Search

We consider the problem of learning parametric distributions from their quantized samples in a network. Specifically, $n$ agents or sensors observe independent samples of an unknown parametric distribution; and each of them uses $k$ bits to describe its observed sample to a central processor whose goal is to estimate the unknown distribution. First, we establish a generalization of the well-known van Trees inequality to general $L_p$-norms, with $p > 1$, in terms of Generalized Fisher information. Then, we develop minimax lower bounds on the estimation error for two losses: general $L_p$-norms and the related Wasserstein loss from optimal transport., Short version accepted for publication at the IEEE Information Theory Symposium (ISIT) 2021; this version contains the detailed proofs with some minor corrections

This paper shows the early results from an investigation into the potential gain in detection performance achievable by optimizing the parameterization of a CA-CFAR detector to local clutter behaviour. The effect of varying CFAR window length is studied in particular for range correlated time independent samples, and the CFAR Loss (measured by increasing the RCS of a non-fluctuating target simulated at each range cell) of an optimal “fixed” CFAR is compared to a varying window length that minimizes CFAR Loss for each range cell, showing potential performance increase.

A complete framework for the shielding effectiveness (SE) evaluation of the undermoded enclosure in reverberation chamber is presented in this work. For this purpose, the generalized extreme value distribution is used to describe the undermoded field in the enclosure. To estimate the parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution, frequency stirring is adopted to provide independent samples which are determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient and threshold related to the number of independent samples of mechanical stirring in reverberation chamber, and then L-moments method is used to estimate the parameters based on the independent maximums extracted from independent samples in the stirring bandwidth. According to a rough knowledge of the parent distribution converging to Bessel K and some assumptions, SE of the undermoded enclosure is finally derived.

International audience; The Service Evolutions Sub-Group (SESG) of Working Group C, the joint technical committee formed from U.S and E. U public bodies for the purpose of promoting GPS-Galileo applications, has spent the past years working on a number of topics relating to Advanced RAIM development and its early stages of standardization. This paper addresses the mapping of integrity and continuity requirements from the operational (i.e. per hour) to the algorithmic (per sample). It provides a method to rigorously account for the impact on integrity risk of multiple exposures to hazardously misleading events over time, and for the impact on false alert probability of multiple detection tests over time. This analysis leads to the estimation and bounding of the “number of effectively independent samples”, or more concisely the “number of effective samples (NES), for integrity and continuity within their respective exposure windows.

Upper-limb functional assessment is important for stroke treatment. The identification of sensitive kinematic metrics that best differentiate the impairment level of upper-limb motor function can enhance this assessment. Therefore, this research proposed a method to select sensitive kinematic metrics which can discriminate between stroke patients and healthy subjects. A total of 26 participants (10 healthy subjects and 16 stroke patients) were recruited to perform upper-limb reaching movements. The movement data was measured using Kinect v2. Thirty-two metrics were then extracted. Independent samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and principal component analysis were performed to select sensitive metrics. Experimental results show that the first principal component explained 54.67% of the total variance, and it can distinguish stroke patients from healthy subjects. Meanwhile, loading values of index of curvature and spectral arc-length were 0.895 and 0.831 respectively, which contributed most for the first principal component. Therefore, we concluded that the sensitive metrics were index of curvature and spectral arc-length, which had significant importance to differentiate stroke patients from healthy subjects.

Data samples from $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ with a common support of size $k$ are accessed through $m$ random linear projections (measurements) per sample. It is well-known that roughly $k$ measurements from a single sample are sufficient to recover the support. In the multiple sample setting, do $k$ overall measurements still suffice when only $m$ measurements per sample are allowed, with $m, Comment: A preliminary version of this paper appeared at IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory 2019

lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the highest incidence of malignant tumors in China, because its early symptoms are not easily ignored by most people, so screening reliable markers is the focus of research. In order to screen stable, cross-platform prognostic lncRNA of LUAD, we combined gene expression profiles and RNAseq data to screen stable lncRNA pairs shared by both platforms and significantly reversed lncRNA pairs in LUAD samples, and then screened the prognostic-related lncRNA from the reversed lncRNA pairs. The stability of the gene pairs obtained from the normal samples was 98.72%. Twenty pairs of survival-related significantly reversed lncRNA gene pairs with 33 lncRNA were found. The results of functional enrichment showed that the functions of these lncRNA pairs were consistent with the known results. Because of its cross-platform and easy detection of independent samples, this result can be better applied to clinical diagnosis and can detect the risk and prognosis of possible LUAD in advance.

Learning in the medical school of universi-ty of Fallujah in Iraq is still by the classical face-to-face approach with minimal e-communication. Studies show that there are numerous models that have been devel-oped, however, they are used in developed countries whose e-Readiness is high hence not applicable in devel-oping countries. The aim of this paper is to assess medi-cal student’s perspectives of E-learning readiness. Stu-dents responded to a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire adapted from literature. Analysis was with SPSS version 19, using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and independent samples T-test. The results obtained indicate that cultural readiness is the most important factor followed by technological readiness. In addition, the study results show that there are no significant rela-tionship between age, gender, and level of education, also it was reported in this study that the lowest mean for e-learn readiness is among students in a higher level of study. In conclusion, the students are not ready for eLearning, one of the reasons might be the ICT infra-structure is not adequate enough to support the use of e-learning. Further study with qualitative methodology will help in preparing for this evolution in learning.

This article selects teachers of primary and secondary school as the objects, from both district A (central urban area) and district B (eastern coastal rural area). We use questionnaire method to collect data about ICT of teachers in primary and secondary schools and influencing factors, and then use statistical methods of independent samples t-test and regression analysis to study the influencing factors of the ICT of teachers in urban and rural districts. The results show that ICT of teachers in district A is lower than that in B, and the factors that affect the ICT in different regions are not the same.

The problem of estimating the KL divergence between two unknown distributions is studied. The alphabet size k of the distributions can scale to infinity. The estimation is based on m and n independent samples respectively drawn from the two distributions. It is first shown that there does not exist any consistent estimator to guarantee asymptotic small worst-case quadratic risk over the set of all pairs of distributions. A restricted set that contains pairs of distributions with bounded ratio ƒ(k) is further considered. An augmented plug-in estimator is proposed, and is shown to be consistent if and only if m = ω(k ⋁ log2(ƒ(k)) and n = ω(kƒ(k)). Furthermore, if ƒ(k) ≥ log2k and log2(ƒ(k)) = o(k), it is shown that any consistent estimator must satisfy the necessary conditions: m = ω( k/log k ⋁ log2(ƒ(k)) and n = ω( kƒ(k)/log k).

Hiring qualified employees and finding suitable jobs are important for firms and college students, respectively. However, with the economy going down in recent years, the structural contradiction between recruitment and employment, which makes both firms and undergraduates hard to fulfill their needs, has becoming more and more serious and has drawn widespread attention both in academic and business circles in China. One of the reasons why this structural contradiction takes shape should be some gaps between employment requirements and undergraduate perceptions. This project will concern with firms and graduates from several universities in the province of Guangdong and thus obtain preliminary view of the present situation. The investigation will focus on different perception of needs for employees in firms from firm employers, undergraduates and teachers, then a model of cognitive gaps about perception of needs for employees will be drawn after systematic analysis. Finally, the model will be polished after the data analysis of questionnaires by using several techniques such as independent samples t-tests. At the end of the article, several conclusions will be made to show findings of the investigation and to provide suggestions for employers in firms, undergraduates and teachers in universities to help them regulate their perception of needs for employees. Since the project is an empirical research, we will not forswear the possibility of improvement in our methods of investigation and achievement of this project.

This study explore creative leader behavior in R&D teams based on the leadership theory and then put forward a two-factor structure, including task-oriented behavior and management-oriented behavior. In study1, the scale of creative leader behavior is developed using three independent samples. Confirmatory factor analyses support the two dimensions of creative leader behavior measurement. In study 2, the antecedents and consequences are examined with another sample of 244 pairs of leader-member questionnaires. Results show that leader's emotional intelligence and expectation for creativity are positively related to creative leader behavior, which is associated with employee creativity and intrinsic motivation in turn.

Electromagnetic compatibility test in reverberation chamber has unique superiority. However, the problem of uncertainty on reverberation chamber testing is focused all the time. In some immunity test, the maximum of electric field is concerned. The standard deviation relative to mean value, the width of the confidence interval and the ratio of maximum and minimum value are used to describe the uncertainty of maximum of electric field. The effects of the number of independent samples on the uncertainty are analyzed. The results show that the uncertainty decreases with the increase of the number of independent samples, but the velocity is slow when the number is big. The ratio of maximum and minimum value can also be used to describe the stirrer efficiency.

This paper is concerned with identifying the arm with the highest mean in a multi-armed bandit problem using as few independent samples from the arms as possible. While the so-called “best arm problem” dates back to the 1950s, only recently were two qualitatively different algorithms proposed that achieve the optimal sample complexity for the problem. This paper reviews these recent advances and shows that most best-arm algorithms can be described as variants of the two recent optimal algorithms. For each algorithm type we consider a specific instance to analyze both theoretically and empirically thereby exposing the core components of the theoretical analysis of these algorithms and intuition about how the algorithms work in practice. The derived sample complexity bounds are novel, and in certain cases improve upon previous bounds. In addition, we compare a variety of state-of-the-art algorithms empirically through simulations for the best-arm-problem.

We endeavor to obtain the number of equivalent independent samples when the available samples are correlated in radar received system. Comparing the estimated matrix of independent secondary samples with that of correlated secondary samples, in several correlation coefficients, we obtain the equivalent independent number without an information loss.

Because each pixel of a hyperspectral image contains so much information, many (successful) algorithms treat those pixels as independent samples, despite the evident spatial structure in the imagery. One way to exploit this structure is to incorporate spatial processing into pixel-wise anomalous change detection algorithms. But if this is done in the most straightforward way, a contaminated cross-covariance is produced. A spatial processing framework is proposed that avoids this contamination and enhances the performance of anomalous change detection algorithms in hyperspectral imagery.

As the main part of innovation, high-tech Enterprises continue to grow with China's rapid economic development since reform and opening, and make a significant contribution to improve China's social productivity, enhance China's comprehensive national strength and improve people's lives. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to build a scientific and rational indicator system in the evaluation of high-tech innovation performance. The difference is a new research perspective. Based on previous studies, an initial questionnaire of indictor system was designed. Through pre-testing and formal testing, independent samples T-test and principal component analysis method were used. Ultimately, a high-tech enterprise's innovation performance evaluation index system was constructed which is the foundation to evaluate innovation performance of high-tech enterprises.

In order to understand the effects of loading on the estimation of independent samples and the consequent effect on the chamber uniformity, a series of measurements have been performed in a reverberation chamber with different sets of loads. The relationship between independent samples, loading and uniformity has been evaluated from the measured results.

The purpose of this study was to explore health benefits in somatosensory video games, Xbox 360 Kinect, on institutionalized older adults with wheelchairs. A total of 53 participants were recruited and divided into an experimental group (n = 22, 78.55 iO 6.70 years old) and a control group (n = 31, 79.97 iO 7.00 years old). The experimental group voluntarily agreed to complete Xbox 360 Kinect trainings three times per week, for 30 minute each session. The Vienna Test System and the Soda Pop test were used to measure the simple reaction and the eye-hand coordination of their visual performance skills. A Mann-Whitney nonparametric test for two independent samples was used to evaluate training effects. Results showed that the interventions significantly improved their visual performance skills and the elderly in the experimental group improved significantly on the reaction test (p

Understanding the web surfers' behavior and preferences allows the travel and tourism service providers to strategize their businesses effectively. Thus, the aims of this research are to explore and examine the correlations and differences in terms of web browsing preferences among the locals (the Malaysians) and international web surfers. We categorized the travel and tourism websites into two namely Hotel websites; and other travel and tourism websites. We performed an analysis using the Pearson's correlation. Then, Levine's tests followed by independent samples T-tests were conducted. Finally, we proposed some recommendations to the travel and tourism service providers, and discussed the limitations of the study and future directions of research.

With 22 new material listed companies on the ChiNext board as research samples, we build up a factor analysis model to evaluate their growth according to the characteristics of small and medium-sized high-tech companies as well as ones with high growth. Then we divide these sample companies into VC-backed companies and those that are not supported by VC to study empirically if VC has significant influence on enterprise's growth through independent samples T-test. Accordingly this paper puts forward policy suggestions to regulate the VC behavior and promote the healthy development of the ChiNext board.

Our interest is in the problem where independent samples are drawn from two different Continuous populations, possibly with a common parameter. The goal is to test hypothesis about the parameters involved in these two samples. Test statistics are developed for the above purpose based on the Hellinger distance. The asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are derived. Necessary simulation data for demonstrating the conclusion which is derived in this paper is provided.

This paper presents the methodological procedures and the results of a tactile sensitivity analysis to vibrotactile stimuli. The procedure consists in the attempt of a visual, hearing impaired person as well as an unimpaired one, initially trained, to identify three vibrotactile standard stimuli ( target frequency from 17.8, 31.6 and 56.2 Hz) having as starting point the sending of an initial stimulus (initial frequency ). The results were obtained through the analyses between the rightness mean while identifying the target frequency, among 1) visually and hearing impaired people as well as unimpaired ones: 2) visually and hearing impaired men and women and unimpaired ones: 3) visually and hearing impaired children, teenagers and adults as well as unimpaired ones; and 4) people with congenital and acquired blindness or deafness. A comparative analysis was done between the tactile sensitivity of the forefinger and the thumb, middle, ring and little fingers, as well as a comparison between the sensitivities in the target frequencies in the three groups (blind, deaf and unimpaired people). The results assessment obtained in the experiment was based on the t-student statistical method for paired and independent samples and ANOVA with a classification criterion.

It is well known, that the backscattering radiometric accuracy of radar scatterometers for ocean surface wind and precipitation measurements is decided by the signal-to-noise ratio and number of independent samples for non-coherent average. For sea wind scatterometers and meteorological radars, pulse compression can be employed to improve the range resolution and increase the number of independent numbers. But for airborne and spaceborne scatterometers, the peak power of the transmitter and the pulse length are usually decided by the platform capability, orbit parameter and observation geometry. As a result, compromise and trade-off between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for measurement of each resolution cell and the total number of independent samples of each pulse are usually required. In this paper, based on the radiometric accuracy model, an optimization scheme for design of the independent samples numbers and the corresponding system bandwidth are presented. Based on the presented optimization scheme, the bandwidth of a Ku-band rotating fan-beam radar scatterometer for sea surface wind measurement is design. Simulation validates the optimization and design results.

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered at advanced age. The possibility of applying signal analysis to the electrocardiogram (ECG) in order to distinguish between terminating and non-terminating episodes of AF would be very helpful in the regular clinical practice. In this work, an analysis of spectrogram parameters organization of the Atrial Activity (AA) is carried out in order to classify between terminating and non-terminating AF episodes. The main peak frequencies, second largest peak frequencies and their respective peak magnitudes are extracted using cubic spline fitting and several numerical series are constructed from them. The independent samples mean comparison of their Sample Entropy shows five of the constructed sequences to be relevant in the characterization of AF. The bilateral significance obtained by the Studentpsilas t test is less than 0.005 in five of the eight analyzed parameters.

In reverberation chambers (RC), measurements are often performed by selecting samples using the rotation of the mode stirrer. The number of independent samples is the number of stirrer positions that give uncorrelated field in the cavity, and thereby uncorrelated power levels. A larger number of samples provides a better accuracy of the measured parameter. To determine the number of independent samples, contradictions were already highlighted about the normative method using the autocorrelation function (ACF) with the criterion 0.37. Calculating the number of independent samples remains a great challenge. This paper proposes a new method based on autoregressive (AR) models and central limit theorem (CLT) to find the number of independent samples available with stirrer rotation. The simplicity of implementation is demonstrated and experimental validation is provided.

Prior research has identified specific factors that hinder growth of teledensity in developing countries and specific strategies used to overcome such limitations both in Latin America and in sub Saharan Africa. Prior research has also reported on the perceptions that telecommunications stakeholders have on how various strategies can inform and assist in the enhancement of teledensity in each of the two continental regions. This study investigates similarities and differences in the telecommunication stakeholders' perspectives of specific strategies used to address teledensity limitations in Latin America as well as in sub-Saharan Africa. Independent samples of survey participants (Latin America's and sub-Saharan Africa's telecommunications stakeholders) analyzed the strategies. Using appropriate statistical procedures we examined these stakeholders' perceptions to find areas of commonality and difference in how their perspectives of select strategies. Qualitative comments to support the stakeholders' responses are reported, together with future research implications

Interferometric coherence is a fundamental param- eter which decides on the exploitability of the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferogram. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the unbiased complex coherence estimation (1) considering measurements derived from different ERS1/ERS2 interferometric data. The data set was collected over varying terrain with a variety of ground cover types (agriculture field, forest, lake, urban area, sea) in Tunisia, France and Nepal. For a quantitative analysis of the unbiased complex coherence estimation, we compare the obtained results with those given by the sample coherence magnitude estimator. A sensibility analysis with respect to the landscape and the ground cover characteristics and number of independent samples approve the performance of the complex estimator.

The sample coherence magnitude estimation, computed on a window basis, depends on the number of independent samples and theoretical coherence. Classical methods for sample coherence computation are based on probability density function (pdf) model for estimating regular moments (first kind statistics) defined with the Fourier transform. The proposed approach is based on the same pdf model but for computing "second kind statistics" defined with the Mellin-transform. The result performances of this new log-moment (based on the Mellin-Transform) estimator was presented by the authors in R. Abdelfattah and K.M. Nicolas (2003). This paper presents a generalization of the second kind statistics coherence magnitude estimation approach from a complex coherence maps such as interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data. The new developed algorithm is much more less biased than existing ones.

Given access to independent samples of a distribution A over [n] /spl times/ [m], we show how to test whether the distributions formed by projecting A to each coordinate are independent, i.e., whether A is /spl epsi/-close in the L/sub 1/ norm to the product distribution A/sub 1//spl times/A/sub 2/ for some distributions A/sub 1/ over [n] and A/sub 2/ over [m]. The sample complexity of our test is O/spl tilde/(n/sup 2/3/m/sup 1/3/poly(/spl epsi//sup -1/)), assuming without loss of generality that m/spl les/n. We also give a matching lower bound, up to poly (log n, /spl epsi//sup -1/) factors. Furthermore, given access to samples of a distribution X over [n], we show how to test if X is /spl epsi/-close in L/sub 1/ norm to an explicitly specified distribution Y. Our test uses O/spl tilde/(n/sup 1/2/poly(/spl epsi//sup -1/)) samples, which nearly matches the known tight bounds for the case when Y is uniform.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in acoustic techniques for estimating fish abundance. A lower bound on the variance of the abundance estimates is derived in this paper. The analysis assumes that the fish are Poisson-distributed in volume and that the estimate is obtained using independent samples from the received acoustic signal. It is shown that the variance of the estimate obtained from an echo counter satisfies the bound in low fish densities and that the variance of the estimate obtained from an echo integrator satisfies the bound in high fish densities.