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This paper focuses on discovering the key areas of Situational Awareness (SA) and Common Operational Picture (COP) in two different environments: the monitoring room and dismounted forces operations in urban areas. The research is based on scientific publications and on two implemented environments. In urban area warfare, the Mobile Urban Area Situational Awareness System is used to evaluate the requirements and usage of dismounted troops. The monitoring room is studied using the Situational Awareness of Critical Infrastructure and Networks System. These empirical environments were implemented during research projects at the Finnish National Defence University. The paper presents a model combining the joint model of laboratories, Endsley's model of SA and the results of goal-driven task analysis for creating a service-based architecture for defining and sharing COP. The main SA model used is Endsley's level model. It has been supplemented with cyber-related perspectives and fits the selected environments well, allowing techniques that can be used to measure the SA level and define the actor's most important goals.

This paper presents a set of situation awareness (SA) requirements for an operator who monitors critical infrastructure (CI). The requirements consist of pieces of information that the operator needs in order to be successful in their work. The purpose of this research was to define a common requirement base that can be used when designing a CI monitoring system or a user interface to support SA. The requirements can also be used during system or user interface evaluation, and as a guide for what aspects to emphasize when training new CI monitoring operators. To create the SA requirements, goal-directed task analysis (GDTA) was conducted. For GDTA, nine interview sessions were held during the research. For a clear understanding of a CI monitoring operator's work, all interviewees were subject matter experts (SMEs) and had extensive experience in CI monitoring. Before the interviews, a day-long observation session was conducted to gather initial input for the GDTA goal hierarchy and the SA requirements. GDTA identified three goals an operator must achieve in order to be successful in their work, and they were used to define the final SA requirements. As a result, a hierarchy diagram was constructed that includes three goals: monitoring, analysis and internal communication, and external communication. The SA requirements for a CI monitoring operator include information regarding ongoing incidents in the environment and the state of systems and services in the operator's organization.

Critical infrastructure (CI) is a complex part of society consisting of multiple sectors. Although these sectors are usually administered independently, they are functionally interconnected and interdependent. This paper presents a concept and a system that is able to provide the common operating picture (COP) of critical infrastructure (CI). The goal is to provide support for decision making on different management layers. The developed Situational Awareness of Critical Infrastructure and Networks (SACIN) framework implements key features of the system and is used to evaluate the concept. The architecture for the SACIN framework combines an agent-based brokered architecture and Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) data fusion model. In the SACIN context, agent software produces events from the source systems and is maintained by the source system expert. The expert plays an important role, as he or she is the specialist in understanding the source system. He or she determines the meaningful events from the system with provided guidelines. The brokered architecture provides scalable platform to allow a large number of software agents and multiple analysis components to collaborate, in accordance with the JDL model. A modular and scalable user interface is provided through a web application and is usable for all SACIN participants. One of the main incentives for actors to provide data to the SACIN is the resultant access to the created COP.The proposed concept provides improved situational awareness by modeling the complex dependency network within CI. The current state of the infrastructure can be determined by combining and analyzing event streams. Future states can be proactively determined by modeling dependencies between actors. Additionally, it is possible to evaluate the impact of an event by simulating different scenarios according to real-world and hypothetical use cases. As a result, understanding of CI and the ability to react to anomalies is improved amongst the decision makers.

We excite selectively the Ao and So plate mode into an acrylic bone phantom using a laser diode array. This is done by controlling the time delay between the signals driving the array elements. Selective mode generation is important because it can potentially increase the sensitivity of in vivo osteoporosis screening.

Modern warfare is focusing on expanding the extent of Network Centric Warfare (NCW) and Networked Control Systems (NCSs). The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) is, among other armies, trying to find a reliable solution for the architectural and technical design of a new operational information network. This paper focuses on discussing the possibilities of creating new Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to support decision making, Situational Awareness (SA), improved physical and mental real-time evaluation and management of the Command and Control cycle. The architecture is based on a defined solution and realizing the challenges which involves in creating a new SOA-system for military use.

Quantum solitons appear in the optical communications literature as classical solitons vested with quantum fluctuations. A generic model is the quantum nonlinear Schrodinger model which may describe soliton transmission in an optical fibre. We show how the natural 'quantum soliton' of the system derives from the matrix element of the quantised field operator under a condition of very large particle number. We also comment on its quantum noise and stability.

Summary form only given. We consider a N-atom micromaser model described by a hamiltonian. Taking into account field relaxation between consecutive N-atom packets we study dynamics and quasi-stationary states of subsystems in the model. Experimentally, such a system may be realized on a high-density atom flux prepared with help of ultrashort time pulses of exciting laser, in order to achieve small packets and avoid large dispersion of entrance times. For initially diagonal density operator of atoms, the system dynamics and particularly of the field reduced density matrix (RDM) have significant simplification, called diagonal invariance. Under such conditions it was found that the field dynamics might be divided into two stages, a rapid stage and a quasi-stationary stage. This behavior is determined by quasi-trapped states, which are a generalization of well known trapped states in the one-atom micromaser. We want to emphasize that our work raises important questions on a possibility to apply formalism of density matrix for description of such experiments.