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There exists strong coupling and a complex multivariable relation among the strip gauge, looper angle and strip tension in tandem hot rolling. To improve the gauge precision of the hot strip, the dynamic relationship among these three variables must be determined. In this paper, a new coordinated optimal control scheme based on discrete model predictive control (DMPC) theory was presented for an automatic gauge control and looper control (AGC-LP) integrated system. First, a state-space model of the AGC-LP integrated system was established based on a 1700 mm tandem hot strip mill. Then, to achieve the desired dynamic performance with the AGC-LP integrated system, a performance index function and an optimal control sequence were designed for the DMPC controller. The simulation results showed that the proposed DMPC controller had better robustness and adaptability to modeling uncertainties and external disturbances than a traditional proportional-integral (PI) controller.

Line structured light is a classic and popular approach for 3D object measurement. However, in many prior works, it is only evaluated on the application level, and researchers may ignore comparisons between measured values and highly accurate labels. The calibration accuracy may also not be the primary factor for specific high-precision measurement tasks: the calibration method is sophisticated and only responsible for determining fixed transformations between the camera and the laser plane. In this paper, we propose a semantic centroid method to extract laser lines in various gray values accurately, and several other factors are analyzed when measuring object thicknesses. On a customized dataset sampled from gauge blocks with ground-truth thicknesses, under strict conditions, our line structured light obtains measurement errors at the micron level.

This article seeks to develop a technique for controlling the speed of a Prototype PIG using a bypass valve, electronically operated to attenuate or eliminate speed peaks. A Prototype PIG and a Test Laboratory were used for the experimental tests. The Prototype PIG has an innovative bypass valve, which uses the energy of the fluid transported for its activation. This valve allows diverting part of the fluid inside the Prototype PIG, taunting a pressure decrease upstream, entailing a decrease in speed. The recommended speed is in the range of 2 m/s to 7m/s in gas ducts. With the results achieved, this article aims to solve a problem in the oil and gas industry in which instrumented PIGs currently travel the entire pipeline without speed control.

The acoustic wave gauge was developed by the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) for long-term all-weather monitoring of wind waves. The instrument can be used to validate remote sensing data. Currently the instrument is being tested in various conditions and compared with different buoys. The acoustic wave gauge “Kalmar” was installed at the Gelendzhik test site of the Southern Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS (IO RAS) in 2019 and has worked successfully till December of 2020. The ADCP RDI WH-600 device was also installed at the landfill. Both instruments are installed underwater and use ultrasound to scan the water surface, they are able to measure omnidirectuinal wave spectrum. The parameters of large waves (up to 12 m) can be calculated from the measured wave spectrum. In the paper both the wave spectra themselves and the significant wave heights are compared for February 1–10, 2020. It is shown that the wave heights measured by the two instruments are close and the difference between the measurements of the acoustic wave gauge and the results of two different ADCP data processing algorithms (Echo and Velocity) do not differ more than the results of the two algorithms differ from each other. The spectra measured by the two instruments differ in the peak region, and fall off in the same way. However, the spectra recovered by different methods from ADCP measurements also differ, so that the shape of the recovered spectrum depends significantly on the processing algorithm. In the future, it is planned to consider this issue in more detail and compare the measurements of the acoustic altimeter with the measurements of the string wave gauge.

An accurate estimation of precipitation with high temporal and spatial resolution on a global basis are useful for not only scientific research but also flood warning, hydrological applications, weather forecast and so on. GSMaP provides global precipitation with 0.1 degree and 1 hour resolution and has been used widely in more than thousands of organizations for operational use. This GSMaP system has several products including GSMaP_ MVK and GSMaP_Gauge and the GSMaP_Gauge is the best product among them in terms of accuracy though it has the latency of a few days. In this study, some algorithm modifications in the GSMaP_Gauge algorithm are reported, focusing on the precipitation over the desert in central Australia. In the current algorithm, sometimes precipitation over desert and an artificial precipitation pattern are detected. Precipitation distribution over desert in Australia from GSMaP _MVK, GSMaP_Gauge and ground based measurement are compared in this study, and some modifications in the GSMaP_Gauge algorithm are discussed. In the new version, it is shown that the modified results show more realistic pattern and it is compared with the ground rain gauge measurements.

A custom ArcPro tool, the CERC-HAND-D tool, was developed to create synthetic rating curves (SRCs) using accessible data in Canada. SRCs could support the integration of the Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) model into an On-The-Fly flood mapping application for a Canada-wide service. A challenge with creating SRCs is finding an accurate method of representing multiple surface roughness coefficients ( $n$ ) present in a study area. Two distributed $n$ methods were experimented with (a weighted method and a minimum-median method) and were compared to a fixed single $n$ method using CERC-HAND-D. Control data was sourced from gauge stations across Eastern and Central Canada. Results indicate that in areas with medium to medium-high river gradients $(\mathrm{S} > 0.002\ \ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{m})$ and river lengths under 5 km, the CERC-HAND-D tool creates more accurate SRCs $(\text{NRMSE}=3.7\%-7.0\%, \text{Percent Bias} =-3.7\% -11.5\%)$ , with no $n$ method outperforming the other two.

Automatic digital pressure gauge calibration is challenging due to various unconstrained conditions. Although existing CNN-RNN based methods have been almost perfect on scene text recognition, they fail to perform well on digital pressure gauge calibration that requires to be extremely computation-efficient and accurate. In this paper, we propose a light weight fully convolutional sequence recognition network for fast and accurate digital P ressure G auge C alibration (PGC-Net). PGC-Net integrates feature extraction, sequence modelling and transcription into a unified framework. Experimental results show that PGC-Net runs 28 fps on CPU with 97.41% accuracy. Compared with previous methods, PGC-Net achieves better or comparable performance at lower inference time. Without bells and whistles, PGC-Net is capable of recognizing decimal points that usually appear in pressure gauge images, which evidently verifies the feasibility of PGC-Net. We collected a dataset that contains 17, 240 gauge images with annotated labels for automatic digital pressure gauge calibration. The dataset has been public for future research.

To accurately detect micro crack widths in rocks in real time, a new method based on a microwave resonance vibration model is proposed. Repeated experiments carried out by the developed microwave resonance vibration model-based sensor and the measuring apparatus determined that the center frequency of this model is 3.665 GHz. The experimental verification on various crack widths (below 1 mm) is performed after the calibration experiment of taking the plug gauge and dial gauge as standard. The relationship between the actual value and the amplitude of the output voltage of the microwave signal is analyzed; in addition, the influence of different environmental relative humidity and specimen water content on rock crack width measurement results is discussed. The experimental results show that, under the condition of a resonance vibration frequency of 3.575 GHz, the proposed method can accurately and directly determine the micro crack width in rocks. The detection system is developed with a relative error of less than ±5%, the minimum value of stability detection is 50 μm, and the fastest response speed of 0.28 ns. In terms of the influence of different environmental relative humidity and specimen water content on the measurement results, the greater the relative humidity, the higher the specimen water content, and the greater the influence on the measurement results. It provides an important reference for rock crack width variation monitoring and serves well for the rock masses engineering stability evaluation.

Solving discrete linear inverse problems is one of the cornerstones of modern science and engineering. In abstract terms, these problems seek to recover an unknown vector from an incomplete set of linear measurements. When the object is a sparse convex combination of a known collection of atoms, the gauge associated to the convex hull of this collection, i.e., the atomic gauge, can be minimized subject to data consistency constraints to attempt to recover the original vector. In some practical applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging, the vector is complex-valued and it is the magnitude vector, i.e., the vector containing the magnitude of the components, that is a sparse convex combination of known real-valued atoms. To apply the atomic gauge to this setting, we propose extending the collection of real-valued atoms by considering their modulations by a collection of suitable phases. Furthermore, under minor assumptions, we provide computationally tractable expressions to evaluate both the gauge associated to the modulated set of atoms and its proximal map. Our results show the complexity of using the gauge associated to a collection of modulated atoms is comparable to that of using a collection of real-valued atoms.

For safety considerations in electrical substations, the inspection robots are recently deployed to monitor important devices and instruments with the presence of skilled technicians in the high-voltage environments. The captured images are transmitted to a data station and are usually analyzed manually. Toward automatic analysis, a common task is to detect gauges from captured images. This paper proposes a gauge detection algorithm based on the methodology of geometric fitting. We first use the Sobel filters to extract edges which usually contain the shapes of gauges. Then, we propose to use line fitting under the framework of random sample consensus (RANSAC) to remove straight lines that do not belong to gauges. Finally, the RANSAC ellipse fitting is proposed to find most fitted ellipse from the remaining edge points. The experimental results on a real-world dataset captured by the GuoZi Robotics demonstrate that our algorithm provides more accurate gauge detection results than several existing methods.

The main goal is to assess the metrological characteristics of the distance sensor, whether it is suitable for the modernization of the Length Metroscope. The sensor is tested in the application stand using a set of length gauge blocks. The result is the determination of the maximum permissible error of the sensor with the evaluation unit.

Based on electrostatic nonlinearity, this paper mainly introduces a MEMS resonant vacuum gauge (RVG) for low vacuum measurement. With the merits of small size, low power consumption and wonderful output linearity, the RVG could be widely used in various condition, especially for embedded measurement. The gauge has multi-working modes due to different driving methods. There are three modes has been measured under different pressure, named the second-order resonant mode (the second mode in short), the third mode and the fourth mode, respectively. Measurement results illustrates that the second mode has nearly no relationship with pressure variation, the third-order mode measures 1Pa~500Pa, linear fitting shows a wonderful output linearity (R2=0.995) and resolution (superior than 0.5Pa); measurement range of the fourth mode covers IPa~5000Pa, fitting results shows a highly linearity (R2=0.997) and about 1Pa in resolution.

Curve gauge is the core part of the forming mechanism of spring machine, which is mainly used for the forming of spring coil. According to the wear behavior of the curve gauge, a quantitative method to characterize the wear degree of the curve gauge is proposed. The forming process of the spring coil is further simulated by the finite element method. The stress-time history of the nodes in the wear area is discretized. Based on the modified Archard model, the wear depth in the working area of the curve gauge is calculated, and the total wear amount is further estimated. The results show that the quantitative method of wear degree and the estimation method of wear amount are of scientific significance, which can provide reference for further research.

Piezoresistive effects of core-shell silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires (NWs) were experimentally evaluated using a FET-type device with single SiC nanowire as a channel, by electrical resistivity measurement with changing gate voltages. The I d -V g characteristics with no straining showed change in FET behaviors from n-channel type to p-channel type by changing insulating shell from SiO x to Al 2 O 3 due to the fixed charge in the shells. An influence of initial surface potential determined with the fixed charge in the insulating shells and gate voltages on the resistance change ratio at a small strain of SiCNWs was experimentally evaluated. Gauge factors at 1 % small strain of SiCNW differed from -21 to 40 between SiO x -shell and Al 2 O 3 -shell SiCNWs due to the polarity of the fixed charge in the shells, and increased from 40 to 100 on Al 2 O 3 -shell SiCNW with a negative voltage increment from 0 to -0.5 V.

There are level gauges that measure the level with respect to the direction of gravity, but there are no compact devices like level gauges that measure the perpendicular direction to a line or a plane. The author has developed a lenticular angle gauge (LEAG) to visualize the relative orientation using a lenticular lens, and a “perpendicular gauge” to identify the perpendicular direction with respect to a line or plane using a LEAG. This paper describes the principle and structure of the perpendicular gauge and the results of a performance test using a prototype. The author will also discuss the various uses and future prospects for the perpendicular gauge.

At present, the verification of glass container is mostly manual. However, in manual verification, the verification personnel’s workload is large, the efficiency is low, easy to appear the human error. In this paper, an automatic capacity verification device of the working glass container is developed. The servo motor drives the camera to move along the vertical slide track, and the liquid level is obtained through camera, collected images are processed to obtain the position of the liquid level and target scale line. Finally, whether the gauge is qualified is judged by the electronic scale weighing. Through theoretical and experimental analysis, the main solution to the camera level shot will greatly reduce the operator’s repetitive labor, improve work efficiency and measurement accuracy.

We propose a newly developed “phase-area method” to gauge the variations of multidirectional strain using a circularly-polarized (CP) patch antenna sensor excited by a proximity-coupled microstrip line in this paper. In order to minimize the physical size of sensor, high-dielectric-constant RO3010 dielectric laminate is used as the substrate for the antenna sensor, thus the sensor owns a small patch size of 17.66mm×18.46mm. A proof-of-concept prototype has been conducted to reveal the principle of multidirectional strain detecting through the concept of orthogonal modes (TM10 & TM01). Very high sensitivities of −106.8 and +71.2 ppm/μe have been achieved for the x- and y-directional strain, respectively.

This article reports a MEMS type Damping Viscous Vacuum Gauge(DVVG) for high vacuum measurement. This gauge, based on squeeze film damping effect that gases exerts on moving block with high velocity and constructed by MEMS technology, was reported for the first time. The working principle, manufacturing process and measurement steps were introduced in detail. This gauge, comparing with the existing DVVG has the advantages of smart size and lower price that could meet the requirement of embedded measurement requirement, for example, leakage rate detection of tiny vacuum chamber. The third-order mode was applied to measure vacuum degree, test result shows that measurement range covers 7.5×10-5Pa to 5×10−3Pa with especially high sensitivity (superior than 10-5Pa) and output linearity(R2=0.9978 ) between 1×10−4 Pa and 1×10−3Pa.

The translational velocity indicator(TVI) estimation is a simple and convenient way of solving for objects’ motion direction without segmentation or tracking. Based on this, we defined and distinguished the change level of image sequences by defining Abnormality Coefficient (AC). An abrupt increase in AC can indicate the happening of abnormal motion change. To gauge the accuracy of judgment, we also introduced the width of S-band which is related to the size of the field of view. TVI, AC, and S-band can be estimated from videos captured by a single camera and do not require the detection of image information in detail. The proposed method is computationally efficient and simple to implement. Our motivation stems from the limited number of provided screens and a large number of monitoring cameras require the videos or image sequences ordered by change level. We demonstrate the TVI method by applying it on two video sequences, and the results show that the method can distinguish the different change levels for sequences with and without abnormal motion change; the S-band method is applied on another two video sequences and it successfully shows different sizes of the field of view.

This paper proposes a novel detection method of radial forces for possible academic research application for switched reluctance machines. Analytical and experimental investigations of the radial force are carried with simple E-cores. The electromagnetic force is measured by strain gauges, and compared with electromagnetic and mechanical FEA results. The comparison result indicates that the forces detected from strain gauges are influenced by tangential force, gauge mounting position, and overlapped area between stator and rotor cores. The nonuniformity of strain distribution on teeth side surface make the relationship between the force and the strain complicated. In this paper, a compensation method of strain gauge output has been proposed for a precise radial force detection based on mechanical analysis.

In many industrial environments physical process values are still measured using analog gauges. An automatic reading of these instruments using wireless or wired data connections is often not feasible, due to cost- or technical issues. In such cases manual reading using human personnel is currently state-of-the-art. Especially in large plants (e.g. oil & gas refinery) these tasks are very error-prone, time-consuming and often dangerous due to exposed positions of the gauges. Recent research in the domain of autonomous robots and machine vision broadened the way of implementing either assistive or fully autonomous systems for reading analog gauges in hazardous environments. Therefore this work introduces a novel method for the detection of the gauge itself, the detection of the pointer needle and the extraction of information from the markings on the gauge. This allows the extraction of a physical measurement value without any prior knowledge about the gauge.

Rolling technique process needs powerful technical support and control level of rolling has been turning point at present. The key to some questions has not been solved thoroughly by the limitation based on conventionalcontrol theory. It is very necessary to realize forward development in control performance by introducing new control theory and method. It is always primary object to improve gauge control accuracy in hot strip mills. Limitation based on conventional PID is emerged when the controlled system is complex, nonlinear and time-variety. A new control strategy based on RBF-PID is introduced and has been applied in high nonlinear, time - varying hydraulic MN- AGC of 1700ASP The practical results have shown that the controller can improve the precision of the product gauge and has good performance.

The sea surface wave spectrum and the sea surface wave parameters are retrieved from acoustic wave gauge measurements and CCD receivers. The measurements took place on the offshore platform in the Black Sea. The acoustic wave gauge was installed near the platform in August-October 2019. In September-October 2019 the optical measurements were taken. The string wave gauge is working on the platform constantly. The first results of simultaneous measurements of the sea surface waves using active and passive remote sensing are presented. An algorithm for variance of slopes of the large-scale (in comparison with the wavelength of the incidence radiation) waves retrieval is introduced.

An unknown time-varying input delay compensation control is developed for cold rolling mill system. Firstly, a hydraulic automatic gauge control (HAGC) model with mismatched uncertainties and unknown time-varying input delay is established. Then, a controller is proposed based on the integral of past values of control and a novel filter error signal, which can effectively compensate input delays. In stability analysis, suitable Lyapunov-Krasovskii (L-K) functions are chosen to achieve a ultimately ultimately bounded result. Finally, simulation results for HAGC system illustrate the effectiveness of the developed control strategy.

This paper examines the simulation of a 1D half nonlinear shallow water model using a staggered grid scheme for comparing with experiment results. Here, the experiment of the moving bottom problem in one-directional horizontal is given. The experiment was built in a glass basin with an obstacle as the moving bottom. Indeed, the impact of moving the bottom in shallow water can generate surface waves with various elevation values. The results showed that numerical simulation using nonlinear shallow water equations is close enough with the experimental data. The comparison of water elevation from simulation results and experimental data is observed in three gauge which are shown as G 1, G 2, and G 3. Using the initial condition of water elevation 0.1 m, then the error measurement of each gauge are obtained less than $10^{-3}$.

The motors driving light railway traction vehicles need a lot active and reactive electrical energy, consequently the exploitation costs are high. That is why by the research we carried out and the results presented here we aim at emphasizing that these costs can be minimized by an optimal design. It must be said that the problem is very difficult, even if performant numerical computers are used. That is why, it is necessary to know the operation conditions (load shocks, vibrations, mechanical shocks, high operation temperatures), the restrictive requirements imposed (gauge conditions imposed by the available space on the rolling material, high maximum torque etc.). On the base on this information, the cross-section of the motor is optimized. The simulations we presented justify the decrease of the total cost 19200 Euro for a motor, as against the existing variant.

We present a gauge for dynamic monitoring of radon concentration in Bq/m3, designed and manufactured in-house. The device is equipped with additional sensors for measuring background beta+gamma and gamma radiation, as well as CO2 levels. The measurement results are reported every 600 seconds. The device is part of a growing network aiming to monitor and report radon level dynamics in real time. The data is collected on a server and is freely accessible under CC0 licence (public domain).

The relevance and problems of instrumental studies of the density and composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere (ionosphere) are shown, regarding the absence of tools for direct measurements of the density and composition of the atmosphere at altitudes from 100 to 1000 km. A solution to these problems is proposed by developing a combined sensor of the density and composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere placed on micro and nanosatellites. As a prototype of a vacuum gauge, an inversed-magnetron PMM-32-1 type converter was selected. The shortcomings of it in the working conditions in the ionosphere are shown. The methods of its developing are proposed and the approximate design of a modernized vacuum gauge converter is considered, on the basis of which a combined density and composition converter of the upper atmosphere will be built by combining it with a charged particle trap that prevent the charged particles (electrons, ions and protons) from entering the working area of the gauge, ensure the accuracy of its readings and also allow determining the concentration negative and positive charge particles. Modeling of electric and magnetic fields in the working area of the converter was carried out, on the basis of which the ionization processes in its working area should be further calculated.

Feedback particle filters (FPFs) are Monte-Carlo approximations of the solution of the filtering problem in continuous time. The samples or particles evolve according to a feedback control law in order to track the posterior distribution. However, it is known that by itself, the requirement to track the posterior does not lead to a unique algorithm. Given a particle filter, another one can be constructed by applying a time-dependent transformation of the particles that keeps the posterior distribution invariant. Here, we characterize this gauge freedom within the class of FPFs for the linear-Gaussian filtering problem, and thereby extend previously known parametrized families of linear FPFs., Comment: 6 pages, 0 figures

International audience; Fundamental bounds on achievable radiation efficiency serve as the design quality gauge, facilitate the choice of the antenna type considering the available dimensions, and provide simple rules to check the feasibility of a given design. This study quantifies the effect of body-implanted capsule dimensions and materials on achievable radiation efficiency. We also show that a dielectric-loaded electric antenna operating close to the optimal frequency can radiate more efficiently than a magnetic one. The latter, however, is more efficient when electrically small. © 2019 IEEE.

Seafloor pressure gauges are used in marine geodesy to detect vertical displacement of the seafloor. Instrumental gauge drift is often larger than the sought after geophysical and oceanographic signals. We performed a 12 month laboratory test on two new methods that aim to reduce pressure gauge drift in Paroscientific Digiquartz and other pressure transducers. In one method, a reference quartz oscillator (RQO) is installed adjacent to but isolated from the Bourdon tube whose stress is measured by a vibrating quartz force transducer. In another method, the pressure gauge is periodically connected to accurately measured atmospheric pressure as a reference to allow drift calculation. We found that the RQO is not a good predictor of gauge drift. However, determining drift by periodic exposure to atmospheric pressure is effective. These drift estimates were compared to estimates determined with an absolute piston gauge calibrator; the average difference between drift rates of the two methods is 0.00 ± 0.05 kPa/year. Finally, we tested the stability of the quartz clocks used in the Paroscientific electronics and found that they are not a significant contributor to drift.

Image-based method of water level measurement uses image processing technology to detect water line and realize automatic water level acquisition. However, due to the complex light conditions, low imaging resolution and inclined angle of view in the field, the recognition of characters and graduation lines on the surface of water gauge is quite unreliable. Existing image methods are difficult to ensure long-term and effective measurement. In order to solve this problem, a method of water line detection based on Mean Difference Fusion (MDF) of gray and edge features is designed. By calculating the gray mean difference of gray image and edge image, the water line is located by rough to precise method. In-situ experiments under different light conditions were carried out at Qianhancun Hydrological Station in Nanjing, and compared with Otsu method. The accuracy of water level measurement can reach 1 cm.

The Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) method is a Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) that detects defects by using Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) to detect MFL when passing through a defective area. Using these principles, this paper studied the design of mobile small PIG that can operate in piping perpendicular to the ground. Unlike the conventional PIG, a spider-type mobile small-scale design was designed to be attached to vertical piping and operable. It was analyzed using 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) and measured and analyzed data through experimentation. It was analyzed using a method, measured and analyzed data through manufacturing and experiment.

In this article, the simulation of a strain gauge is shown taking into account deformation or pressure parameters, for use in various industry applications (eg Aeronautics). This simulation was carried out with the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 software, where a gauge of 3 linear meanders was generated and subjected to external factors such as temperature and force, resulting in the ratio of the gauge factor and Young's modulus, between others. various types of designs and materials of the 3-gauge linear gauge gauge were modified in order to reduce their dimensions (in the order of microns) to reduce the effects or errors in the measurements that these transducers have when they are present before external factors.

Accelerometers are some of the most familiar micro electronic mechanical system (MEMS) sensor. Accelerometers are used in many fields, such as vehicle braking, mobile phone, gauge check and so on. In this paper, we summarize how accelerometers sensors can be operated, and their working principle is presented, and then the fabrication process of the accelerometers sensors is presented. Then we conducted a preliminary test on the performance of the sensor and discuss the optimization scheme of manufacturing process.

In this paper a flexible and stretchable strain gauge was screen printed and tested for micro-strain detection. The strain gauge was fabricated by screen printing carbon ink on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate and then encapsulated for protection from the effect of temperature and humidity. The strain gauge was bonded on to aluminium beams and the electromechanical response of the sensor was investigated by applying different loads. Resistance changes varying from 0.3 kΩ to 5.9 kΩ were observed as the loads were varied from 0.2 kg to 1.8 kg, with corresponding calculated gauge factors ranging from ~10 to ~20. The results demonstrate that the screen-printed strain gauge is highly sensitive and can be utilized for micro-strain (µƐ) detection. The response of the fabricated strain gauge as a function of resistance is investigated and presented in this paper.

Conversion of a field representation such as TM z to a different representation such as a TM r by means of general gauge transformations is demonstrated by considering radiation from a dipole.

This paper deals with inertial navigation system (INS) aided by a vertical gauge (VG) for unmanned vehicles in two different schemes, vertical channel damping (VCD) and Kalman filter (KF). As the altitude error of standalone INS goes to diverge quickly, a VG can play a key role in an integrated navigation. A conventional technique to integrate INS with a VG is the VCD scheme which only corrects the vertical channel states by separating them from those of the horizontal channels. On the other hand, in this paper, it is shown that a KF scheme without separation of them can also reduce the horizontal position estimation errors as well by only using a VG. The navigation results of the two different schemes through numerical simulations are compared. Providing the simulation results on the both of correct and incorrect KF measurement error model, it shows the performance of KF scheme considerably depends on the model accuracy.

This paper developped the impact on motor performance with different gauge of thin non-grain oriented electrical steel (NGO). Charateristcs of different NGO was presented, and efficiencies of different permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) made from various gauge of NGO sheet were claculated and compared. Prototypes were fabricated in order to verify the simulation results. The frequency is a crucial factor impacting the characteristics of silicon steel sheets. The efficiency, torque-speed curve and other experimental results of PMSM motors were also described analyzed and compared.

This paper describes a methodology for model order reduction of active distribution network models based on non-convex metaheuristic optimization. The resulting reduced models can be used for power system stability studies implementing fully controlled active distribution networks. The methodology is demonstrated by the reduction of a power-exchange-controlled, radial II-bus modified CIGRE test distribution network. Both the reduced and the full system are simulated in the time domain to gauge the fidelity of the reduction. The results show significant dynamic equivalence and hint at strong possibilities for this type of grey-box model order reduction.

The Seeley–DeWitt coefficients of a heat kernel of Laplace operator satisfy a system of equations of a special form. In this paper we present a new non-recursive formula for the diagonal part of the solution of such recurrence system, which can be used for the Laplace operator with arbitrary smooth Riemann and gauge connections and a potential.

We present the design and preliminary results of an accelerometer based on a classical mass spring mechanical system with an interferometric readout. The heterodyne interferometer is based on a 1064 nm fiber laser source, all fiber components and reaches resolutions of less than 1 pm/√Hz at 1 Hz and about 200 pm/√Hz at 1 mHz.

Gas-insulated substation (GIS) is rapidly popularized in the construction of large hydropower projects and urban highvoltage power grids. Pressured insulating gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the GIS is sealed by the rubber O-rings, namely GIS seal ring, and the lifetime prediction method for GIS seal ring has attracted attention of experts and scholars. Compression set of O-ring is one of the most important indices to determine the lifetime while the key is to accurately measure the cross-section diameter. In this paper, compression set for standard cylindrical specimen was reviewed, which was proposed for testing the vulcanized rubber material. The rubber thickness gauge was an instrument specially invented for testing dimension of rubber specimens. Then the characteristic of the cross-section of used GIS seal ring was analyzed. The cross-section has good axis symmetry, but the inclination of the axis challenges the measurement. To solve the problem, test method of determining compression set for O-rings based on the directional section diameter (DSD) was proposed. Given a direction k, the k-DSD is defined by the thickness of specimen measured in direction k, denotes $\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{k}}$ . The $\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{v}}$ and $\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{p}}$ are two typical DSDs, that $\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{v}}$ described thickness in vertical direction when placing the O-ring specimens on a flat plate in natural state, while $\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{p}}$ is the shortest DSD. Finally, this paper conducted experiments on measuring $\boldsymbol{d}_{2}, \boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{v}}, \boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{p}}$ of new and used 252kV GIS seal ring samples by rubber thickness gauge and Vernier caliper. Statistical analysis of the data implies better precision and accuracy when measuring $\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathbf{p}}$ by a rubber thickness gauge. This paper provides reference for the lifetime prediction method for GIS seal ring.

Due to its safest-operation, lowest-expense and highest-efficient, the pipeline system plays an important role in oil/gas/water transportation. However, the buried pipeline is sometimes leaked by the corrosion, human destruction, long-term Earth movement and so on. Therefore, the detailed and updated coordinates of the land and marine routed pipeline center-line is of vital importance for pipeline integrated management (PIM). In this paper, we try to review the existing small-diameter pipeline (D

Gauge change bogies have been extensively developed to solve the problem of different railway track gauges (narrow, standard, broad) among countries. This paper summarizes the different kinds of the gauge change bogies over the world. And the gauge change bogies are classified into two types, which are the bogie with independently rotating wheels and the one with traditional wheelsets, by referring to the patterns of the relatively rotation of the vehicle wheels. In this study, according to the performance characteristics of these two kinds of gauge change bogies, the dynamic characteristics between them are compared and analyzed by using SIMPACK simulation software based on vehicle dynamics theory.

This paper introduces a controlled-clearance dead-weight piston gauge for pressure up to 1500MPa. A research has been made carefully on the dependence of the fall rate of the piston to jacket pressure, the dependence of the jacket pressure to the measuring pressure and the variable rule of the characteristic parameter of the piston-cylinder assembly. The uncertainty of diameters of piston is better than $0.1\mu m$. The uncertainty of the piston gauge is 0.02% $(k=3)$, the sensitivity of which is $0. 03MPa.$ The pressure is deduced by the piston gauge based on Heydemann-Welch(H-W) model.

Crustal deformation measurement is one of the main means to obtain seismic information. To monitor crustal stress-strain, we develop a borehole strainmeter based on FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating). A curve-side-triangle structure used as the strain gauge is designed by finite element analysis software. The gauge is encapsulated by a stainless steel cylinder. The problem of cross-sensitivity of FBG sensor is resolved though the method of reference grating: two gratings are fixed on the gauge. One is used for temperature compensation while the other one measures the strain. In order to simulate the environment in the borehole, a microstrain platform is established, where the borehole strainmeter’s feasibility is tested. Experimental results show that the strain sensitivity is 9.2209pm/μe and can be improved greatly.

We employed a time-domain terahertz system based on electronically controlled optical sampling to measure the thickness of a piece of a silicon wafer. The system acquired 1600 terahertz pulse traces per second, which - to the best of our knowledge - represents the fastest thickness measurement achieved with any terahertz system to-date. We compare the results to values measured with a conventional terahertz system and a micrometer gauge.

Nowadays, hot and cold rolling of steel strips is mainly monitored by optical or radiometric measurement systems. In some production stages, however, conventional systems still face challenges due to harsh environmental conditions or other influencing factors. To meet some of these challenges, a prototype system consisting of eight radar sensors for thickness measurement of steel strips in hot and cold rolling mills is being developed. It provides an accuracy in the micrometre range and is being optimized for the conditions in the mill. After finishing the laboratory tests, the radar sensors will be implemented in an industrial measurement gauge and tested in the field. In the following, the system setup and results of laboratory measurements are presented.

In cold rolling, a precise roll gap adjustment is indispensable for manufacturing strips with accurate thickness. This paper proposes a linear model predictive controller for roll gap adjustment in a cold rolling mill. As part of an automatic gauge control, the precise roll gap adjustment according to the incoming strip thickness profile is vital. The measurement of that profile is buffered, filtered with a zero-phase and length-based filter and converted to a reference trajectory to meet the needs of a model predictive controller. Knowing the roll gap model as well as the actuator dynamics, the model predictive controller can adjust the roll gap according to incoming strip thickness disturbances right on time. Piezoelectric actuators are used for fast and precise adjustment. Results obtained in a cold rolling mill of industrial scale are shown.