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Jiangsu is one of the most developed provinces in China and it suffered from ground subsidence in the 1990s. Continuous deformation monitoring is important for early warning of hazards as well as a support to disaster prevention and reduction. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has become a widely recognized tool to measure ground motions. In this work, we process 350 Sentinel-1 images within eight frames by GACOS-corrected InSAR Stacking over the entire Jiangsu Province covering an area of more than 100,000 km2. The proposed method aims to rapidly access the deformation velocity by stacking the multiple interferograms corrected with GACOS products, which is widely used for InSAR atmospheric correction. The derived line-of-sight mean velocity map presents an overall view of the areas affected by the ground subsidence in Jiangsu. 12 regions with significant deformation are detected, and results show that the ground subsidence in northern Jiangsu is greater than that in southern Jiangsu in 2019. With the preliminary detection results, we could locate the rapid deforming areas and further investigate the deformation process by the advanced InSAR time series analysis.

Power transmission towers have a strong backscattering property in SAR images. In high-resolution SAR images, the target property of UHV towers is reflected as a series of bright spots and form into bright lines that are wide in range and narrow in azimuth. The power transmission towers can be precisely extracted from high-resolution SAR images by their geometric structures, spatial topological relations, texture features and other information. In this paper, we put forward the long time series interferometry for deformation monitoring of UHV power transmission towers in goafs, and an experiment on the deformation monitoring of UHV power transmission towers in the study area is carried out. The result indicates there are two clear subsidence centers in the study area and the ground subsidence is expected to get worse year by year as new infrastructures are constructed in the study area.

Shanghai is the central city of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration and the second largest municipality in China. Shanghai has formed a three-dimensional transportation network consisting of ground roads, elevated roads, river crossing tunnels and bridges, as well as metros and elevated rail transit. As soft soil basement, monitoring ground subsidence of the Shanghai Inner Viaduct is very important for its safety and maintaining work. Multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR) is a technology that uses high spatial resolution satellite images to detect high-precision surface variations. In this paper, we use 37 scenes of TerraSAR-X ascending images with a high resolution of 3 meters acquired from March 2009 to October 2012 to detect and process high coherence points along Shanghai Inner Viaduct. Then, we use the unsupervised classification method of K-means for the separation of elevated points and ground points. A total of 14,869 points are obtained along the viaduct, and 7,668 of them are on the viaduct. The average deformation rate of elevated points and ground points are 0.38 mm/year and −1.15 mm/year respectively. The result shows that high resolution SAR images can be used to monitor the deformation of the Shanghai inner viaduct efficiently and the settlement of the viaduct is more stable than its nearby ground.

Carbon emissions from peatland significantly affect climate change. We adopted SAR interferometry technique in order to estimate the amount of carbon emissions from peatland receiving development pressure in Borneo. As a result, ground subsidence of 15.0 cm yr-1 on average and 31.0 cm yr-1 at maximum were observed. The carbon emissions were estimated at 39.7 tC ha-1 yr-1. We will compare the results with in-situ subsidence data and CO 2 flux data in the future

In this paper, we performed the interferometric analysis of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 for detecting the landslide area in Ishizaka Forest in Hatoyama Town and decomposed the slide movement in the east-west and in the vertical directions by using the 2.5-dimensional analysis method. We also analyzed the trend using time series analysis. As a result, a minute fluctuation of 0.4 cm/year in the east direction and 0.2 cm/year in the settling direction was obtained. In future, we will improve the estimation accuracy and will carry out comparative verification with GPS with future progress.

In coal mining areas, ground subsidence persistently happens, which brings serious environmental issues and affects the safety of infrastructure. In order to effectively assess and control the security problems especially traffic problems brought by mining in Dayan mining area which located in Hulunbeier, Inner Mongolia, China. This paper uses the sentinel-1 data to monitor land subsidence through D-InSAR. According to D-InSAR results, it can be clearly found that the uplifting of railways and the subsidence basin caused by human activities. Subsidence basin is the most risky area and should be concerned, so we analyzed it carefully through combining subsidence profile and coherence profile. By comparing with the leveling results, the accuracy of D-InSAR reaches 7.7 mm. The research shows that D-InSAR can accurately reflect the trend of land subsidence, which is important for land deformation monitoring in mining areas and D-InSAR results can provide data support for mine safety assessment.

The launch of Sentinel-1 constellation raise a new era for InSAR applications and time series analysis. The wide coverage, fine temporal and spatial resolution, precise control of orbits and the free distribution policy bring more new chances than ever to earth observations applications. In this experiment we use Sentinel-1A data that covers a period of one year and a half (from November 2014 to June 2016) to study the ground movement of California Central Valley. Two different datasets were used and persistent scatterers interferometry technique was adopted for the time series analysis. The result indicates severe ground subsidence inside the study area, reaching a maximum rate of approximately 250 mm/yr at some locations.

To solve the ground subsidence phenomenon that occurs in the subway construction in soft rock region, in this paper, we shore the soft rock strata by deploying deep hole grouting technique. The dynamic monitoring data show that, by deploying deep hole grouting technology in subway tunnel construction in soft rock strata, the surface subsidence value is always in control.

High-speed railways play important roles in connecting populated cities. Strict attention to ground subsidence is applied to ensure its transportation safety. Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway is an important part of China's “Four Vertical and Four Horizontal” Passenger Line Network. In this study, TerraSAR-X and ASAR images were employed to recover the surface evolution along the high-speed railway using advanced InSAR technique. A spatial-temporal criterion is updated for PS identification. Nonlinear deformation is modeled and removed by a linear least squares fit. Measurements from TSX and ASAR during a closer period as well as the transverse subsidence profiles showing a fairly consistent agreement. According to the longitudinal subsidence profiles, although the subsidence gradient now is within the guidelines of high-speed railway, the increasing cumulative subsidence can still be a potential threat for the line.

Land subsidence is one of the important geological hazards in urban construction in Beijing, which has received the attention of academia and government departments. Ground settlement have caused damage of the buildings, railways, bridges and other infrastructure and have caused huge losses of economic, urban construction and people's lives. In this study, we monitor the temporal and spatial distribution of land subsidence evolution based on InSAR techniques, and the ground subsidence trend is estimated using gray-markov model. We obtain time-series surface subsidence information in Beijing plain by 39 ENVISAT ASAR data from 2003 to 2010 and 27 Radarsat-2 data from 2010 to 2014 using PS-InSAR technique. we analyzed the characteristics of land subsidence in the plain area of Beijing city, it is found that the land subsidence in this area is in a state of accelerated development, and the maximum sedimentation rate can reach 126mm/year in some areas. Based on the monitoring results, our study adopts gray-markov prediction model to predict land subsidence in some observation points in Beijing plain. The research results can provide a preliminary reference for urban planning, construction, and subsequent research.

In this study, an advanced InSAR time-series analysis technique was applied to obtain the ground subsidence result in Hong Kong International Airport with 29 TerraSAR-X SpotLight images. In oder to improve the accuracy of monitoring points and the quality of both interferogram and coherence, the NL-InSAR filter is adopted in this processing framework. The result demonstrates the great prospects of NL-InSAR filter in InSAR time series analysis technique.

In the state of Indiana over 1500 million tons of coal were extracted from underground in the past 150 years. As a consequence, today many of the long-abandoned mines pose a serious risk to the local. When the abandoned mine shafts collapse, the ground above can drop as much as several feet along with everything on it. Thus it is essential for a long-term-wide-range monitoring technique to map the ground subsidence over the local mining area. In this study, we try to evaluate the mining area ground subsidence with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, which is famous for its capability of wide-area and high-precision monitoring. Furthermore, for better understanding the ground motion with respect to difference RADAR frequencies, we use data with different wavelengths in this project, C-band and L-band respectively. The result shows that overall the monitored area were stable but we can still detect ground movements at the location of a few mining spots.

The rapidly developing urbanization since the last decade of the 20th century leads to the strong groundwater extraction, resulting in the subsidence phenomena in the Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Recent advances in the multi-temporal spaceborne SAR interferometry, especially with Persistent Scatters Interferometry (PSI) approach, is the robust remote sensing technique for measuring ground subsidence in large scale with millimetric accuracy. This work has presented an advance PSI analysis, to provide unprecedented spatial extent and continuous temporal coverage of the subsidence in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City.

In the far North of Siberia, air temperature is increasing due to global warming. The warmer-than-normal air temperature thawed permafrost. Flood was caused when a large amount of permafrost thawed. Objectives are to monitor permafrost degradation using microwave remote sensing, to demonstrate spatio-temporal patterns of flood, and to understand flood-generating mechanism in order to manage flood risk. After ice wedge melting due to the increased air temperature, the melting water gushed from the ground. Then, the melting water flowed into a nearby river, leading to floods. Ground subsidence by permafrost degradation was measured using DInSAR of ALOS/PALSAR. Flood damages were quite different by location. In downstream area around Andryushkino, flood damage continued for two years. The flood water flowed slowly toward the north, because landscape in this area is almost flat without slope. Therefore, the local people who lived in Andryushkino suffered flood for a long time.

The paper is start from the characteristics of ground subsidence on the Daye Iron Mine, analyzes the instability of the surface area caused by the subsidence of Iron Mine. The ground subsidence can be divided into the fall area and the crack area. On this basis, a new thinking is proposed, which is getting the monitor data of the fall area and the crack area changes, then building monitor model. And the end, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the method.

We take BP artificial neural network and use soft ground foundation subsidence data of Ningsuxu highway to build model, and do the forecasts of soft ground subsidence final settlement, then comparing the predict results with curve-fitting hyperbola method, the curve method, three-point method forecast results. It turns out that neural network can avoid the human factors of interference from traditional methods, gaining high precision.

Through analysis to the tunnel monitoring measurement data of surrounding rock deformation near the tunnel portal, it is gained that the deformation curve of tunnel ground subsidence, arch crown settlement and perimeter deflection having obvious stage characteristic. At the same time, by nonlinear regression analysis to deformation curve of surrounding rock, it is also gained that the nonliear regression equations of “models of growth” which is fit for the deformation of surrounding rock, all these provide the basis for forcasting the deformation rule and final deformation of surrounding rock and for raising the informative tunnel construction level.

This paper presents an application of interferogram stacking InSAR to investigate the ground subsidence in Beijing. In order to improve the ensemble coherence levels between SAR images, a small baseline interferogram strategy was adopted and the appropriate search windows sizes were selected in co-registration process. The measurement result indicates that a ground subsidence zone appeared, respectively, in Chaoyang and Tongzhou districts and there was almost no ground subsidence within the 5th Ring Road during the period January, 2009 to January, 2010.

Based on the ground-equivalent circle zone-lining model, the construction effect of the near tunnel is calculated. The contact surface is established between the ground, equivalent circle zone and lining model, so the interaction between them can be analyzed. The different construction quality is simulated by the different thickness of the equivalent circle zone. The calculation show that the ground subsidence increases linearly when the construction quality drop and the coefficient of the new tunnel is 3.4 times of the near tunnel. The plastic zone between the tunnels is larger than lateral outsides. The calculation shows that using the ground-equivalent circle zone-lining model, the interaction between them can be analyzed and the construction effect of the near tunnel can be worked out effectively.

In this work we present the results of an experiment aiming to measure a ground subsidence in the city of Lisbon, Portugal, possibly related to works for the building of the city's subway infrastructure. A time series of 46 ERS SAR images, acquired between May 1995 and January 2001, is interferometrically processed using the Persistent Scatterers (PS) technique and terrain deformation velocities estimated at the location of PS. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) estimates are compared to topographic measurements of terrain subsidence carried out in 1976, 1996 and 2010.

Metro Traffic is an important component of urban public transport part. With large number of urban subway construction, subway tunnels surrounding groundwater, soil damage to the environment has become very prominent in subway construction problems. The changes in water and soil caused by subway construction will inevitably lead to changes in the environment surrounding the MTR changes in living environment. Case Study of Nanjing subway construction, the relationship between subway construction and groundwater-soil environment were discussed by ground subsidence, subway tunnel leakage and deformation, and water pollution in urban subway construction.

Ground subsidence susceptibility at a coal mine by integration of L-band SAR measurements and a subsidence hazard model incorporated in GIS was estimated. A subsidence hazard map was constructed using JERS-1 SAR data from the early 1990s and the subsidence hazard model. A certainty factor analysis was employed for estimating the relative weights of four control factors influencing coal mine subsidence. The relative weight of each factor was then integrated to generate a subsidence hazard index (SHI) by a fuzzy combination operator. The hazard map was validated by comparison with subsidence observed by ALOS PALSAR interferometry in 2007–2008. The results showed a good agreement between the predicted locations vulnerable to subsidence and the actual subsidence occurrences with an accuracy of about 72.5%. These results showed that the map produced by integration of InSAR and GIS can be used to predict and monitor coal mine subsidence hazards, especially in remote regions.

Satellite Differential Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) has demonstrated its ability for monitoring mine-induced ground subsidence. However, it is still a challenging task to routinely identify all mining activities from the large-scale coverage interferogram, especially the illegal mines. In response to this challenge an underground mining detection system based on DInSAR is described. The system is tested over a dense mining area in Asia. With such a system it is hoped that the detection efficiency of illegal underground mining using DInSAR can be improved.

A case study of INSAR application to monitor the ground subsidence of colliery area in Fengfeng coal mining area, Hebei Province, China is investigated in this paper. Using the data of ENVISAT ASAR and JERS SAR, the interferometric results of this area are derived. At the same time as acquisition of ENVISAT ASAR data, field leveling measurement in this area was carried out, and the historical excavation data were collected as well. A synthetic comparison is done between the results of D-InSAR and leveling measurement. The comparison shows that the D-InSAR subsidence results are consistent with the field measurement results and the historical excavation data. Finally, some ideas and suggestions about InSAR applications to deformation monitoring in mining areas and mining industrial cities are given based on this case study and other applications.

A Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technology is used to detect ground deformation from ASAR images acquired from 2007-2008 in the urban area of Guangzhou in South China. To obtain active ground subsidence zones a great value filter method is developed to extract characteristic points with great values. Based on the ground deformation rate maps of the study area, a thematic map of the active ground subsidence zones is generated. To interpret the distribution of active ground subsidence zones, a local geological map of faults and rock type information is used to generate a series of thematic maps. The results show that geological faults, rock distribution, over-development, and underground engineering projects may be four factors leading to the distribution of the active ground subsidence zones in the study.