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As the automotive industry adopts Ethernet for in-vehicle network technology, automotive Ethernet has to handle bounded delay traffic. IEEE std 802.1Q introduces the stream reservation protocol (SRP) to reserve resources for time-sensitive traffics. SRP uses bridge-by-bridge propagation for its messages and registers VLAN ID and group address before making Audio-Video (AV) stream reservations. In this study, we propose a simplified SRP scheme over the Software-defined Network (SDN) for in-vehicle bridged networks. The proposed scheme exploits the topology and bridge information of bridged networks. A centralized stream reservation procedure in the scheme replaces the bridge-by-bridge propagation for SRP reservations. The reservation procedure does not require VLAN ID and group address registration. We implemented a prototype of the proposed scheme and showed that reserved flows are well protected when links of bridges are overloaded.

The Shielding Effectiveness (SE) of structures should be considered for radiated electromagnetic pulse effect analysis. General structures are composed of reinforced concrete and concrete is a mixture of aggregates (gravel, sand, water, iron, graphite, flay ash, etc.). It can be difficult to obtain a dielectric parameter for use during the modeling process for shielding performance analysis. In this paper, a simple approach is presented that can determine the dielectric properties of concrete using backward tracing. Two structures are considered for the comparison of measured and simulated results. It is possible to verify the dielectric properties of concrete using loss tangent variation.

The automotive industry has recently introduced Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for safety and better driving. Many Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have been installed in the vehicle to support ADAS, and massive data stream flows over the in-vehicle network. Therefore, the Ethernet backbone, which can guarantee the high bandwidth, has emerged as an in-vehicle communication technology. However, security on automotive Ethernet has not yet been proposed. The IEEE MACsec with IEEE 802.1X Authentication and Key Management (AKM) may be applied for the in-vehicle secure communication, but it has a constraint that its security scope is based on a point-to-point approach. Whenever a frame arrives at the switches in the transmission path, the decryption and re-encryption of the frame are repeated. It may adversely affect the performance of ADAS related to the driver's safety by increasing the end-to-end latency. We therefore propose a new MACsec extension over the Software-Defined Networks (SDN) for an in-vehicle secure communication, which is based on IEEE 802.1X authentication mechanism. The proposed scheme extends the security scope of MACsec from point-to-point to end-to-end by delegating AKM process of ECUs and switches to SDN controller. It could minimize the cryptographic processes of the ECUs and switches without any modification of the existing MACsec standard, and could protect an automotive system from any manipulation by unauthorized third parties. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is applicable for an in-vehicle secure communication.

5G networks offer various network services based on software defined networking and network function virtualization. However, certain services are sensitive to link latency which is why it is consistently observed to provide high quality services. Previous studies have proposed two approaches to this task: measuring the latency by probe packets and link-layer discovery protocol (LLDP) packets. However, they have several limitations like flow rule preconfiguration, influence of the control plane traffic, and necessity of calibration. In this paper, Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) based approach is proposed. The approach measures latency at the data plane with simply implemented echo mode in Open vSwitch. We evaluates and compare the proposed approach to LLDP-based one in terms of single link latency and path latency, and error rate. In addition, we verify that the control plane throughput affects link latency according to the increased number of switches. As a result, the proposed approach can resolve the limitations and provides accuracy link latency.

Making the data plane of a SDN flexible enough to satisfy the various requirements of heterogeneous IoT applications is very desirable for Software Defined IoT (SD-IoT) networking. The network device having programmable data plane provides an ability to add new packet and data processing procedures dynamically to the IoT applications. Previously proposed solutions for adding programmability to the SDN data plane provide extensibility for packet forwarding operations for new protocols, but IoT applications need more flexible programmability for in-network data processing operations e.g. data aggregation of sensing data from thousands of sensor nodes. Moreover, some IoT models such as OMG DDS, oneM2M, and Eclipse SCADA use publish-subscribe model, which is difficult to represent with the operations of existing message-centric data plane models. We introduce a new in-network data processing scheme for SD-IoT data plane. It defines an event-driven data processing model that can express various in-network data processing cases in the SD-IoT environment. It also proposes a language to program the data processing procedures using the model, and presents a flexible data plane structure that can install and execute the programs at runtime. We demonstrated flexibility of the proposing scheme with sample programs for some example SD-IoT cases.

Heterogeneous network, which consists of macro-cells and small cells, is actively researched in Long Term Evolution (LTE) area. The present handover procedure is not considered for the heterogeneous network environment. As the coverage of a small cell is limited, more frequent handovers occur. Therefore, workloads of a Mobility Management Entity (MME) and a Serving Gateway (SGW) increase. We propose the micro mobility management to reduce the workloads of the MME and the SGW. The proposed scheme introduces the mobility anchor, which handles handover between small cells without the participation of the MME and the SGW. The mobility anchor hides the change of the data path of a User Equipment (UE) from the SGW. Also, the MME can receive the notification of the change of the control path for maintenance of the Non Access Stratum (NAS) channel between the MME and the UE. The MME no longer relays the data path control signal to the SGW. The simulation result shows the reduction of the handover latency due to the simplified handover procedure.

An IP address is used as a host identifier and a locator to bind hosts and applications to their location in existing Internet. Several protocols are proposed to eliminate this binding. Most of these protocols use IPv6-based host identifiers to maintain compatibility with existing Internet, but these identifiers cannot be handled by standard IPv6 routers because such identifiers are unroutable. Therefore, host identifiers need to be usually converted to locators at hosts, and the standard IPv6 protocol should be modified to interoperate with these protocols. In this paper, we propose a network-based host identifier locator separating scheme in software-defined network. The proposed scheme separates the underlying network into Host Identity and IP domains in order to directly forward unroutable identifiers. Host Identity domain includes its own routing strategy based on a distributed hash table algorithm. The proposed scheme directly handles the packets which have host identifiers as its addresses, and converts the host identifiers to the corresponding locators in the network. We compare the differences between the proposed scheme and other existing solutions.

A Dual Connectivity architecture has been proposed by 3GPP for enhancement of small cells in long term evolution heterogeneous networks. A Master eNodeB (MeNB) handles handovers on behalf of the Mobility Management Entity (MME) and the Serving Gateway (SGW) for secondary eNodeBs (SeNB) located within the coverage of MeNB. Workloads of the MME and the SGW are moved to the MeNB. Small cells can be concentrated in crowded downtown or buildings in the heterogeneous network environment. The number of handovers may be increased due to concentrated small cells having small coverage, so the workload of the MeNB can be increased inside the hot spot. We propose a micro mobility management scheme to offload the workload of the MeNB to other components. The proposed scheme introduces a mobility anchor (MA) which processes the handovers between SeNBs on behalf of MeNB. Simulation results indicate the reduction of the workload of the MeNB due to the MA.

An effective wet clean method to remove unwanted growth SiGe defect in FinFET Junction sector was demonstrated in a single wafer clean toolset. The unwanted growth SiGe defect was known due to the tiny metallic particles (

We report our development of a novel NLDMOS in SOI based smart power technology, integrated into Freescale's 0.13μm CMOS platform. The new NLDMOS not only achieves BVDSS up to 140V in both low side and high side operations, but more importantly, the Rdson*Area is able to shrink at least 35-40% below the current benchmark, which is the lowest reported for BVDSS ranging from 50V to 138V. For the first time, we demonstrated LDMOS devices which approach the Si limit. The devices also achieve very competitive performance in both SOA and the reliability tests under HCI stress as well as high temperature reverse bias (HTRB) stress.

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol. Mobile node (MN) does not participate in mobility-related signaling in PMIPv6. PMIPv6 can support multi-homing hosts with the help of virtual interface to perform inter-technology handover or to support flow mobility. However, a single virtual interface has the problem of swapping link-layer identifier (LL-ID) when the neighbor discovery is performed after inter-technology handover. Whenever the single virtual interface receives an Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message, the virtual interface analyzes the NS message and it changes the LL-ID of virtual interface to the LL-ID of physical interface for keeping communication. This approach is not natural and is not recommended because it has a security problem. In this paper, the efficient inter-technology handover scheme with the multiple virtual interfaces are proposed to solve the problem of swapping LL-ID with Proxy Neighbor Advertisement message in Neighbor Discovery. This paper explains the difference based on the result of comparison with a single virtual interface. NS-3 simulation is performed to provide a clear and practical procedure of multiple virtual interfaces in PMIPv6 network.

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility support protocol and it does not require MNs to be involved in the mobility support signaling. In flow mobility support, although the virtual interface in the MN solved the problems of vertical handover or flow mobility in heterogeneous network, missing procedure of MN-derived flow handover makes flow mobility in PMIPv6 incomplete. In this paper, enhanced flow mobility support is proposed for actualizing and full-covering of the flow mobility support in PMIPv6. Enhanced flow mobility support is based on a virtual interface in the MN. Virtual interface makes all physical interfaces to hide from the network layer and above. Flow Interface Manager is placed at the virtual interface and Flow Binding Manager in the LMA is paired with Flow Interface Manager. They manage the flow bindings and are used to select proper access technology to send packets. Flow mobility procedure begins with three different triggering cases, which are caused by new connection from the MN, the LMA's decision, and request from the MN, respectively. Simulation using NS-3 network simulator is performed to provide clear and practical procedure of enhanced flow mobility support in PMIPv6.

In this paper, the proposal system can achieve the more safety of RFID System with the 2-step authentication procedures for the enhancement about the security of general RFID systems. After authentication RFID Tag, additionally, the proposal system extract the characteristic information in the user image for acquisition of the additional authentication information of the user with the camera. In this paper, the system which was proposed more enforce the security of the automatic entrance and exit authentication system with the cognitive characters of RFID Tag and the extracted characteristic information of the user image through the camera. The RFID system which use the active tag and reader with 2.4GHz bandwidth can recognize the tag of RFID in the various output manner. Additionally, when the RFID system have errors, the characteristic information of the user image is designed to replace the RFID system as it compare with the similarity of the color, outline and input image information which was recorded to the database previously. In the result of experiment, the system can acquire more exact results as compared with the single authentication system when it using RFID Tag and the information of color characteristics.

In WAVE applications, the safety information of neighboring vehicles must be collected as quickly and efficiently as possible. Safety applications broadcast their safety information periodically, but the delivery of the broadcast messages in IEEE 802.11p is unreliable. As the control channel has to share the Sync Interval (SI) with the service channels, access to the control channel by the safety messages is delayed during the Service CHannel Interval(SCHI). All safety messages generated during SCHI are rush to access as soon as the Control CHannel Interval (CCHI) starts. It causes the flash crowd problem for the safety applications. Safety messages, which are generated periodically and their periods overlap with SCHI, always face the latter problem; it causes unfairness among the safety messages. In this paper, a Distributed Periodic Access Scheme (DPAS) is proposed to solve the problem. DPAS uses a hashing function to distribute the access time of the safety messages into CCHI instead of SI. The simulation results show that DPAS drastically reduces the collision of the safety messages in a crowded environment and that choosing a hashing function is very important to reduce the collision in a crowded environment.

Efficient deployment of sensors is one of important issues in wireless sensor networks. Several self- deployment schemes based on Voronoi diagram have been proposed. These schemes distribute sensors uniformly over the covered area, but they cannot make the sensing area fully covered and their coverage expansion speed is not high. We propose a new gridbase self-deployment scheme. The proposed scheme divides the sensing area into small cells, each of which will be covered by a sensor and sensors are deployed to grid centers. The proposed scheme makes the sensing area fully and fast, but the average moving distance of sensors are increased compared with Voronoi diagram-based algorithms. The average moving distance can be reduced by the hybrid scheme where a Voronoi diagrambased algorithm is executed for some rounds before the proposed algorithm is executed. We implement our simulator used to analyze the performance of the proposed schemes as well as the existing self-deployment schemes. The simulation results show that our schemes can makes the sensing area fully and fast.

Several NEMO protocols are proposed to support network mobility in PMIPv6 networks but they ignores packet loss problem during handover. Seamless handover is very important to support real-time traffic in NEMO environment. We propose PMIP-based NEMO protocol with Efficient Buffering scheme to prevent packet loss. The Efficient Buffering scheme manages buffers with ARQ mechanism similar to Go- Back-N. The simulation result shows that the Efficient Buffering scheme forwards buffered packet to MN without duplicated packet as soon as the MN finishes a handover.

With the rapid growth in the number of mobile subscribers and mobile devices, the demand high-speed Internet access is becoming a primary concern in our lives. Not long ago, the most stable and well known solution of IP-based mobility management is Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). Even if MIPv6 is a well-known mature standard for IPv6 mobility management support, however, it has revealed some problems such as handover latency, packet loss, and signaling overhead. Thus, a new IPv6 mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is being actively standardized by the IETF NETLMM Working Group. Unlike the various host-based protocols such as MIPv6, a network-based approach such as PMIPv6 has salient features and is expected to expedite the real deployment of IP-based mobility management. In this paper, we present an implementation of PMIPv6 in NS-3 network simulator and the evaluation of the simulation for validating.

The IETF working group’s aim is to speed up development of the standard for the IP address auto-configuration in Ad-Hoc networks. Many studies have been investigated to complete an automatic configuration, but IP address autoconfiguration remains an unresolved issue in Ad-Hoc networks. The approaches taken in these studies differ. We provide a framework to compare factors of Ad-Hoc networks. This paper arranges existing solutions in two categories and analyzes the critical points of these schemes.

Network print devices have evolved to support additional multifunction services, in particular a Scan Service. When network Scanners are installed in local office or enterprise networks, they need remote service, device, and job management capabilities so that administrators, operators, and End Users can monitor their health and status. Twain is an industry standard or protocol for applications that interface with scanning devices. It offers many advantages. TWAIN driver was designed to initiate a scanning session from hosts using the local interface (USB or IEEE1284). Thus, the addition of a network scanning component is necessary to support a network scanning system. A network scanning system offers the quality and convenience necessary to provide electronic document capture for internal operations and customer service. This document proposed the network scanning method using the TWAIN driver. This method of implementing electronic document capture and distribution, known as network scanning, into the TWAIN driver architecture is described. Network Scanning converts the scanned document image into TIFF, PDF or JPEG and formats delivers to user defined destinations utilizing SNMP and TCP protocols. The integration of network scanning into Samsung’s Digital Imager printer/scanner architecture is presented.

Data rates in 3GPP LTE supports 100Mbps in the downlink and 50Mbps in the uplink. Currently, almost all manufactured MTs uses HDLC_PPP to make connections between TE and MT. However HDLC_PPP uses byte stuffing for HDLC framing. As the communication speed is increased dramatically between TE and MT, byte stuffing seriously limits communication speed. As the connection methods between TE and MT and between MT and RN Care different, HDLC_PPP used between TE and MT can be replaced by other method without affecting the wireless interface. We propose an Ethernet interface instead of HDLC_PPP interface. The Ethernet-based interface provides higher data throughput than that of HDLC_PPP. The test result shows that data throughputs of HDLC_PPP over USB, pure Ethernet, and Ethernet over USB are 18Mbps,95Mbps, and 68Mbps respectively.

The media access control (MAC) protocol in wireless sensor networks provides a periodic listen/sleep state for protection from overhearing and idle listening. However, many scenarios and applications exist in which sensor nodes must send data quickly to destination nodes. This paper proposes the priority-based quality-of-service MAC (PQMAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. We use data priority levels to differentiate among data transmissions, and propose a MAC protocol based on these levels. This protocol manages scheduling by adaptively controlling network traffic and the priority level. We focused on reducing the latency of the message transmission from the source to the destination. Simulation results showed that PQMAC reduces latency problems in wireless sensor networks while maintaining energy efficiency.

In PMIPv6, We propose a new Route Optimization (RO) scheme with roaming among the inter-domains. Previous works are used direct packet forwarding methods among the Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs) because the MAG manages the signaling for the mobile nodes (MNs) to support the mobility. However, previous works cause a lot of problems in security, packet delivery latency, and increasing the control messages. For this reason, we propose bi-directional tunnel among the Local Mobility Anchors (LMAs) and MAGs to support the RO when the MN handovers to the other PMIPv6 domains. We prove the RO with LMAs is more efficient than the previous work. Moreover, we implement our RO scheme and compare it with the roaming scheme in PMIPv6.

To support network mobility in wireless network, NEMO BSP is proposed by IETF. Mobility support paradigm is going to move from the MN to Network. PMIPv6 is the latest protocol based on local mobility management and network-based mobility. The mobile node can freely move between PMIPv6 network and mobile network. The previous NEMO protocols based on PMIPv6 cannot support this kind of mobility due to the original NEMO BSP does not consider this scenario. We propose a Node Mobility supporting scheme in NEMO (nmNEMO), which supports MNs’ mobility between PMIPv6 network and mobile network as well as the basic network mobility.

In ad-hoc networks, mobile nodes cannot be supported the group authentication by Internet infrastructure. To resolve the group authentication in ad-hoc networks, several protocols for group key agreement have been proposed. These protocols assumes the reliable communication links between MNs. However, wireless links in ad-hoc network are inherently unreliable. We propose a group key agreement algorithm based on hyper-cube key agreement scheme to cope with failed links during group key agreement. When a link failure occurs in hyper-cube key agreement scheme, the key agreement keeps up the process no longer. The algorithm deals with any single link failures on any one plane of a hyper-cube.

Mobile IPv6 supports a global mobility solution in wireless networks. The mobile node is unable to send or receive packets during handover, due to link switching delay and IP protocol operations. This handover latency is caused by standard mobile IPv6 procedures, such as movement detection, new care of address configuration, and binding update. This configuration is the most time-consuming phase, because it requires duplicate address detection. It is usually unacceptable to real-time traffic and it may cause critical packet loss. This paper proposes a new mechanism to reduce handover latency through pre-DAD of the candidate access router. Each candidate AR creates new care of address using MNpsilas layer-2 address and its own prefix information and checks for a duplicated address prior to the handover and then stores it in cache list. When the MN moves into the new area, it can process binding update without care of address configuration delay. The proposed signaling is initiated after the first handover to reduce unnecessary overhead for the fixed MN. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce both handover latency and packet loss.

In this paper, we present minimizing the maximum used power routing algorithm (MIVIPR) in mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Most previous energy aware routing protocols usually optimize just one optimization criterion, which minimizes the total used energy or evenly distributes power consumption in each node to prevent node from being over exhausted. MMPR achieves two optimization objectives using a single route cost equation, which is based on the similar optimization, minimizing the maximum link utilization in LPF-Based-Re-Routing (LPF-RR), of traffic engineering (TE). MMPR can be implemented by modifying a route selection procedure in well-known routing protocol of MANET. We validate MMPR by performing a simulation based on a modification of DSR, and the simulation results showed improved performance in the maximum used energy and the number of dead nodes by time than the conditional max-min battery routing (CMMBCR).

Fast handover protocol provides seamless handover in mobile IPv6 networks by reducing handover latency. One assumption in fast handover is that the MN (Mobile Node) or the network could know or predict the new AR (Access Router) before data transport from the previous AR to the MN is disrupted. In order to achieve this capability, the complexity of predicting the new AR and the diversity of the wireless link technologies should be considered. While it is difficult to know or predict the new AR exactly, a better solution is required to find a reasonable set of candidate ARs (i.e., neighbor ARs) that are likely to be the new AR after a handover. This paper introduces a solution to support a fast handover mechanism using multi-tunnels between MAP (Mobility Anchor Point) and neighbor ARs in HMIPv6 (Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) network. It includes the concepts of Proxy Mobile IP for creation of CoA (Care of Address) and DAD (Duplicate Address Detection). In this protocol, the MN can handover without receiving any information about the new AR and this eliminates difficulties to know or predict exactly the new AR which is not specified in standard fast handover scheme. It decouples layer-2 and layer-3 handover and efficiently reduces handover latency through the minimized number of wireless signaling messages and pre-DAD. It also saves periods of service disruption and prevents packet loss in the case of ping-pong movement of the high-speed MN. The performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated by simulations under variable conditions.

A radio telemetry system was fabricated to continuously measure the deep body temperature (DBT) of broilers as an effort to monitor the occurrences of possible poultry diseases. It was shown that the DBT of broilers could be measured with an accuracy of plusmn0.1degC. Daily fluctuation of DBT in case of a 25 days old broiler was evaluated. To develop a system which can control the environment of poultry housing in real time based on DBT measurements, we proposed the design criteria of a dedicated receiver unit.

Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) has been accepted for supporting Component-Based Development (CBD). A component is a large-grained reuse unit consisting of several objects; however, an enterprise bean in EJB is a unit of atomic object and so multiple enterprise beans should be composed to support larger-grained reuse. Therefore, we need practical methods for designing and implementing components with EJB. In this paper, we propose instructions and techniques for designing CBD elements with EJB constructs. That is, we define methods for designing and implementing single and composite components, white- and black-box components, multiple interfaces, and variability mechanisms in EJB platform. We evaluate the proposed method by performing a case study and comparing the characteristics of CBD components with the method. Consequently, the method is supposed to improve reusability, applicability, portability of components in EJB platform.

RED-RT is proposed to protect real time traffic from non real time traffic in routers. Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanisms in routers have been developed to prevent congestion and to improve the fairness between adaptive (TCP) traffic and non adaptive (UDP) traffic. But they do not consider the QoS requirements of flows. Real time traffic is usually transported via RTP over UDP. UDP traffic is not protected from dropping and even discriminated against TCP traffic. As a result, for real time traffic protection scheduling mechanisms are normally used. However, AQM can roughly satisfy the QoS requirements of real time traffic by classification of traffic into real time flows and non real time flows and by applying different policy to them. The proposed RED-RT does not drop real time traffic during non congested periods and applies a lower drop rate for real time traffic than that of non real time traffic during congested periods in a router. The simulation result shows that RED-RT can roughly satisfy the QoS requirements for bandwidth, drop rate, and delay for real time traffic. This means that RED-RT can be used as congestion control and preliminary substitution for scheduling mechanism for real time traffic.

Mobile Stream Control Transmission Protocol (mSCTP) is recently proposed to support mobility in the transport layer without requiring additional network components. mSCTP provides mobility to all applications that use mSCTP as a transport protocol. However, current mSCTP does not include location management service and can not make connection from a Corresponding Node (CN) to a Mobile Node (MN) without assistance of other mobile protocols. We propose mSCTP proxy which supports making an mSCTP connection from the CN to the MN. Proposed mSCTP proxy performs an address transformation by direct interoperation with generic location management service and forward connection set up messages to the MN. Using the proposed proxy, mSCTP can provide a complete mobility support including a connection setup and maintaining an existing connection.

Both product line engineering (PLE) and model driven architecture (MDA) are emerging as effective paradigms for building a family of applications in cost effective way. PLE supports this by reusing common assets and MDA supports this by generating applications on diverse platforms through model transformation. However, both technologies have shortcomings to be a comprehensive methodology. The instructions and artifacts of PLE processes are not yet precisely defined. Especially, instructions for detailed design considering implementation platforms are not yet provided. Careful observations on PLE and MDA reveal that they complement each other by overcoming their limitations. We find a possibility of seamless integration, resulting in a comprehensive commercial-level methodology. In this paper, we propose a practical product line methodology, DREAM, which adopts key activities of PLE and model transformation feature of MDA. By applying the proposed methodology, it becomes possible to efficiently and semi-automatically develop a large number of applications that vary on behavior and implementation platform.

Lateral DMOS (LDMOS) power transistors of SMART technologies are widely used as output drivers in multiple applications. However, LDMOS devices are generally not robust under ESD due to deep snapback causing localized current crowding and leading to inhomogeneous triggering of the parasitic bipolar, ESD ruggedness of LDMOS power devices has been a significant subject in smart power IC technology. Lack of understanding in geometry scalability of the LDMOS devices often thwarts a proper implementation of self-protected structures. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the ESD scalability and failure mechanism of the power output devices to meet various levels of design requirement and optimize ESD protection solution. LDMOS devices ESD capability has been understood from snapback breakdown of the parasitic bipolar components. They usually show different behavior under ESD stress conditions, compared to the normal MOS transistors. The triggering mechanism of the snapback breakdown has been major subjects in terms of device structures and designs. In this paper, we report an ESD capability and scalability of the LDMOS devices from the geometry and operational aspects, employing both experimental and simulation data. Difference of transient electrical behaviors and failure mechanisms of DMOS with different geometries under ESD stress conditions is also addressed

The variation in exchange bias as a function of FM layer in FM/AFM/FM trilayer structure using IrMn(100 /spl Aring/)/NiFe(t /spl Aring/)/IrMn(100 /spl Aring/) thin films is reported. Unidirectional exchange anisotropy and the uniaxial anisotropy were analysed by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. The angular variation in resonance field, as a function of the NiFe layer thickness, manifests a unidirectional behavior for the exchange biased thin film. The variation of the unidirectional anisotropy field (H/sub ex/) and uniaxial anisotropy field (H/sub k/) with NiFe thickness was also determined. Results show that H/sub ex/ and H/sub k/ decreases linearly as NiFe thickness increases. When NiFe thickness reaches 800 /spl Aring/, however, the trend becomes nonlinear which indicates that the uniform magnetization distribution throughout NiFe layers is preserved up to NiFe thickness of 400 /spl Aring/. The H/sub ex/ of thicker NiFe layers could be from an inhomogeneous NiFe magnetization reversal due to domain formation in NiFe layer.

In this paper, the multiplication-free adaptive digital filter (MADF) algorithm to cancel the background noise which spans nearly all frequency bandwidths of biomedical signal is proposed and analyzed. In the experimental results of the convergence characteristics, the MADF algorithm has the advantage in that it is superior to a condition of low-frequency and slow data speed.

We have developed a novel cantilever-type probe which is capable of less than 70 of pitch and 12g of force. This probe is suitable for wafer-level burn-in testing, function testing and circuit-board O/S testing including memory and RF devices. The probe was fabricated with epitaxial polysilicon on silicon substrate. The through via hole interconnection was formed in silicon wafer by nickel electroless plating and copper electroplating. The electroless plating is easy method and can deposit film uniformly for deep trench and through hole. Especially, it can deposit film on any substrates without seed layer and allow it to be electroplated. The aspect ratio of through via hole was larger than 10:1 and the contact resistance was less than 1 ohm.

High energy implantation becomes increasingly attractive for CMOS and BiCMOS technologies due to significant benefits in performance and cost. This paper reports the electrical and thermal performance of the power devices in a new cost-effective smart power technology based on the high energy implantation process. characteristics in safe operating area and transient power capability of the power devices are investigated in terms of process and geometry optimizations, compared to the conventional implantation technology.

In order to detect a precise pulse waveform, we have developed a pulse diagnostic system using the multiplication free adaptive digital filter (MADF) algorithm. The MADF algorithm is used to reduce intersymbol interference (ISI) in the data channel. The application of the apparatus has important significance in ensuring the objectivity of clinical information and in promoting the representation and stability.

Mucociliary clearance of the respiratory tract is one of the important defensive functions of the airway mucous. In this study, the authors developed a new method of measuring ciliary beat frequency (CBF) with high spatial resolution based on the image processing method. Microscopic ciliary images were digitized through an image grabbing board inside a PC, and data necessary for the power spectrum (FFT) analyses were extracted from these gray images by an image subtraction method. By means of FFT analyses, the maximum peak frequencies were found in each divided block of a whole acquired image. Finally using these frequencies, the authors composed frequency maps of various sizes showing the spatial distribution of CBF's in user specified resolution. The smaller the authors made the size of divided blocks included in analysis, the more detailed regional ciliary beat distributions they could evaluate.

The photocharge voltage is observed for dielectric materials. This voltage appears on any solid body when light is irradiated on a sample. The potential difference is observed on various materials such as conductors, semiconductors, dielectrics, and ceramics. For dielectric materials, the magnitude of the voltage is of the order of /spl mu/V. The purpose of this paper is to report the purely experimental photocharge voltage measurements for dielectric materials, including two dimensional scan of LiNbO/sub 3/ wafer, and the test structure. The photocharge voltage was generated by chopped laser and halogen lamp light.

In order to establish rapid diagnosis in the TDX signaling service, this study has analyzed the signal spectrum of the PCM acquisition system. The system has the function of acquiring the PCM signal of the preferred channel from the subhighway (SHW), connecting a universal signal transceiver unit and time switch unit, and then classifying the type of signal such as R2MFC/DTMF/CCT/voice, and finally discriminating the digit. This paper describes the spectral analysis of the PCM acquisition system using the quick Fourier transform (QFT), and discusses the signal analysis and discrimination algorithm.