to 90%, and only when its length is increased to approximately 180 nm, transport becomes semiballistic, which infers to an effective mean free path of ~200 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, 3-D GaN-based transistors have been intensively studied for their dramatically improved performance. However, thermal analysis of such devices is often oversimplified using the conventional Fourier's law in thermal simulations. In this aspect, accurate temperature predictions can be achieved by coupled phonon and electron Monte Carlo (MC) simulations that track the movement and scattering of individual phonons and electrons. Based on these MC simulations for the transistor region and the Fourier's law analysis for the rest of the chip, accurate electrothermal simulations are carried out on a nanowire-based GaN transistor to reveal the temperature rise in such devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nonballistic analytical model for the intrinsic channel region of MOSFET-like single-walled carbon-nanotube FETs (CNTFETs) with ohmic contacts has been developed which overcomes the limitations of existing models and extends their applicability toward high bias voltages needed for analog applications. The new model comprises an improved description of the electron–phonon scattering mechanism, considering the accumulation of electrons at the bottom of conduction subband due to back scattering by optical phonons. The model has been justified by a Boltzmann transport equation solver. The simulation results are found to be in agreement with the experimental data for highly doped CNTFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we report, for the first time, that surface roughness scattering is not necessarily the dominant scattering mechanism in the high-normal-field region of Ge nMOSFETs. This statement is quite different from the well-recognized situation in Si MOSFETs. In Ge(100), phonon scattering is dominant in the high-field region. Thus, it is difficult to increase the high-normal-field mobility in Ge(100) nMOSFETs by controlling the interface roughness. In contrast, because Ge(111) and Ge(110) are free of intervalley phonon scattering, the high-field mobility in Ge(111) and Ge(110) nMOSFETs could be enhanced by the Ge interface engineering. Furthermore, different from that in Si nMOSFETs, mobility limited by surface roughness scattering in Ge nMOSFETs shows a strong temperature dependence due to the valley occupancy change of electrons. The results in this paper should facilitate efforts to increase the high-normal-field mobility in Ge nMOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron transport in Si double-gate junctionless transistors (JLTs) is simulated on the basis of the multisubband Monte Carlo method, considering acoustic phonons, intervalley phonons, ionized impurities (IIs), and surface roughness (SR) scattering. It is demonstrated that JLTs can actually minimize the mobility degradation caused by SR scattering and improve the current drivability. On the other hand, II scattering is confirmed to degrade the current drivability compared with conventional MOSFETs with an intrinsic channel. However, the performance degradation in JLTs due to II scattering is shown to be insignificant, owing to the screening effect of free carriers and the forward scattering properties of high-speed carriers. Furthermore, by extracting a backscattering coefficient, the screening effect and the forward scattering properties are shown to more mitigate II scattering as the gate voltage increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole mobility in strained ultrathin body InSb-on-insulator (InSb-OI) devices is calculated by a microscopic approach. The anisotropic valence band structures, in consideration of quantum confinement, are obtained via solving the six-band $k\cdot p$ Schrödinger and Poisson equations self-consistently. Hole mobility is calculated using the Kubo–Greenwood formula accounting for nonpolar acoustic and optical phonons, polar optical phonons, and surface roughness scatterings. The models are calibrated and verified with experimental data. The influences of body thickness and strain effect, including both biaxial and uniaxial strains, are investigated in InSb-OI devices. Our results indicate that mobility degradation occurs in both single-gate (SG) and double-gate (DG) mode when body thickness scales down below a certain range. Moreover, mobility in the DG mode outperforms that in the SG for thick body thickness, but loses its superiority over SG for extremely thin body. Compressive strain is favorable to hole mobility. Furthermore, more enhancement is achieved by uniaxial strain than biaxial strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of dipoles into a polymer can enhance dipole-induced scattering which tends to "cool" hot electrons and thereby inhibits runaway of hot electrons. A theoretical analysis of electron scattering by dipoles and phonons is presented which provides the basis for explaining temperature dependence of breakdown field on the basis of the dominant scattering process as a function of temperature. By performing electron mobility calculation in non-polar and polar polymers, a quantitative correlation between chemical composition and intrinsic breakdown strength can be established. Calculation of dipole scattering limited electron mobility can be used to assess the effect of dipole scattering on the intrinsic breakdown field of polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An empirical model for the effective electron mobility in silicon nanowires (SiNWs) is presented. The model is based on published mobility data from numerical simulations of electron transport in SiNWs with different cross sections. Both phonon scattering and surface roughness scattering as well as the impact of the effective vertical field are considered. A comparison with a variety of experimental mobility data from the literature shows that the model can be treated as a reference for benchmarking different NW technologies. The effective field dependence is modeled by a simple expression making our mobility model very efficient for the use in numerical device simulators or in analytical MOSFET models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates electrothermal aspects of high-k material as well as silicon-on-insulator (SoI) technology in the nanoscale nMOSFET by the numerical simulation of dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat conduction model under the effect of self-heating phenomenon. Three types of MOS devices including bulk, SoI, and high-k MOSFETs are considered. All of the electrothermal parameters are considered temperature-dependent, and three solution schemes including drift-diffusion (DD), hydrodynamic models, and the Monte Carlo method are compared. Consequently, the DPL-DD model is detected suitable to model the device with 100-nm gate length and \({\rm Kn}=3\) . The reason lies in low computational cost and high ability of the DPL–DD model to combine the advantages of the DPL-based thermal equation with the semiconductor equations to model the nanoscale phonon transport in the transistor. The temperature-jump boundary condition is applied on all boundaries to consider the boundary phonon scattering phenomenon. The output characteristics along with the temperature field are presented, and the effect of using high-k material on the electrothermal behavior of the transistor has been investigated. It is found that by changing the high-k gate dielectric material, the hotspot temperature decreases, and consequently, the thermal performance of the device increases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The phonon-limited electron mobility in rectangular cross-sectional germanium (Ge) nanowires (NWs) with various orientations was theoretically investigated. The electronic states were calculated by a tight-binding model and the phononic states were calculated by a valence force field model. Then, transition probability was calculated by Fermi's golden rule, and Boltzmann's transport equation was solved for calculating low-field mobility. The electron mobility of Ge NWs strongly depends on the wire orientations and cross-sectional shapes, and this dependence can be explained by the conduction band structure of Ge NWs. Among several geometries investigated in this paper, $[110]$ -oriented NWs with wider width along [001]$ showed the highest electron mobility at low carrier concentration, and [112]$ NWs with wider width along showed the highest electron mobility at high carrier concentration. This result indicates that these kinds of Ge NWs are suitable as n-channel material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the analog/RF intrinsic performance of graphene FETs (GFETs) through a semiclassical transport model, including local and remote phonon scattering as well as band-to-band tunneling generation and recombination, validated by comparison with full quantum results over a wide range of bias voltages. We found that scaling is expected to improve the fT , and that scattering plays a role in reducing both the fT and the transconductance also in sub-100-nm GFETs. Moreover, we observed a strong degradation of the device performance due to the series resistances and source/drain to channel underlaps. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ultimate scaling limit of double-gate molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors (FETs) with a monolayer thin body is examined and compared with ultrathin-body Si FETs by self-consistent quantum transport simulation in the presence of phonon scattering. Modeling of phonon scattering, quantum mechanical effects, and self-consistent electrostatics allows us to accurately assess the performance potential of monolayer MoS{2} FETs. The results revealed that monolayer MoS{2} FETs show 52% smaller drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and 13% smaller subthreshold swing (SS) than 3-nm-thick-body Si FETs at a channel length of 10 nm with the same gating. With a requirement of DIBL <100~mV/V, the scaling limit of monolayer MoS{2} FETs is assessed to be 8 nm, comparing with 10 nm of the ultrathin-body Si counterparts due to the monolayer thin body and higher effective mass, which reduces direct source-to-drain tunneling. By comparing with the international technology roadmap for semiconductor (ITRS) target for high performance logic devices of 2023; double-gate monolayer MoS{2} FETs can fulfill the ITRS requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, compact models of spin-relaxation lengths (SRLs) in copper and aluminum interconnects by incorporating contributions to spin relaxation from phonon-induced and defect-induced scatterings are developed. The proposed models have been exhaustively calibrated with experimental data from mesoscopic lateral spin valves. The compact models are used to predict the SRL in ultrascaled copper and aluminum interconnects with cross-sectional dimensions of only few hundreds of nm^2. Even though the SRL in bulk copper can be as large as 400 nm, it is predicted that SRL can become sub-100 nm for a 7.5-nm-wide channel in the presence of nominal size effects. It is found that the SRL in aluminum is more than that in copper for the same size effects and interconnect cross-sectional dimensions. The degradation in SRL in aluminum with size effects is slower than that in copper. Using the compact models for SRL in conjunction with spin-diffusion theory, spin injection and transport efficiency (SITE) for metallic interconnects in a conventional spin-valve configuration is quantified in the presence of phonon and defect scatterings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we study the spin relaxation in bilayer armchair graphene nanoribbons (acGNRs) by employing the semiclassical Monte Carlo approach. D'yakonov–Perel relaxation due to structural inversion asymmetry (Rashba spin–orbit coupling) and Elliott–Yafet relaxation cause spin dephasing in bilayer GNRs. We investigate the spin relaxation in bilayer \alpha-, \beta-, and \gamma-acGNRs with varying their width and the temperature. We consider injection polarization along the z-direction, which is perpendicular to the plane of grapheme, and study the magnitude of ensemble-averaged spin variation along the x-direction which is the transport direction. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no Monte Carlo simulation performed on spin transport in acGNRs. We investigate the role of various scattering events in spin relaxation in bilayer acGNRs. We find that the spin relaxation length in the \alpha-acGNR is 6.5% higher than in \beta-acGNR and 10.8% higher than in \gamma-acGNR at 300 K. We also report the results of the variation of spin relaxation length with varying temperatures. We find that the spin relaxation length decreases by 9% in \alpha-acGNR, by 10.5% in \beta-acGNR, and 11% in \gamma-ac GNR at 300 K compared to 4 K. The decrease in spin relaxation length at the higher temperature is due to the increase in phonon and spin-flip scattering rates at the higher temperature. This theoretical investigation is particularly important to identify the factors responsible for the experimentally observed spin relaxation length in GNRs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper extends the analysis of the companion paper by presenting a comparative analysis of the impact of interface traps on the I-V characteristics of InAs nanowire tunnel FETs or MOSFETs with a spatially random distribution of traps. The physical mechanisms behind the effects of traps in either tunnel FETs or MOSFETs are compared and, furthermore, traps are also investigated as a possible source of device variability. Our results show that, in MOSFETs, an aggressive oxide thickness scaling can effectively counteract the degradation of the subthreshold slope (SS) possibly produced by interface traps. Tunnel FETs are instead more vulnerable to traps, which are probably the main hindrance to the experimental realization of tunnel FETs with an SS better than 60 mV/decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper and the companion work present a full quantum study of the influence of interface traps on the I-V characteristics of InAs nanowire Tunnel-field effect transistors (FETs) and MOSFETs. To this purpose, we introduced a description of interface traps in a simulator based on non equilibrium Green's function formalism, employing an 8\,\times\,8 \bf k\cdot\bf p Hamiltonian and accounting for phonon-scattering. In our model, traps can affect the I-V curves of the transistors both by modifying the device electrostatics and by directly participating the carrier transport. This paper investigates the impact of single trap on the I-V characteristics of Tunnel-FETs by varying the trap energy level, its volume and position, as well as the working temperature. Our 3-D self-consistent simulations show that: 1) even a single trap can deteriorate the inverse subthreshold slope of a nanowire InAs Tunnel-FET; 2) shallow traps have the largest impact on subthreshold slopes; and 3) the inelastic phonon-assisted tunneling through interface traps results in a temperature dependence of the otherwise temperature-independent Tunnel-FETs I-V characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of self-heating on graphene transistor characteristics are examined by self-consistently solving the coupled nonequilibrium Green's function transport equation with the thermal transport equation. The results indicate that the substrate and gate insulator have significant effects on the temperature rise, decrease of on-current, and lowering of transconductance through surface polar phonon scattering, which causes self-heating effects. For graphene transistors with the channel length of a few hundred nanometers, the temperature rise of about 110 K and on-current lowering of about 17% are predicted because of self-heating. This indicates the importance of a coupled electro–thermal simulation for predicting graphene device characteristics and of thermal engineering on device performance. The dependence of the self-heating effects on the transistor channel length and phonon energy are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the performances of (001) and (110) oriented gate-all-around silicon nanowire (Si NW) transistors within a nonequilibrium Green's functions framework, taking surface roughness and phonon scatterings into account. We show, in agreement with previous studies, that uniaxial tensile (respectively, compressive) strains can significantly improve the mobility of electrons (respectively, holes) in the channel. This does not, however, necessarily result in a comparable enhancement of the device performances. Indeed, the current in short channels is limited by both the scattering and the number of sub-bands available for carrier transport in quantum confined systems (intrinsic “ballistic” resistance). The dependence of the mobility and ballistic resistance on strains can be different, which calls for a careful design of the devices. We show, in this respect, that (110) Si NWs provide the best opportunities for strain engineering in ultimate short channel transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HEMT performance critically depends on contact resistance, particularly in cryogenic applications, where the semiconductor resistance contributions are reduced, thanks to lower optical phonon scattering rates. The literature offers little about the temperature dependence of contact resistances in HEMTs. We report a temperature-dependent comparison of the annealed and nonannealed ohmic contacts for low-noise InP HEMTs. Contact resistances of annealed Ge/Au/Ni/Au and nonannealed Ti/Pt/Au ohmic contacts were characterized as a function of temperature between 5 and 350 K. Side-by-side comparison exposes the differences of nonannealed versus annealed structures with respect to the contact and sheet resistance. Whereas both contact types show equivalent performances at cryogenic temperatures for recessed cap structures reminiscent of practical HEMTs, our annealed contacts display a significant increase in contact resistance with increasing temperature, in marked contrast to the near temperature independence found in our nonannealed contacts. The finding is of importance since the source resistance directly enters the transistor minimum noise figure F\min in field-effect transistors. Additional contributions to the parasitic sheet resistance of ohmic, overlay, and electroplated interconnect metals are also characterized as a function of temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the electrical performance improvements induced by appropriate strain conditions in n-type InAs nanowire tunnel FETs in the context of a systematic comparison with strained silicon MOSFETs. To this purpose, we exploited a 3-D simulator based on an eight-band \bf k \cdot \bf p Hamiltonian within the nonequilibrium Green function formalism. Our model accounts for arbitrary crystal orientations and describes the strain implicitly by a modification of the band structure. The effect of acoustic- and optical-phonon scattering is also accounted for in the self-consistent Born approximation. Our results show that appropriate strain conditions in n-type InAs tunnel FETs induce a remarkable enhancement of Ion with a small degradation of the subthreshold slope, as well as large improvements in the Ioff versus Ion tradeoff for low Ioff and VDD values. Hence, an important widening of the range of Ioff and VDD values where tunnel FETs can compete with strained silicon MOSFETs is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonon-limited mobilities of electrons and holes in Si nanowires (NWs) with \langle \001\rangle, \langle \110\rangle, and \langle \111\rangle orientations are calculated in a fully atomistic framework for diameters up to 10 nm. Electron–phonon scattering rates are computed with an sp^3d^5s^\ast tight-binding model for electrons and a valence-force field model for phonons. The Boltzmann equation is then solved exactly for the low-field mobility. Compared to bulk Si, the electron mobilities are strongly reduced, but the hole mobilities can be enhanced in \langle \111\rangle and \langle \110\rangle NWs with diameters around 3.5 nm. The mobility, however, rapidly decreases with carrier concentration > \10^19\ \cm^-3. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We have investigated the main scattering mechanisms affecting the mobility in graphene nanoribbons using detailed atomistic simulations. We have considered carrier scattering due to acoustic and optical phonons, edge roughness, single defects, and ionized impurities, and we have defined a methodology based on simulations of statistically meaningful ensembles of nanoribbon segments. Edge disorder heavily affects the mobility at room temperature in narrower nanoribbons, whereas charged impurities and phonons are hardly the limiting factors. Results are favorably compared with the few experiments available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we review and extend recent work on the effect of random discrete dopants on the statistical variability in gate-all-around silicon nanowire transistors. The electron transport is described using the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism. Full 3-D real-space and coupled-mode-space representations are used. Two different cross sections (i.e., \2.2 \times \2.2 and \4.2 \times \4.2\ \nm^2) and two different channel lengths (i.e., 6 and 12 nm) have been considered. The resistivity associated with discrete dopants can be estimated from the averaged current–voltage characteristics. The threshold-voltage variability and the subthreshold-slope variability are reduced greatly in the transistors with longer channel length. Both are smaller at equivalent channel lengths in the \2.2 \times \2.2\ \nm^2 device due to better electrostatic integrity. At the same time, the on-state-current variability associated with the varying resistance of the access regions is virtually independent of the channel length. However, it is reduced greatly in the \4.2 \times \4.2\ \nm^2 transistor due to a fourfold increase in the number of dopants in the access regions and corresponding self-averaging effects. Finally, we present results for the smallest transistor combining two sources of variability (i.e., discrete random dopants and surface roughness) and phonon scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We study the effect of surface roughness (SR) at the \Si/SiO2 interfaces on transport properties of quasi 1-D and 2-D silicon nanodevices by comparing the electrical performances of nanowire (NW) and double-gate (DG) field-effect transistors. We address a full-quantum analysis based on the 3-D self-consistent solution of the Poisson–Schrödinger equation within the coupled mode-space nonequilibrium Green function (NEGF) formalism. The influence of SR scattering is also compared with phonon (PH) scattering addressed in the self-consistent Born approximation. We analyze transfer characteristics, current spectra, density of states, and low-field mobility of devices with different lateral size, showing that the dimensionality of the quasi 1-D and 2-D structures induces significant differences only for thin silicon thicknesses. Thin NWs are found more sensitive to the SR-induced variability of the threshold voltage with respect to the DG planar transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A comprehensive study, which is presented in two parts, is performed to assess the radio-frequency (RF) performance potential of array-based carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs). In Part I, which is presented in this paper, the time-dependent Boltzmann transport equation is solved self-consistently with the Poisson equation to study the impact of nanotube phonon scattering on different aspects of intrinsic (single-tube, contact-independent) CNFET operation, including the attainable drive current and transconductance per tube, the intrinsic cutoff frequency, the intrinsic y-parameters, and the small-signal equivalent circuit for the intrinsic transistor. These intrinsic results are used to assess the tube-to-tube distance (pitch) that would be required in a multitube array-based structure to meet the drive current and transconductance requirements of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors for the year 2015, which we use as a benchmark for CNFET technology going forward. In Part II of our paper, we elaborate on the results of Part I by adding the effects of extrinsic (contact-dependent) parasitics, thus providing an overall performance assessment of array-based structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum confinement in nanoscale MOSFETs based on silicon-on-insulator FinFET architecture will affect the effectiveness of strain engineering. This is because energy valley splitting due to quantum confinement may weaken the strain effect. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon by an in-house quantum transport simulator, Schrödinger equation Monte Carlo in three dimensions, which can provide the quantum transport simulation of nanoscale 3-D MOSFET geometries such FinFETs, as well as take various scattering processes into account. Our simulation results indicate that the strain effect is more significant for devices with a \langle\110\rangle channel orientation than those with a \langle\100\rangle channel orientation. In addition, we also found that the strain effect is more notable when the scattering effect is considered in the quantum transport simulation. This result indicates that the scattering of hot carriers still plays a role in the carrier transport and, thus, the drain current of the nanoscale MOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance prediction of double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) array-built field-effect transistors (DWCNTFETs) is performed theoretically. The charge densities and surface potentials of double walls are solved in a self-consistent manner with the effects of wall screening among the DWCNT array treated appropriately. Some comparisons are made between our method and the nonequilibrium Green's function approach, with good agreement obtained. The influences of phonon scattering, doping resistances, Schottky barrier resistances, screening effects, and parasitic capacitances on DWCNTFET performance are examined in detail for different array geometries. It is found that, although its intrinsic channel part has no speed advantage over the single-walled counterpart, the overall speed performance can be better with low array densities and large diameters of the DWCNTs. The delay and cutoff frequency of the DWCNTFET can be decreased by 15% and increased by 30%, respectively. In particular, its better on current property can be utilized in the design of nanodevices with high-power-handling capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) have gained a great deal of interest recently due to their potential to reduce power dissipation in integrated circuits. One major challenge for TFETs so far has been to achieve high drive currents, which is a prerequisite for high-performance operation. In this paper, we explore the performance potential of a 1-D TFET with a broken-gap heterojunction source injector using dissipative quantum transport simulations based on the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, as well as the carbon nanotube band structure as the model 1-D material system. We provide detailed insights into broken-gap TFET (BG-TFET) operation and show that it can, indeed, produce less than 60 mV/dec subthreshold swing at room temperature, even in the presence of electron–phonon scattering. The 1-D geometry is recognized to be uniquely favorable due to its superior electrostatic control, reduced carrier thermalization rate, and beneficial quantum confinement effects that reduce the off-state leakage below the thermionic limit. Because of higher source injection compared to staggered-gap and homojunction geometries, BG-TFET delivers superior performance that is comparable to MOSFET's. BG-TFET even exceeds the MOSFET performance at lower supply voltages (VDD), showing promise for low-power/high-performance applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we have introduced an efficient analytic approach to study the effects of optical phonon scattering loss on the characteristics of avalanche photodiode (APDs) with multiplication regions as narrow as 25 nm. To do so, we have considered the energy loss caused by collision between carriers and optical phonons. We have also considered the effects of the carrier's dead space and its previous ionization history to develop a new compact model for predicting multiplication gains as well as breakdown conditions in APDs valid for a vast range of temperature. These predicted values can be used to extract carriers' impact ionization coefficients and ionization threshold energies. As an example, we have used our model to predict and extract the aforementioned characteristics and parameters for Al0.6Ga0.4As-APDs operating at temperatures over the range of 13 K ⩽ T ⩽ 290 K. Comparison of these results with experimental data available in literature has demonstrated the capability of the new developed model as a powerful tool for simulating APDs' behavior and interpreting their experimentally measured characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]