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Electronic holography is an ideal 3-D display technique to ameliorate the vergence-accommodation conflict, which is a possible cause of visual fatigue and discomfort from viewing conventional stereoscopic 3-D displays. Previous studies have measured accommodative and vergence responses to holographic images and to real objects, and the results showed that these responses are in good agreement. To demonstrate the effectiveness of electronic holography as a possible solution to the vergence-accommodation conflict caused by viewing conventional stereoscopic 3-D displays, we measured both accommodative and vergence responses to reconstructed images of holograms and super multiview holographic stereograms. We also measured responses to real objects located at various distances and conventional two-view stereo images for comparison. The results indicate that the accommodative responses to the electro-holographic display and super multiview holographic stereogram change with the vergence response in a similar manner, as is the case with real objects as compared to conventional two-view stereo display. This suggests that the electronic holographic display and super multiview holographic stereograms are promising candidates for resolving the vergence-accommodation conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of video technology, a large amount of video data generated from video conferences, sports events, live broadcasts and network classes flows into our daily lives. However, ultra-high-definition video transmission is still a challenge due to the limited network bandwidth and instability, which further affects the quality of video service closely linked with consumer electronic video display. To address this challenge, we propose a deep-learned perceptual quality control approach, which can significantly improve the video quality and visual experience at the same bandwidth. The proposed scheme mainly involves saliency region extraction, perceptual-based bits allocation, and video enhancement. Firstly, we exploit a multi-scale deep convolutional network module to predict the static saliency map that semantically highlights the salient regions. Secondly, we develop a recurrent neural network model to extract the dynamic saliency regions. Finally, a three-level rate allocation scheme is developed based on the resulted saliency guidance, which is more reasonable by taking into account the visual characteristics of human eyes. Experimental results on a large dataset show that our method achieves an average gain of 1.5dB on the salient regions without introducing an extra bandwidth burden, which significantly improves the visual experience and paves the way to intelligent video communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors (AOS-TFTs) is vital for high-definition displays and functional electronic devices. However, drain current drop (DCD) degradation has been commonly observed in the output characteristics of thin-film transistors (TFTs) with channel lengths of ${L} < 10 \mu \text{m}$. Here, we show that DCD is a reversible process that is closely related to reduced metal-oxygen bonds. Based on device theory and simulations, we propose that the DCD effect is mainly caused by hot carriers, whose velocities are inversely proportional to the drain depletion width. Therefore, DCD failure could be alleviated simply by using the drain-offset structure. Experiments show that drain-offset TFTs improve DCD critical voltages (by ~130%) without sacrificing the ON-/ OFF-ratio. These studies provide theoretical and experimental approaches to effectively suppress DCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual information displays are typically composed of multiple visualizations that are used to facilitate an understanding of the underlying data. A common example are dashboards, which are frequently used in domains such as finance, process monitoring and business intelligence. However, users may not be aware of existing guidelines and lack expert design knowledge when composing such multi-view visualizations. In this paper, we present semantic snapping, an approach to help non-expert users design effective multi-view visualizations from sets of pre-existing views. When a particular view is placed on a canvas, it is “aligned” with the remaining views-not with respect to its geometric layout, but based on aspects of the visual encoding itself, such as how data dimensions are mapped to channels. Our method uses an on-the-fly procedure to detect and suggest resolutions for conflicting, misleading, or ambiguous designs, as well as to provide suggestions for alternative presentations. With this approach, users can be guided to avoid common pitfalls encountered when composing visualizations. Our provided examples and case studies demonstrate the usefulness and validity of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of reproducing high dynamic range (HDR) images on electronic display and photography with restricted dynamic range has gained a lot of interest in the consumer electronics community. There exist various approaches to this issue, e.g., tone mapping operators (TMOs) and multi-exposure fusion algorithms (MEFs). Many existing image quality assessment (IQA) methods have been proposed to compare images of quality degradation generated by TMOs/MEFs. Although promising performances have been achieved, they seldom consider local specific artifacts difference (i.e., abnormal exposure and color cast) related with the TMOs/MEFs. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a Blind Quality Evaluator of Tone-Mapped HDR and Multi-Exposure Fused Images (BQE-TM/MEFI). First, two purpose-designed segment models are utilized to distinguish well-exposedness dense patches (WEDPes) and non-WEDPes, color cast patches (CCPes) and non-CCPes respectively. Second, multiple quality-perception features are extracted to measure local artifacts: 1) structure and sharpness features from WEDPes, 2) saturation features from non-CCPes, and 3) edge structure features. Then, three new low-complexity regional features (over-exposure ratio, entropy and color confidence index) are calculated based on over-exposure segmentation model. Finally, all extracted features are aggregated into a machine-learning regression model to pool a quality score. The simplicity and good performance of the proposed method makes it suitable for electronic displays and other consumer electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a display technique that enables us to invisibly embed a metaimage into a color component of a displayed cover image by using a temporally, spatially, color-intensity-modulated metaimage and to extract it. We first examined invisibility in terms of color components for a temporally and spatially intensity-modulated metaimage in a displayed cover image. The results obtained from these experiments revealed that the invisibility with which the metaimage was embedded in the blue color component was much higher than that of the red and green components. Our experiments also revealed that the red and green components could not be used for a color component in which the metaimage was embedded. We also proposed and evaluated a new technique of improving the readability of an invisibly embedded metaimage in a displayed cover image captured with a video camera. The proposed technique uses two methods. A proposed method of calculating an estimated grayscale metaimage enabled us to obtain a value for the binarizing threshold from its histogram by using the correlation between color components in which the metaimage was either embedded or not embedded. A proposed method of calculating an estimated binary metaimage could drastically reduce noise caused by the cover image by using the obtained value of the binary threshold and size feature parameters of the embedded metaimage. The readability of the metaimage was drastically improved by using these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-light-emitting diodes ($\mu $ LEDs) are semiconductor devices that have been shown to have higher luminous efficacy, higher contrast ratio, and higher energy efficiency than existing mainstream technologies based on liquid crystals or organic LEDs (OLEDs). Portable display applications such as wearable devices and head-up display are some of the interesting applications of $\mu $ LED displays. However, this technology has not yet been mass-produced for commercial devices due to process yields, costs, and manufacturability issues. This article presents a novel technology for the heterogeneous integration of a $\mu $ LED matrix display with bipolar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) DMOS (BCD) circuits that could improve manufacturability by eliminating the need for a dedicated bond stack in the bump-bonding process. To validate the concept, custom high-performance, 2-D arrays of parallel-addressed GaN blue $\mu $ LEDs matrices were fabricated. The individual $\mu $ LED pixel diameters are 20 and 50 $\mu \text{m}$ , respectively, and the overall dimension of the array is $650~\mu \text{m}^{2}$. In addition, a $\mu $ LED display driver-integrated circuit (IC) with a compact size of $3\times 4.4$ mm2 has been designed, implemented, and verified experimentally for the $\mu $ LED matrices. Measured output optical power-forward bias current-forward bias voltage (${P}$ – ${I}$ – ${V}$) curves of the individual $\mu $ LED pixel are shown. The $4\times 4\,\,\mu $ LED matrix has also been successfully driven using active-matrix driving and display pictures to demonstrate the function of active-matrix driving are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin-film electronics has hugely benefitted from low-cost processes, large-area processability, and multifunctionality. This has not only stimulated innovation in display and sensor technology but has also demonstrated great potential for the integration of components for human–machine interfaces. For electronics to be deployed as sensor interfaces and signal processing, the quest for low power is compelling due to the inherently limited battery lifetime. This review will present the state of the art in thin-film electronics and demonstrate examples of low-cost printable transistors and biosensors that are flexible/stretchable for wearable and other applications. Ultralow-power design for thin-film transistors will be discussed from the standpoint of reducing both operating voltage and operating current, taking into account the challenges in meeting frequency requirements. Compact models for circuit design will be reviewed along with new insights into ultralow-power transistors and high-gain amplifier circuits. Finally, a concept for an integrated system comprising sensors and interfacing circuits will be demonstrated, which has the potential to enable batteryless operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation is often seen as an innovative sector eager to seek technological solutions. It is often assumed that aircraft cockpits have panels with electronic displays and many buttons, some labeled "auto." While this might be the case for commercial aviation (Figure 1), the vast majority of noncommercial civil aircraft cockpits look nothing like these modern cockpits. Non-commercial civil aircraft, known as general aviation (GA), typically have cockpits that mainly consist of analog instruments that show the heading of the aircraft, the altitude, and the air speed (Figure 2). While flying, the pilots make calculations using a compass and an aviation calculator. Due to the slow entry rate of new, glass-cockpit aircraft [1], the composition of the GA aircraft fleet is not going to change any time soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish Tank Virtual Reality (FTVR) displays create a compelling 3D spatial effect by rendering to the perspective of the viewer with head-tracking. Combining FTVR with a spherical display enhances the 3D experience with unique properties of the spherical screen such as the enclosing shape, consistent curved surface, and borderless views from all angles around the display. The ability to generate a strong 3D effect on a spherical display with head-tracked rendering is promising for increasing user's performance in 3D tasks. An unanswered question is whether these natural affordances of spherical FTVR displays can improve spatial perception in comparison to traditional flat FTVR displays. To investigate this question, we conducted an experiment to see whether users can perceive the depth and size of virtual objects better on a spherical FTVR display compared to a flat FTVR display on two tasks. Using the spherical display, we found significantly that users had 1cm depth accuracy compared to 6.5cm accuracy using the flat display on a depth-ranking task. Likewise, their performance on a size-matching task was also significantly better with the size error of 2.3mm on the spherical display compared to 3.1mm on the flat display. Furthermore, the perception of size-constancy is stronger on the spherical display than the flat display. This study indicates that the natural affordances provided by the spherical form factor improve depth and size perception in 3D compared to a flat display. We believe that spherical FTVR displays have potential as a 3D virtual environment to provide better task performance for various 3D applications such as 3D designs, scientific visualizations, and virtual surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live in a world in which our physical spaces are becoming increasingly enriched with computing technology. Pervasive displays have been at the forefront of this progression and are now commonplace. In this paper, we focus on the natural end-point of this trend and consider the case when displays become truly ubiquitous and saturate our physical environments. We use as motivation a state-of-the-art display deployment in which mobile users navigating the space are simultaneously exposed to many hundreds of displays within their field of view and we highlight a number of new research challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immersive navigation in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) leverages physical locomotion through pose tracking of the head-mounted display. While this navigation modality is intuitive, regions of interest in the scene may suffer from occlusion and require significant viewpoint translation. Moreover, limited physical space and user mobility need to be taken into consideration. Some regions of interest may require viewpoints that are physically unreachable without less intuitive methods such as walking in-place or redirected walking. We propose a novel approach for increasing navigation efficiency in VR and AR using multiperspective visualization. Our approach samples occluded regions of interest from additional perspectives, which are integrated seamlessly into the user's perspective. This approach improves navigation efficiency by bringing simultaneously into view multiple regions of interest, allowing the user to explore more while moving less. We have conducted a user study that shows that our method brings significant performance improvement in VR and AR environments, on tasks that include tracking, matching, searching, and ambushing objects of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We target the problem of sparse 3D reconstruction of dynamic objects observed by multiple unsynchronized video cameras with unknown temporal overlap. To this end, we develop a framework to recover the unknown structure without sequencing information across video sequences. Our proposed compressed sensing framework poses the estimation of 3D structure as the problem of dictionary learning, where the dictionary is defined as an aggregation of the temporally varying 3D structures. Given the smooth motion of dynamic objects, we observe any element in the dictionary can be well approximated by a sparse linear combination of other elements in the same dictionary (i.e., self-expression). Our formulation optimizes a biconvex cost function that leverages a compressed sensing formulation and enforces both structural dependency coherence across video streams, as well as motion smoothness across estimates from common video sources. We further analyze the reconstructability of our approach under different capture scenarios, and its comparison and relation to existing methods. Experimental results on large amounts of synthetic data as well as real imagery demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method to reconstruct a functional mechanical assembly from raw scans. Given multiple input scans of a mechanical assembly, our method first extracts the functional mechanical parts using a motion-guided, patch-based hierarchical registration and labeling algorithm. The extracted functional parts are then parameterized from the segments and their internal mechanical relations are encoded by a graph. We use a joint optimization to solve for the best geometry, placement, and orientation of each part, to obtain a final workable mechanical assembly. We demonstrated our algorithm on various types of mechanical assemblies with diverse settings and validated our output using physical fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Virtual Reality (VR) Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) are on the verge of becoming commodity hardware available to the average user and feasible to use as a tool for 3D work. Some HMDs include front-facing cameras, enabling Augmented Reality (AR) functionality. Apart from avoiding collisions with the environment, interaction with virtual objects may also be affected by seeing the real environment. However, whether these effects are positive or negative has not yet been studied extensively. For most tasks it is unknown whether AR has any advantage over VR. In this work we present the results of a user study in which we compared user performance measured in task completion time on a 9 degrees of freedom object selection and transformation task performed either in AR or VR, both with a 3D input device and a mouse. Our results show faster task completion time in AR over VR. When using a 3D input device, a purely VR environment increased task completion time by 22.5 percent on average compared to AR ( p<0.024 ). Surprisingly, a similar effect occurred when using a mouse: users were about 17.3 percent slower in VR than in AR ( p<0.04 ). Mouse and 3D input device produced similar task completion times in each condition (AR or VR) respectively. We further found no differences in reported comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a display technique that can invisibly embed information into an image of a real object captured with a video camera. It uses illumination light that illuminates a real object. This light invisibly contains information. As the light contains information, the image of an object illuminated by such light also contains information. Information in the light is produced by modulating luminance with a small amplitude according to the embedded pattern at half-frame frequency. The differences between every other frame image over a certain period are summed up. Changes in brightness by modulation in each frame are accumulated over the frames, while the object image is removed by this processing. This makes it possible to read out the embedded patterns. However, the object image cannot be removed completely and still remains as noise. This lowers the readability of an invisible pattern. In this paper, we present a technique that improves the readability of an invisible pattern by reducing the noise drastically. We propose a method that uses the correlation between channels in which the pattern is embedded and not embedded to reduce the noise. Moreover, it also uses the size features of an embedded pattern to reduce the noise. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique from experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recently, with the increased demand for low-power displays regarding portable devices, the RGBG PenTile display is popularly utilized. However, unlike the traditional RGB-stripe display with its three color channels, each pixel of the RGBG PenTile display comprises only two color channels, thereby causing the color leakage image distortion. To cope with this problem, most of the conventional methods employ a preprocessing filter for subpixel rendering; however, these filters cannot remove the color leakage completely, and they also result in the blurring artifacts. In this paper, a novel approach to obtain the preprocessing filter is presented. We formulate a filter design method as a minimum mean square error problem and derive an optimal preprocessing filter that is based on the human visual system (HVS) as follows; first, two perceived images indicating how human recognizes the images on the RGB and RGBG displays are generated and then the difference between the two perceived images is minimized to derive the optimal filter. In addition, in order to prevent the blurring artifact, the proposed filter is applied to the previously detected color-leakage region only. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the conventional methods in terms of both the subjective and objective image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Today's growing medical image databases call for novel processing tools to structure the bulk of data and extract clinically relevant information. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering may reveal clusters within anatomical shape data of patient populations as required for modern precision medicine strategies. Few studies have applied hierarchical clustering techniques to three-dimensional patient shape data and results depend heavily on the chosen clustering distance metrics and linkage functions. In this study, we sought to assess clustering classification performance of various distance/linkage combinations and of different types of input data to obtain clinically meaningful shape clusters. Methods: We present a processing pipeline combining automatic segmentation, statistical shape modeling, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering to automatically subdivide a set of 60 aortic arch anatomical models into healthy controls, two groups affected by congenital heart disease, and their respective subgroups as defined by clinical diagnosis. Results were compared with traditional morphometrics and principal component analysis of shape features. Results: Our pipeline achieved automatic division of input shape data according to primary clinical diagnosis with high F-score (0.902 ± 0.042) and Matthews correlation coefficient (0.851 ± 0.064) using the correlation/weighted distance/linkage combination. Meaningful subgroups within the three patient groups were obtained and benchmark scores for automatic segmentation and classification performance are reported. Conclusion: Clustering results vary depending on the distance/linkage combination used to divide the data. Yet, clinically relevant shape clusters and subgroups could be found with high specificity and low misclassification rates. Significance: Detecting disease-specific clusters within medical image data could improve image-based risk assessment, treatment planning, and medical device development in complex disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wall-displays allow multiple users to simultaneously view and analyze large amounts of information, such as the increasingly complex graphs present in domains like biology or social network analysis. We focus on how pairs explore graphs on a touch enabled wall-display using two techniques, both adapted for collaboration: a basic localized selection, and a propagation selection technique that uses the idea of diffusion/transmission from an origin node. We assess in a controlled experiment the impact of selection technique on a shortest path identification task. Pairs consistently divided space even if the task is not spatially divisible, and for the basic selection technique that has a localized visual effect, it led to parallel work that negatively impacted accuracy. The large visual footprint of the propagation technique led to close coordination, improving speed and accuracy for complex graphs only. We then observed the use of propagation on additional graph topology tasks, confirming pair strategies on spatial division and coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a soft-output detector for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels that utilize achievable information rate (AIR) based partial marginalization (PM). The proposed AIR based PM (AIR-PM) detector has superior performance compared to previously proposed PM designs and other soft-output detectors such as K-best, while at the same time yielding lower computational complexity, a detection latency that is independent of the number of transmit layers, and straightforward inclusion of soft-input information. Using a tree representation of the MIMO signal, the key property of the AIR-PM is that the connections among all child layers are broken. Therefore, least-square estimates used for marginalization are obtained independently and in parallel, which have better quality than the zero-forcing decision feedback estimates used in previous PM designs. Such a property of the AIR-PM detector is designed via a mismatched detection model that maximizes the AIR. Furthermore, we show that the chain rule holds for the AIR calculation, which facilitates an information theoretic characterization of the AIR-PM detector. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We introduce embedded data representations, the use of visual and physical representations of data that are deeply integrated with the physical spaces, objects, and entities to which the data refers. Technologies like lightweight wireless displays, mixed reality hardware, and autonomous vehicles are making it increasingly easier to display data in-context. While researchers and artists have already begun to create embedded data representations, the benefits, trade-offs, and even the language necessary to describe and compare these approaches remain unexplored. In this paper, we formalize the notion of physical data referents - the real-world entities and spaces to which data corresponds - and examine the relationship between referents and the visual and physical representations of their data. We differentiate situated representations, which display data in proximity to data referents, and embedded representations, which display data so that it spatially coincides with data referents. Drawing on examples from visualization, ubiquitous computing, and art, we explore the role of spatial indirection, scale, and interaction for embedded representations. We also examine the tradeoffs between non-situated, situated, and embedded data displays, including both visualizations and physicalizations. Based on our observations, we identify a variety of design challenges for embedded data representation, and suggest opportunities for future research and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Weiser's seminal vision of ubiquitous computing had calm information presentation at its heart and identified an important challenge in providing pervasive yet unobtrusive information display while avoiding problems of information overload. Since this vision was first articulated, a range of approaches have emerged for presenting information on pervasive displays, while digital screens of varying sizes have become an everyday feature of our environments. Such displays provide significant opportunities for presenting information in-situ to support users in a range of activities, and the growing expectation is that there is constant peripheral access to digital information. In this article, the authors review three different pervasive display technologies used for information presentation: traditional 2D display media, urban media facades, and novel display hardware. Their survey identifies five emerging trends that cross all three technologies: an increasing focus on situatedness, a movement toward nonexpert users, a growing demand for accessible interaction, a potential for new applications of data, and difficulty in balancing "calm" computing against presentation of data at an appropriate granularity and complexity. This article is part of a special issue on pervasive displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to recent advances on motion capture devices and stereoscopic consumer displays, animated virtual characters can now realistically interact with users in a variety of applications. We investigate in this paper the effect of avatars, stereo vision and display size on task execution in immersive virtual environments. We report results obtained with three experiments in varied configurations that are commonly used in rehabilitation applications. The first experiment analyzes the accuracy of reaching tasks under different system configurations: with and without an avatar, with and without stereo vision, and employing a 2D desktop monitor versus a large multi-tile visualization display. The second experiment analyzes the use of avatars and user-perspective stereo vision on the ability to perceive and subsequently reproduce motions demonstrated by an autonomous virtual character. The third experiment evaluates the overall user experience with a complete immersive user interface for motion modeling by direct demonstration. Our experiments expose and quantify the benefits of using stereo vision and avatars, and show that the use of avatars improve the quality of produced motions and the resemblance of replicated msotions; however, direct interaction in user-perspective leads to tasks executed in less time and to targets more accurately reached. These and additional tradeoffs are important for the effective design of avatar-based training systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Experiments suggest that using head-up displays like Google Glass to support parts picking for distribution results in fewer errors than current processes. Making Glass opaque instead of transparent further improves selection efficiency. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/yUZFaCP6rP4 is a video demonstrating that order picking assisted by head-up display (HUD) is faster, has fewer errors, requires less workload, and is preferred to order picking assisted by pick-by-light, paper pick list, and cart-mounted display (CMD). The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/RApBJ0U3XpI is a video demonstrating that order picking assisted by a Google Glass with an opaque display is three percent faster than with a transparent display (default). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For a markerless augmented reality system that can operate all day, the authors implemented a low-power Basic On-Chip Network-Augmented Reality (BONE-AR) processor to execute object recognition, camera pose estimation, and 3D graphics rendering in real time for an HD resolution video input. BONE-AR employs six clusters of heterogeneous SIMD processors distributed on the mesh topology network on a chip (NoC) to exploit data- and task-level parallelism. A visual attention algorithm reduces overall workload by removing background clutters from the input video frames, but also incurs NoC congestion because of a dynamically fluctuating workload. The authors propose a congestion-aware scheduler that detects and resolves the NoC congestion to prevent throughput degradation of a task-level pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recently, there has been a substantial increase in efforts to develop 3-D visualization technologies that can provide the viewers with a realistic 3-D visual experience. Various terms such as “reality communication” have been used to categorize these efforts. In order to provide the viewers with a complete and realistic visual sensation, the display or visualization system and the displayed content need to match the physiological 3-D information sensing capabilities of the human visual system which can be quite complex. These may include spatial and temporal resolutions, depth perception, dynamic range, spectral contents, nonlinear effects, and vergence accommodation effects. In this paper, first we present an overview of some of the 3-D display research efforts which have been extensively pursued in Asia, Europe, and North America among other areas. Based on the limitations and comfort-based requirements of the human visual system when viewing a nonnatural visual input from 3-D displays, we present an analytical framework that combines main perception and human visual requirements with analytical tools and principles used in related disciplines such as optics, computer graphics, computational imaging, and signal processing. Building on the widely used notion of light fields, we define a notion of perceivable light fields to account for the human visual system physiological requirements, and propagate it back to the display device to determine the display device specifications. This helps us clarify the fundamental and practical requirements of the 3-D display devices for reality viewing communication. In view of the proposed analytical framework, we overview various methods that can be applied to overcome the extensive information needed to be displayed in order to meet the requirements imposed by the human visual system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This brief presents a new gate driver integrated by In-Zn-O thin-film transistors (IZO TFTs), including a clock-controlled inverter and an additional stabilized module. The biside driving method is used in the proposed gate driver, which will be allocated on both sides of the panel to drive the odd and even lines of pixel array, respectively. Thus, the space symmetry of the panel can be fully utilized for high resolution displays. The output signal of the biside gate driver can be generated stably up to 480th stage with a good noise-suppressed characteristic. The measured power consumption for one stage of the proposed gate driver is 0.5 mW with the clock frequency as 50 kHz. It is shown that the proposed gate driver can output a 3- \(\mu \) s pulsewidth with a good stability under 120-h test. Furthermore, a 3-in demonstration panel of 320*480 AMOLED display by the IZO TFTs process is fabricated to verify the function of the proposed biside gate driver. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Large high-resolution displays (LHRD) enable visualization of extremely large-scale data sets with high resolution, large physical size, scalable rendering performance, advanced interaction methods, and collaboration. Despite the advantages, applications for LHRD can be developed only by a select group of researchers and programmers, since its software implementation requires design and development paradigms different from typical desktop environments. It is critical for developers to understand and take advantage of appropriate software tools and methods for developing their LHRD applications. In this paper, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art software frameworks and applications for cluster-based LHRD, highlighting a three-aspect taxonomy. This survey can aid LHRD application and framework developers in choosing more suitable development techniques and software environments for new LHRD applications, and guide LHRD researchers to open needs in LHRD software frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Temporal psychovisual modulation (TPVM) is a newly proposed information display paradigm, which can be implemented by nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) with additional upper bound constraints on the variables. In this paper, we study all the state-of-the-art algorithms in NMF, extend them to incorporate the upper bounds and discuss their potential use in TPVM. By comparing all the NMF algorithms with their extended versions, we find that: 1) the factorization error of the truncated alternating least squares algorithm always fluctuates throughout the iterations, 2) the alternating nonnegative least squares based algorithms may slow down dramatically under the upper bound constraints, and 3) the hierarchical alternating least squares (HALS) algorithm converges the fastest and its final factorization error is often the smallest among all the algorithms. Based on the experimental results of the HALS, we propose a guideline of determining the parameter setting of TPVM, that is, the number of viewers to support and the scaling factor for adjusting the light intensity of the images formed by TPVM. This paper will facilitate the applications of TPVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper reviews the technology and applications of vibrotactile display, an effective information transfer modality for the emerging area of haptic media. Our emphasis is on summarizing foundational knowledge in this area and providing implementation guidelines for application designers who do not yet have a background in haptics. Specifically, we explain the relevant human vibrotactile perceptual capabilities, detail the main types of commercial vibrotactile actuators, and describe how to build both monolithic and localized vibrotactile displays. We then identify exemplary vibrotactile display systems in application areas ranging from the presentation of physical object properties to broadcasting vibrotactile media content. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We propose a new olfactory display system that can generate an odor distribution on a two-dimensional display screen. The proposed system has four fans on the four corners of the screen. The airflows that are generated by these fans collide multiple times to create an airflow that is directed towards the user from a certain position on the screen. By introducing odor vapor into the airflows, the odor distribution is as if an odor source had been placed onto the screen. The generated odor distribution leads the user to perceive the odor as emanating from a specific region of the screen. The position of this virtual odor source can be shifted to an arbitrary position on the screen by adjusting the balance of the airflows from the four fans. Most users do not immediately notice the odor presentation mechanism of the proposed olfactory display system because the airflow and perceived odor come from the display screen rather than the fans. The airflow velocity can even be set below the threshold for airflow sensation, such that the odor alone is perceived by the user. We present experimental results that show the airflow field and odor distribution that are generated by the proposed system. We also report sensory test results to show how the generated odor distribution is perceived by the user and the issues that must be considered in odor presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we investigate the validity of Mixed Reality (MR) Simulation by conducting an experiment studying the effects of the visual realism of the simulated environment on various search tasks in Augmented Reality (AR). MR Simulation is a practical approach to conducting controlled and repeatable user experiments in MR, including AR. This approach uses a high-fidelity Virtual Reality (VR) display system to simulate a wide range of equal or lower fidelity displays from the MR continuum, for the express purpose of conducting user experiments. For the experiment, we created three virtual models of a real-world location, each with a different perceived level of visual realism. We designed and executed an AR experiment using the real-world location and repeated the experiment within VR using the three virtual models we created. The experiment looked into how fast users could search for both physical and virtual information that was present in the scene. Our experiment demonstrates the usefulness of MR Simulation and provides early evidence for the validity of MR Simulation with respect to AR search tasks performed in immersive VR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Interactive tabletops and surfaces (ITSs) provide rich opportunities for data visualization and analysis and consequently are used increasingly in such settings. A research agenda of some of the most pressing challenges related to visualization on ITSs emerged from discussions with researchers and practitioners in human-computer interaction, computer-supported collaborative work, and a variety of visualization fields at the 2011 Workshop on Data Exploration for Interactive Surfaces (Dexis 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Media facades (often characterized as a building's digital skin) are public displays that substitute dynamic details and information for usually static structures. SMSlingshot is a media facade system at the confluence of art, architecture, and technology design in the context of urban human-computer interaction. It represents a participative approach to public displays that enlivens public spaces and fosters civic and social dialogue as an alternative to advertising and service-oriented information displays. Observations from SMSlingshot's implementation at festival exhibitions provide insight into the roles of scale, distance, and the spatial situation of media facade contexts. The lessons learned apply to most public-display situations and will be useful for designers and developers of this new medium in urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Transitioning from bespoke, single-purpose public displays to generic, multipurpose ones entails a number of research challenges. One such challenge is understanding how to group and present available applications to users and what effect this grouping has on application use. This study of an iterative, longitudinal deployment of a multipurpose public display examines two mechanisms that help users find the available applications: a quick-launch menu and a browsable application directory. Using the measures of relative and absolute utility, the study reveals these mechanisms' complex effects on application usage. It also addresses whether a public display should promote popular or unpopular applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Privacy problems arise with the popular usage of personal devices with display screen, e.g., laptop, smart phone or pad, in public areas, one of which is the screen peeping. This paper proposes a smart privacy-preserving screen system that can detect someone else see the consumer's screen and then protect the screen automatically and adaptively. It depends on multiple sensors, i.e., video camera module, ultrasonic distance module, light sensor module, to detect screen peeping, user distance and environmental lightness, and decide whether to adjust the screen's lightness. With limited lightness or contrast, the screen can only be seen by the consumer, while others cannot watch the screen clearly. Especially, the screen peeping detection scheme is composed of several algorithms, i.e., eye detection, eye pair decision and person counting. Based on the video frames captured by the video camera module, the scheme will detect eyes in the video frame, decide the number of persons peeping at the private screen, and inform the smart screen to protect the screen by adjusting the light or contrast. With the smart phone as an example, various experiments are done and comparative results show that the proposed scheme obtains better performance than existing works and is a good solution for automatic screen privacy protection1. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The electrical performance of low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) has improved considerably in the last decade, due to the flourishing active-matrix liquid crystal display industry. However, there is a need to further scale down LTPS TFT devices on flexible substrates to explore other application domains. In order to realize this goal, self-heating-induced negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) in LTPS TFTs needs to be modeled to determine its effect on transistor degradation and to develop mitigation techniques. Although the characteristics of NBTI for TFTs are widely known, the effects of device geometry and substrate on temperature-dependent NBTI have not been considered. In this paper, for the first time, a self-consistent electrothermal model that considers the effects of device geometry, substrate, and stress conditions on NBTI is proposed. With the proposed modeling methodology, we show the significant impact of device geometry, substrate, and supply voltage on NBTI in LTPS TFTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the characteristics of the application of a high-gamma cathode material to a plasma display panel (PDP) for the improvement of the secondary electron emission property and consequent luminous efficacy. It had been found that the PDP with the MgCaO cathode layer and the \SiO2 diffusion barrier, which can block the impurity diffusion from the underlying dielectric layer, is stable during the normal fabrication process and showed improved luminous efficacy at a lower sustain voltage compared with those of the conventional PDP with MgO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light emitting diode (LED)-backlit liquid crystal displays (LCDs) hold the promise of improving image quality while reducing the energy consumption with signal-dependent local dimming. However, most existing local dimming algorithms are mostly motivated by simple implementation, and they often lack concern for visual quality. To fully realize the potential of LED-backlit LCDs and reduce the artifacts that often occur in current systems, we propose a novel local dimming technique that can achieve the theoretical highest fidelity of intensity reproduction in either \ell1 or \ell2 metrics. Both the exact and fast approximate versions of the optimal local dimming algorithm are proposed. Simulation results demonstrate superior performances of the proposed algorithm in terms of visual quality and power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a small-size low-power portable vector display system. The display system uses a micromirror which consists of a simple two-thin-film structure and is fabricated using a surface-micromachining process, i.e., Polysilicon Multi User MEMS Processes. The micromirror exhibits rotational motion around two axes as well as translational motion through four repulsive-force electrostatic actuating units. The micromirror is free of the “pull-in” effect which is associated with conventional micro electrostatic actuators. The micromirror is operated in a nonresonant mode and is capable of static positioning. Measured data show that the micromirror can achieve an optical scanning angle of \pm 2.5^\circ in each axis. The measured bandwidth (-3 dB) for each driving unit is 2000 Hz operating at a sinusoidal input voltage of 0–200 V. The settling times of the actuating unit are 2.75 and 3.32 ms with overshoots of 5% and 48% for step inputs of 200 to 0 V and 0 to 200 V, respectively. The portable vector display system is developed through integrating the micromirror, a laser source, the optics, and a microcontroller and is shown to be very effective in displaying complex geometries. Open-loop control methods using lookup table searching, spot dwelling, and scan speed control were developed to control the integrated portable device. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we propose a new information theoretic approach to achieve visual servoing directly utilizing the information (as defined by Shannon) contained in the images. A metric derived from information theory, i.e., mutual information, is considered. Mutual information is widely used in multimodal image registration since it is insensitive to changes in the lighting condition and to a wide class of nonlinear image transformations. In this paper, mutual information is used as a new visual feature for visual servoing, which allows us to build a new control law that can control the six degrees of freedom (DOF) of a robot. Among various advantages, this approach requires no matching or tracking step, is robust to large illumination variations, and allows the consideration of different image modalities within the same task. Experiments on a real robot demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed visual-servoing approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In object detection, disparities in distributions between the training samples and the test ones are often inevitable, resulting in degraded performance for application scenarios. In this paper, we focus on the disparities caused by viewpoint and scene changes and propose an efficient solution to these particular cases by adapting generic detectors, assuming boosting style. A pretrained boosting-style detector encodes a priori knowledge in the form of selected features and weak classifier weighting. Towards adaptiveness, the selected features are shifted to the most discriminative locations and scales to compensate for the possible appearance variations. Moreover, the weighting coefficients are further adapted with covariate boost, which maximally utilizes the related training data to enrich the limited new examples. Extensive experiments validate the proposed adaptation mechanism towards viewpoint and scene adaptiveness and show encouraging improvement on detection accuracy over state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a novel algorithmic approach of image enhancement via optimal contrast-tone mapping. In a fundamental departure from the current practice of histogram equalization for contrast enhancement, the proposed approach maximizes expected contrast gain subject to an upper limit on tone distortion and optionally to other constraints that suppress artifacts. The underlying contrast-tone optimization problem can be solved efficiently by linear programming. This new constrained optimization approach for image enhancement is general, and the user can add and fine tune the constraints to achieve desired visual effects. Experimental results demonstrate clearly superior performance of the new approach over histogram equalization and its variants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To evaluate the possibility of information leakage by observing the electromagnetic disturbance radiated from a PC display, we propose an evaluation method by using a spectrum analyzer that is commonly used for electromagnetic interference measurement without reconstructing the displayed image. In this method, we measured the spectrum when the white and time-varying stripe patterns are displayed, and determined whether or not the disturbance contains the frequency component of the display pattern from the level difference. By using the patterns, we can easily evaluate the possibility of information leakage in radiated disturbance from a PC display in a wide frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An electrophoretic display (EPD) cell with a triple-layered microcavity structure was fabricated using a convenient dry film resist. The inherent structural advantage arising from the function of the middle channel layer as a background colored state enabled the EPD to operate with two different-colored states by using a single type of electronic-ink particles, thereby eliminating the possible agglomeration of oppositely charged ink particles and supporting the potential application of the proposed structure to color the electronic paper. The preliminary operation of this new EPD structure was demonstrated as white and blue display states on a rigid glass exhibiting a contrast ratio of 1.5 : 1 with saturation voltages of +30 and -30 V, respectively. Successful demonstrations on both the indium–tin–oxide-patterned glass and flexible polyethylene substrates are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]