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In NLP, the challenging and crucial task is Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Many Natural Languages have many ambiguous words with more than one sense. Depending on the context the sense of the ambiguous word is identified, this process is termed as word sense disambiguation (WSD). WSD algorithms are classified as context dependent and context independent algorithms. This article discusses about context dependent algorithms QEWTSS and QEGBCPR and their performances are compared using the evaluation metrics such as Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) and Mean Average Precision (MAP) metrics. The data set used is Lexical Knowledge Base (LKB), which is developed from training data and is used for evaluation process.

This paper deals with the study of dimple type RF MEMS capacitive shunt switch using different meandering techniques for high isolation and low actuation voltage. The novelty of the proposed RF MEMS switch is it incorporates the meanders and dimples, which help to reduce the actuation voltage. The proposed switch structure is optimized, designed, and simulated with FEM analysis such as electromechanical and electromagnetic by using COMSOL and HFSS tools respectively. The best performance of the switch is observed by varying different parameters such as beam material, beam thickness, dielectric thickness, and airgap. The proposed switch with different meandering techniques attains the pull-in voltage in the range of 10.3-46 V, particularly the three uniform meander technique has low actuation voltage of 10.3 V. The RF performance of the device is particularly tuned in the range of 26.5-40 GHz frequency range and it is analyzed for all types of meanders. Among them, the non-uniform single meander has attained the best isolation of -54.13 dB at 40 GHz in the off state. The insertion and return losses of the device are -0.514 dB and -17.35 dB over 1-40 GHz frequency in on state.

Movable suspended microstructures are common features of sensors and devices in the field of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). This paper addresses the study of approach to model the capacitance for the crab-type meander-based RF MEMS shunt switch with etching holes on the beam. The presented paper evaluates the parallel-plate capacitance and fringing-field capacitance caused by the etching holes on the beam and introduces empirical formulae. From the literature study, an accurate empirical formula is presented. The capacitance involves a parallel plate and a fringing field. The parallel-plate capacitance term is proposed by the authors of this work; the fringing-field capacitance term is adopted from previous work. The proposed accurate empirical capacitance formulae are derived by curve fitting the simulated values through the commercially available FEM solver. The two existing benchmark models of fringing-field capacitance are used to modify the perforated MEMS switch to obtain the proposed formula. With the existing models and presented formula, the capacitances are computed for a wide range of dimensions; the simulated results of the presented formula are validated with the calculated results. The deviation of the presented formula has an error estimation of ±0.1%. The variation of the capacitance with different deictic thicknesses and errors is estimated and analyzed for the presented formula. The Mejis model is found to be satisfactory for a lower air gap and a 1-μm-thick beam. The Yang's model is sufficient for a higher air gap and a large number of etching holes. The proposed formulae are good for the ligament efficiency μ ≤ 0.5, with thickness >1 μm, and the deviation of error estimation is within ±5%.

In this paper, a novel temperature dependent analytical model of Pull-in Voltage and Switching Time of a Serpentine hinge based MEMS capacitive shunt switch is presented. The proposed model is a novel one and considers the beam perforation, fringing field as well as effect of stiffness simultaneously along with effect of temperature variations and hence is more compact than previously reported work. The model is utilized to analyze the effect of different parameters like actuation voltage, beam metal on contact time of the switch. The analytical results for both the parameters are validated by simulation results obtained from benchmark FEM tool CoventorWare and found to be in close agreement to each other.

In this paper, we have designed a novel step-down structure RF MEMS switch with low actuation voltage and high performance characteristics for K - band applications. A material for the beam and dielectric layer is chosen by the Ashby's methodology based on the key performance indices. The device has optimized by the parameters like Pull-In voltage, capacitance ratio and switching time. The stress distribution analysis and C - V characteristics ensures that the reliability of the switch. The switch is simulated using FEM tool to observe the electromechanical and electromagnetic performance characteristics. The proposed RF MEMS switch shows high isolation of −61dB is observed at 27 GHz during OFF state. During ON state, the switch exhibits a low insertion loss less than −1dB and low return loss of less than −10 dB in the K-band frequency range. The proposed switch structure is highly compatible to integrate with Antenna which is highly preferable technique to reconfigure antenna characteristics.

This paper presents the study of capacitance modeling of step structured non-uniform meander based capacitive RF MEMS shunt switch with etched holes on the beam. A new strategy of introducing perforation in the step structure beam minimizes the fringing field capacitance and enhances the switching speed. The switch is simulated using FEM tool for validation and the simulated results of upstate and down state capacitance is compared to the analytical results. Our outcomes reveal that proposed capacitance model defeats the existing models for satellite applications. The errors are estimated and analyzed by varying beam thickness and ligament efficiency. The proposed step structured switch having beam thickness of 1.5um with the minimal dielectric thickness results in high performance of the device with ligament efficiency of $\mu=0.38$ comparing with the benchmark models for capacitance modelling. The proposed analytical model shows extraordinary accomplishment for higher bridge thickness of 1.5μm with an estimation of 0.2-2% error. Two bench mark models of capacitance are calculated and validated against the proposed model.

In this paper, we have designed a Distributed MEMS Transmission line (DMTL) based Tunable Band Pass Filter. DMTL is a coplanar waveguide (CPW) periodically loaded with continuously-variable MEMS capacitors. We have proposed two types of switches i.e. fixed-fixed type and cantilever type which are designed by FEM Tool. We have optimized the RF MEMS Switches and each switch is simulated. Fixed-fixed switch has the Spring constant of 26.73 N/m, pull-in voltage of 15V, switching time of. 38ns, up and down state capacitances of 0.142 pf,4.05 pF, return losses is in the range of -.005 to −.035dB, and insertion losses is in the range of −11 to −24dB. Series cantilever switch has the spring constant of 6.42 N/m, pull-in voltage of 26V, switching time of 110μs, up and down state capacitances of. 02 fF,.24 pF, return losses is in the range of −.007 to −.011dB, and insertion losses in the range of −5 to −70dB. The electromagnetic simulation of the filter has been carried out with the help of HFSS without switch, the center frequency is obtained at 1GHz, and an insertion loss of nearly −5dB. When these switches are integrating with CPW transmission line to get tuning of both the center frequency and bandwidth, the filter operates at the UHF and L band (frequency range of. 1-3GHz). Within the tuning range the filter has the insertion loss of less than 5dB which is always required.

Defects on the rail surface may cause damage to both vehicle and the passengers who are travelling in the vehicle or to the goods in freight trains. So, predicting these defects at the earlier stage may prevent the rail surface from catastrophic failures. Defects in the rail surface are either due to some external factors or it may be because of the impact of the passing train. In this paper, an analytical study of rail surface defect prediction using three machine learning algorithms namely Neural Network, Decision Trees and Random Forest has been carried out in R. Here, the data is also pre-processed because under some speed levels the defects are not recorded. These three algorithms can learn from data provided and can make predictions with testing data by building a model from training data. The algorithm, which have the highest accuracy for a particular defect can be chosen for that defect prediction for other data. Defects are predicted to be at low defect or high defect.

A biosensor is a device that converts naturally occurring activity into measurable signal. Biosensors stands up for its special features such as miniaturization, easily usable, one-step reagent less analysis etc. that pave a separate way when compared to conventional biological sensing techniques. Most conventional MEMS and NEMS are designed for detecting and sensing. The working principle varies as per application, the nature of the analyte molecules, and the accuracy required. Sensing methods vary according to device such as piezo-resistance, capacitance, resonance etc. In this paper, we implement the structures using comsol software. This biosensor can detect Hepatitis viruses (HBV, HAV, HCV) by immobilizing specific antibodies on the sensing element of the sensor when the patient sample containing hepatitis viruses surface antibody (anti-HbsAg)is placed on the sensing part, Biochemical interactions take place between Hepatitis viruses antigens and the antibodies fixed on the surface of the sensing element. Due to this, beam structure changes so that disease can be detected.

Signal estimation and its performance has always remained a challenge for wireless communication society. New techniques were developed for channel diversity and spectrum utilization. In this paper a new estimation approach based on Kalman state stabilization is proposed min-max, to achieve the objective of higher performance in MIMO system, using time variant interference modeling. A generic approach for channel estimation for interference mitigation in MIMO communication system is proposed min-max. The suggestive analytical framework develops the correlation of fading channel over the space-frequency domain and non-stationary features of the channel interference to perform channel estimation for minimizing interference.

In this paper, we have proposed a novel structure in Micro Level to detect Parkinson's Disease at early stage. We have designed the proposed structure using FEM tool i.e Comsol Multi-Physics by utilizing capacitive actuation technique. The Simulations are done on capacitive based micro structure by changing the proof mass of the material. It is observed that PTFE material of the proof mass with silicon legs by giving specific dimensions are showing best optimized results. This results shows high sensitivity, high reliability and cost effectiveness of the proposed PD Sensor.

This paper mainly discuss the aspects in the design and simulation of rectangular cantilever and circular disk micro strip transmission line based capacitive RF MEMS switches. In both the designs the structure is placed on a silicon dioxide (SiO2) dielectric material with dielectric constant of 4.5 and the thickness of 1μm. Here an analysis is done by taking different metals (Al, Au, Cr, Cu, Pd, PT, Ti, W) of thickness 1μm as structural material and observed the deformation, capacitance variations, and switching time. It is good for aluminum metal as a Micro-strip material. And compared to circular disk structure, rectangular cantilever is giving good performance of better displacement of 0.9μm and capacitance variation of 0pF–5.5pF for the actuation voltage of 2.55 V. This paper extended the analysis by extracting the lumped circuit for the microstip transmission line based RF MEMS Switch, after doing the lumped analysis, it is proved that aluminum based cantilever structure exhibiting negligible losses of 0.1dB.

Selectivity, accuracy and fast response are the challenges in current sensors; there is a huge requirement of more simplified designs. In this paper, we have designed and simulated MEMS based bio sensor for detecting Tuberculosis (TB) using FEM tool. Comparing with conventional techniques, the proposed design is more robust, reliable, price effective, very fast and highly sensitive. Two types of actuation techniques are analyzed and capacitive technique gives precise results.

In this paper, we studied the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system performance with N antenna users and streams can be multiplexed per each user. The spectral efficiency (SE) of uplink and downlink expressions is derived for any N antenna users and these achievable using estimated channels and per user basis minimum mean squared error successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) detector. This MMSE-SIC analysis shows similar to asymptotic SE of linear MMSE detectors indicating that the SE increases from having multi antenna users can be harvested using linear detectors. We also generalize the power scaling laws for massive MIMO and handling arbitrary N antenna users and show that that one can reduce the multiplication of the pilot power and payload power as 1/M where M is the number of BS antennas, and still notably increase the SE with M before reaching a non-zero asymptotic limit. Simulations show that SE increase with N antenna users, also note that the same improvement can be achieved by serving N times more single-antenna users instead. Thus the additional user antennas are particular useful for SE improvements when there is few active users in the system.

Now–a-days teaching in classroom through traditional techniques like lecture and discussion makes the students as passive learners. To activate the minds of the students of various categories (slow, medium and fast learners) effective learning techniques are used in most of corporate educational institutions. The effective teaching and learning techniques in classroom transforms the students from passive learners to active learners. These techniques create more impact on medium and fast learners. This paper focuses on effective and active learning through various methods and presented the comparative analysis by conducting interviews among 200 selective students of all departments in a corporate college-Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering.

In this paper, voltage and power flow controlled parallel DC-DC boost converter is presented. Generally, a parallel converter system consists of a number of converters operating in parallel. The converters may be of DC-to-DC and DC-AC type depending on the nature (i.e. DC and/or AC) of the system. In this paper, the system considered is of DC type and the converters considered are two boost converters, connected to a given load. The two converters are operated in parallel to attain the possibilities: (a) one converter for voltage control and the other converter for power flow control, and (b) the two converters for power flow control. This has been demonstrated through simulation (results) in Matlab/Simulink.

The heat removal becomes a problem in modern VLSI circuits due to increased power dissipation. To limit the power dissipation adiabatic logic is the most widely used design technique than standard CMOS logic as it does not dissipate energy. Till now number of adiabatic logic families had been implemented using bulk CMOS. The leakage power in the scaled down bulk CMOS devices reduces the energy recovery efficiency of adiabatic logic circuits. The power dissipation of different adiabatic logic families with FinFET devices are compared using 4-bit adder. Due to lower leakage current, higher on-state current, and design flexibility of FinFETs, the adiabatic 4-bit adder implemented using FinFET gives up to 97% power reduction over bulk CMOS circuits.

This paper presents an optimal and secure communication of real time data over a CDMA based IP RAN network. In the process of data transmission, a new coding approach for security enhancement and quality improvement based on spectrum utilization and antenna coding is suggested. The traffic model is developed for image and audio data transmission over a wireless channel, having an interference of A WGN noise with fading effects. An optimal spectrum sensing approach for proper resource allocation is developed, and communicated using the secure WeP protocol. This approach is evaluated for different communication parameters and these are compared with those obtained using conventional modeling of CDMA system. The results obtained using the developed model shows an improvement in the quality of audio and video signals compared to conventional modeling.

This paper presents an integrated approach to resource utilization and security concern for wireless communication. In wireless communication, during the exchange of data, allocated spectrum and its utilization over a wireless channel plays an important role in providing efficient communication service in such network. In the need towards optimal resource utilization in wireless communication, a spectrum sensing and its utilization to higher resource optimization is suggested. The proposed communication system is evaluated over a wide variant of communication channel, and a security measure is provided to achieve the objective of secure and optimal coding in wireless communication.

This paper presents optimal generation scheduling for minimization of fuel consumption (FC) in a typical offshore support vessel with DC power system architecture employing four identical diesel generator (DG) sets. FC is analyzed for (i) equal load sharing among DGs in AC architecture, (ii) equal load sharing among DGs in DC architecture and (iii) optimal load sharing among DGs in DC architecture using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Due to the presence of non-linearity in Specific FC (SFC) curves of the diesel engines, the PSO algorithm is used. The SFC-vs-load relationship obtained from Brake SFC (BSFC) map of the diesel engines is characterized using a Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) interpolation. A solution to problem has been attained by comparing yearly fuel consumption in the three cases for the load profile of target vessel. This method can be applied to any vessel equipped with multiple generation units having DC power system architecture.

This paper presents optimal generation scheduling for minimization of fuel consumption (FC) in an offshore support vessel with a dynamic positioning system and diesel generator (DG) sets of 8000 kW total capacity. FC is analyzed for equal load sharing among equal capacity DGs, optimal load sharing among equal capacity DGs, and optimal load sharing among unequal capacity DGs. Due to nonlinear specific FC (SFC) curves of the diesel engines, a Genetic Algorithm is used for optimal load sharing. The SFC-vs-load relationship obtained from Brake SFC (BSFC) map of the diesel engines is characterized using a cubic spline interpolation. A solution to the problem is attained by comparing yearly fuel consumption in the three cases for the load profile of target vessel. This method can be applied to any vessel equipped with multiple generating units. A vessel with proper selection of DG capacities and closed bus-tie can achieve maximum fuel savings; however, when deciding the DG capacity and load scheduling, it is necessary to consider fuel consumption alongside concerns such as optimizing exhaust emissions after-treatment, ensuring adequate power availability for essential services, and scheduling engine maintenance.

This paper we evaluates the performance of multiuser multiple input and multiple outputs (MU-MIMO) detection schemes. MIMO transmissions schemes include transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing and MIMO detection schemes such as zero forcing and soft spheres decoding (SSD). The performance metrics considered are throughput and bit error rate (BER) and these are used to evaluate the performance of LTE in flat fading and International Telecommunications Union B (ITU-B) Pedestrian channel with zero forcing and soft sphere decoding for Single Input Single Output (SISO), transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing. The simulations show that the performance of MIMO is better than SISO in both channel models particularly when SSD is employed. When high order modulation is utilized, performance in the flat-fading channel model is better than ITU pedestrian B channel at low SNR regions.

Random probability estimation is one of the computational intensive factors in Monte Carlo simulation. This paper presents the parallel implementation of random probability estimation for a Monte Carlo simulation. Parallel prefix computation is used to accelerate the speedup of parallel formulation of random probability estimation. The proposed work is implemented using C++ AMP (Accelerated Massive Parallelism) programming language and tested on General Purpose computation on Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU). The experimental result shows that the average speedup achieved on GPU-based implementation is 29.61% when compared to sequential implementation of random probability estimation. The performance of the proposed work is also evaluated and compared with actual American option pricing values.

The image processing applications involve huge amount of computational complexity as the operations are carried out on each pixel of the image. The General Purpose computations that are data independent can run on Graphics Processing Units (GPU) to enable speedup in running time due to high level of parallelism. Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and Open Computing Language (OpenCL) programming environments are well known parallel programming languages for GPU-based Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architectures. This paper presents parallel implementation of Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm for Image Restoration on GPU using OpenCL parallel programming environment. The experimental results shows that, GPU-based implementation improves the running time of BP for image restoration when compared to sequential implmentation of BP. The best and average running time of BP algorithm on GPUs with 14 multiprocessors (48 cores) is 0.81ms and 1.46ms when tested on various benchmark images with CIF and VGA resolution.

As technology scales into the nanometer regime ground bounce noise and noise immunity are becoming important metric of comparable importance to leakage current, active power, delay and area for the analysis and design of complex arithmetic logic circuits. In this paper, low leakage 1bit full adder cells are proposed for mobile applications with low ground bounce noise and a novel technique has been introduced with improved staggered phase damping technique for further reduction in the peak of ground bounce noise. Noise immunity has been carefully considered since the significant threshold current of the low threshold voltage transition becomes more susceptible to noise. We introduced a new transistor resizing approach for 1bit full adder cells to determine the optimal sleep transistor size which reduce the leakage power and ground bounce noise. The simulation results depicts that the proposed design also leads to efficient 1bit full adder cells in terms of standby leakage power, active power, ground bounce noise and noise margin. We have performed simulations using Cadence Spectre 90nm standard CMOS technology at room temperature with supply voltage of 1V.

Ubiquitous network connectivity and Mobile communications have recently attracted many researchers. While implementing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) its major problem security is widely addressed, but various challenges still persist such as the different kinds of misbehavior of node may be exhibits, detection of routing misbehavior and collusion of misbehaving nodes has not been adequately addressed yet. One such solution to overcome selfishly behaving nodes in wireless network is to detect and exclude them .There are several secure routing protocols to detect routing misbehavior in the direct neighborhood. In this paper, we presented an improved version of Leak detector mechanism and iterative probing mechanism to detect colluding malicious nodes, manipulations of route in wireless multi hop networks. Leak detector enables the calculation of the packet-loss ratio for the individual nodes. Iterative probing enables reliable detection of selfish nodes that drop packets in a MANET. Our Simulation results of these mechanisms shows that they are highly adaptable, reliable and most effective way to identify any selfish behaviors, routing and collusion of misbehaving nodes.

The objective of the paper is to reduce the losses and improve the voltage profile of the radial distribution system with optimally placing the multiple distributed generator in the system. In this paper analytical expressions for optimal siting of distributed generators (DG). The optimal sizing of distributed generators by Improved Analytical (IA) method and Harmony search algorithm. The analysis is carried out on IEEE-33 bus and IEEE-69 bus systems.

A new speech enhancement technique is proposed that reduces musical noise and improves intelligibility of speech. The proposed system has two stages. First stage consists of Wiener filter with self adaptive averaging factor to estimate apriori SNR. To reduce residual musical noise that remains in the enhanced speech, perceptual weighting filter is employed based on simultaneous and temporal masking effects of human auditory system is used in the second stage. An unvoiced speech enhancement algorithm is also integrated in the scheme to improve the intelligibility of speech. Through rigorous objective and subjective evaluations, it is observed that the proposed speech enhancement scheme is capable of reducing noise with little speech distortion in adverse noise environments and the overall performance is superior to several other methods available in literature.

An improved Wiener filtering method for reducing background noise added to speech in colored noise environments like car engine is proposed in this paper. This implementation uses the crosscorrelartion between the speech and noise signals. The noise signal does not affect the speech signal uniformly over the whole spectrum. A nonlinear multi-band Bark scale frequency spacing approach was proposed to reduce colored noise. However, classic short-time noise reduction techniques, including this Wiener filter, introduce some residual noise that remains in the enhanced speech signal. To reduce residual noise the proposed Wiener filter is combined with constrained perceptual weighting filter. Objective and subjective tests demonstrated the proposed technique can improve the perceptual quality of speeches.

In this paper, we explore phonotactic and prosodic features derived from the speech signal and its transcription for identification of a language. The characteristics of languages represented by phonotactic and prosodic features at the trisyllabic level are used to train feedforward neural network (FFNN) classifiers to discriminate among languages. We demonstrate that these features indeed contain language-specific information. We also show that phonotactic features in terms of broad phonetic categories are sufficient to represent the phonotactic regularities/constraints of languages. The performance of the FFNN classifier based on these features is evaluated for three Indian languages.

This paper introduces a novel technique to generate test plans automatically for analog and mixed signal integrated circuits (ICs), which are designed using modular design concept similar to that of digital integrated circuits. In such structured, top-down, modular design methodology of analog and mixed signal integrated circuits, each block in the design is represented by a high level but accurate model, which describes its behavior across the inputs and outputs (IOs) of the block. These high level models of the blocks are created during the design of the complete chip, and are used for the simulation of the complete device. Given the design database of a chip, designed using these blocks, the proposed algorithm generates test plan for all the blocks of the chip. First the test values are set on the block to be tested, which may or may not be directly accessible from the design IOs of the IC. The algorithm tries to find a consistent set of values to be set at the design IOs, preserving the test values set on the internal block under test. Test plan generated consists, the values to be set and measured at the design IOs of the IC, for carrying out the tests on that block. Unlike the previous propagation based method, this method uses high level simulation. "Partial Activation" and "Distance Heuristics" concepts are introduced. Several disadvantages of the previous method are eliminated. Comparative results are found to be remarkably better than the previous method. Implementation of this algorithm is presented with examples and results. >

EMC problems are inherently associated with all modern electronic systems, in terms of unpredictable malfunctions, upset, impairment and destruction of sensitive components and at times unintentional spectrum pollution resulting in difficulties in maintaining normal telecommunications nearby. Vessels of all sizes are exposed to such pollution whereby the dual effects of EMI and EMR are countered. This paper discusses how EMI and EMR have a profound effect on the safety index of fishing vessels and the virtues of using EMC equivalent.