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Various factors have been cited for forest dieback including global warming and dryness, overgrazing damage by wild animals, forest fires, and damage by insects. Hustai National Park (HNP) of Mongolia, which is 506 square kilometers (km 2 ) in size, encompasses high mountains, hills and valleys. The land cover of HNP, includes stepe land, mountain steppe and forest steppe. In recent years, HNP forests started to dry out significantly and the entire landscape has changed from forest steppe to mountain steppe. Currently, in HNP forests cover only 13.1 km 2 of the park. The dominate tree species are Betula platyphylla Sukaczev (Siberian silver birch) and Populus tremula (Eurasian aspen). Siberian silver birch is drought sensitive, frost resistant and able to grow well under different environmental conditions. Siberian silver birch is distributed only on the north-facing slopes of the mountains because evapotranspiration is much higher than precipitation in Mongolia. In this study, we conducted field surveys at three sites in the park over a five-year period and sampled 1130 points. We apply a tree measurement (TM) survey to examine living and dead (dieback) trees, as well as obtain a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) measurement. Using the DBH and height of the trees we clarify the factors that influence white birch forest. Extraction of fallen and dieback tree pixels using time series Landsat satellite data, including an analysis of microgeomorphology characteristics (slope and solar radiation) of dieback trees using 30m SRTM DEM data were employed. Results show the DBH of the birch tree with dieback was around 10–15 cm and the tree height was 2–3 m. It was found that many of the dead trees have a negative correlation with the curvature of microtopography and a positive correlation with the amount of solar radiation.

In this study, a hybrid bipolar arc plasma stimulation (BAPS) and dual pulse electroporation (DPEP) technique was used to form microchannels, and the effect of highly efficient transformation drug delivery (TDD) on the skin was analyzed. The BAPS technique was applied to pig skin to form a microchannel as a biological sample to measure and observe the plasma as a micropore. During the BAPS, an output voltage of 1 kVpp at 40 kHz was applied at duty rates of 20%, 40%, and 60%. The BAPS technique was applied to the keratin skin layer, and microchannels with an average size of $30\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 30\,\,\mu \text{m}$ and up to $77\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 55\,\,\mu \text{m}$ were formed only in the keratin layer without any damage to the dermal layer. Next, DPEP was stimulated to increase the permeability of the endothelial membrane in the structure with the microchannels. The proposed hybrid technique effectively introduces TDD deeper into the employed 20 female subjects skin test with average age of 44 years, and the results in the absorption rate increase about 418%.

Horizon detection is useful in maritime image processing for various purposes, such as spatial orientation estimation of ship camera and detection of the significant region for post-processing. This paper proposed a novel realtime optimization-based method for detecting the horizon line in maritime images. Traditional methods defined the horizon line detection problem aim to detect the horizon line which perfectly divides the whole image into two regions as the sky and sea. Thus, the complication of traditional methods is the statistical distance metrics of distributions are calculated in the whole image by all combinations of the horizon line parameters. Moreover, traditional methods do not provide realtime processing to detect the horizon line from high-resolution images. To achieve real-time processing on high-resolution images, this study defines the local features of the horizon line using a vanishing line characteristic and the optimization criteria. In addition, the optimization process is improved by combining a genetic algorithm and a coarse-to-fine approach. Our method applied the Singapore marine dataset and the Buoy dataset. To verify the proposed method, our result is compared to the state of the art methods. We confirm the proposed method can accurately detect the horizon line under different scenarios in real-time.

The main purpose of WDM-TDM PON access network is to use wavelength division multiplexing approach to increase wavelength channels in order to enhance TDM PON network bandwidth. Enhancement of bandwidth will generate more bandwidths that can be allocated to users and will result in greater quality of service. In this paper, we considered dynamic allocation method. For the conventional static allocation method, not used bandwidth which are allocated by static allocation approach is unable to be allocated to other ONUs in the service, therefore it decreases usage of upstream bandwidth. If non used bandwidths were allocated to other ONUs, users' quality of service has been improved and consequently, ONU's buffered traffic would be decreased. Thus improvement of efficiency in allocation of bandwidth, more flexible allocation approach is needed. In this study we propose the model for wavelength and bandwidth allocation in the WDM EPON network, namely Widest Bandwidth First on Earliest Available Supported Channel (WBF-EASC) model. In addition to the model analysis, the simulation result is presented and the effectiveness of the proposed model is explained.

With the development of automatic robots technology, it is using for more and more fields, mowing is still done manually. One of the important reasons of this is that it is difficult to automatically plan the mowing path. Therefore, we proposed a method for finding the boundary line between the cut grass and the uncut grass based on GLCM (grey-level co-occurrence matrix) for this problem. The features we extracted were energy, contrast, correlation and entropy by each GLCM, then using the average of each feature to segment the image of the grass. We used these features to find a boundary line that maximizes the difference in features on both sides. Finally, GA (genetic algorithm) is used to solve the maximization problem. The experiment shows that it is feasible to distinguish between the cut grass and the uncut grass using GA and GLCM features.

We propose a simple and effective optical network unit (ONU)-driven energy-saving method in an Ethernet passive optical network implementing a look-aheadenhanced multipoint control protocol with a parameter 2 (MPCP-2). In the proposed method, with help of MPCP-2, each ONU has the knowledge of next cycle’s transmission before executing current cycle’s transmission. Therefore, each ONU enters power-saving mode between two consecutive upstream transmissions with a self-defined sleep time immediately after the completion of the current cycle’s transmission. In addition, when the sleep time expires, the ONUs can prolong himself the power-saving mode without waking up in every cycle if specific conditions are satisfied and consequently, no sleep-control message between the ONU and the optical line terminal is required. Thus, energy can be saved at ONUs during the idle time between consecutive cycle transmissions or over several cycles by allowing the ONUs enter power-saving mode under ONU’s self-decision. The simulation results demonstrate that the power consumption of ONUs could be reduced by 52.5– 56.0% over the entire traffic load.

We demonstrate fast optical circuit switching from a monolithically integrated optical space switch and wavelength-tuneable filter on a silicon-photonic chip. Feasibility is confirmed by proof-of-concept experiments using 43-Gbps DQPSK signals. Switching time of $10\ \mu \text{s}$ is attained.

This paper analyzes different optical cross-connect node architectures in terms of capital expenditure (CapEx) of networks. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the subsystem modular architecture yields the highest cost effectiveness over a wide range of traffic.

Various factors have been cited for forest dieback including global warming and dryness, overgrazing damage by wild animals, forest fires, and damage by insects. In this study, we apply a tree measurement (TM) survey to examine living and dead (dieback) trees, as well as obtain a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) measurement. Extraction of fallen and dieback tree pixels using time series Landsat satellite data, including an analysis of microgeomorphology characteristics (slope and solar radiation) of dieback trees using 30 m Terra/ASTER DEM data were employed. Results show a majority of dieback trees in places with a large amount of insolation with a small slope, with DBH of white birch trees largest on slopes with altitudes of 1,550 m to 1,700 m.

Humans understand media at a high-level of content, that is, we understand media and the message or story it tells us. For instance a surveillance video of a man committing a crime would instantly be differentiated from a video of say a cat chasing a mouse, through its context and meaning to us as human beings. Some types of video data, e.g. films, are made to entertain whereas others are made to educate, e.g. documentaries.Video data, in effect, is used for narration. Topic reviews various MISs (Multimedia Information Systems) that process, store and represent data at different levels. It also reviews systems that compute narrative, including some that were based on narrative theory. This paper argues that MISs can benefit from narrative theory and identifies the issues faced by current systems that compute narrative. Therefore, it is about software of multimedia museum of state history which was completed in the work of establishing museum of both real exhibits and virtual environment and opportunity of using it in e-learning.

In this paper, affects of utilization factors such as cetan amount/number in fuel, automobile utilization time (“age”), and cylinder pressure to the engine exhaust PM emission is considered as a system by the system analysis based on the results of the study on automobiles used in Mongolia.

This paper is done by simulating 2.0 DOHC engine with WAVE 7.2 program of Ricardo and identified valve timing variables for increasing the performance of the engine. The simulation results are highly agreed with WOT torque experimental data and helped to predict the tendency of performance as the valve timing change. Further, a VVT system can be used to improve fuel consumption, performance and emissions. This paper also describes the effect of VVT terms on WOT power, torque and residual gas content. WOT torque was higher when intake valves were closed early for low rpm and late for high rpm.