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State-of-the-art adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) presents important limitations, such as small field-of-view (FOV) and require complex, cumbersome hardware, preventing wide clinical deployment. Here, we introduce adaptive-glasses full-field OCT (FFOCT), a compact retinal imaging system allying high resolution, high frame rate (300Hz) and 5° FOV (footprint: 50 cm × 30 cm).

International audience; We propose a fast aid-to-diagnosis biopsy assessment method convenient at the point-of-care, on account of both the imaging technique and the algorithm applied. The procedure implies a pipeline of classification and localization of tumors in breast cancer biopsies imaged with a recently developed non-invasive imaging modality: Dynamic Cell Imaging (aka Dynamic Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography). This allows for fast and interpretable extemporaneous cancer detection with high confidence; we obtained a performance of 96% classification accuracy together with a coarse localization of tumors, even so for single isolated invasive cells.

In order to overcome the coherence-induced artifacts, the illumination heterogeneity as well as a limited dynamic range when using full-field technique, a solution employing a galvanometric beam-steering is proposed, demonstrating the possibility for real-time imaging in terahertz domain. Working toward industrial applications, different imaging illumination process, including Lissajous pattern for fast beam steering, are evaluated thanks to the versatility of the lighting method.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is a functional test widely used in clinical practice to help diagnose diseases of the retina and optic nerve. In fact, it measures the electrical response to a light stimulus of retinal cells, and different ERG tests can be used to probe different retinal areas and cells.The stimulators most commonly used in visual electrophysiology are Ganzfeld stimulators, spherical devices used to perform full-field ERG, and flat monitors, which are not suited for the detection of peripheral early disfunctions, since they do not probe the entire human visual field. Clinical stimulators can use different technologies, but light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming very popular since they are almost ideal light sources. Recently, a three dimensional stimulus source based on LEDs able to perform peripheral pattern ERG (ppERG) has been developed.In this paper, a highly-configurable full-field stimulus source for electroretinography based on LEDs is presented. It is capable of presenting an arbitrary pattern of pixels to the entire visual field of a test subject, thus bringing together the functionalities of the existing stimulators. The pattern of pixels is configurable to present stimuli for multiple ERG protocols to any arbitrary sector of the visual field, giving also the possibility to use different colours. The device structure was designed in order to obtain uniform luminance stimuli and minimal light reflection. Moreover, programming and control of the device was widely explored, with a special focus on the development of an electronic design flexible enough to allow the implementation of different ERG protocols. Luminance uniformity of the device was analysed, obtaining satisfactory results. Considering the colour channel of greatest interest for pattern ERG (pERG) protocol, the contrast between black and white checks was much higher than the minimum 80% required by the standards. Finally, the prototyped device was able to elicit consistent flicker ERG and full-field ERG responses in a healthy volunteer subject.

We present a full-field quantum imaging scheme using a quantum illumination protocol that exploits the spatial correlations between entangled photon-pairs. In doing so we exhibit an advantage for this scheme over the corresponding classical scheme in the presence of increasing levels of noise and loss.

This paper describes the first known attempt of implementing full-field photogrammetry during the acceptance test of critical flight hardware the size ( $\mathrm{D}=4.4 \mathrm{m}$ ) of the Mars 2020 heatshield carrier structure. Mars 2020, NASA's next science mission to Mars, uses a similar entry vehicle as the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). In fact, the intention was that Mars 2020 would use the spare MSL heat shield (HS) structure. Unfortunately, the spare HS failed during proof-loading. The redesigned heat shield was proof loaded using a simpler load application method that enabled the use of photogrammetric measurements to be made on the entire outer mold line of the HS structure. In essence, full-field photogrammetry was used as real-time inspection technique during loading to guard against failure. Examples of how the real-time results were used to assess the health of the hardware as well as test/analysis correlation at critical load-holds are presented. Finally, advantages and limitations of the full-field measurement technique as applied to flight hardware acceptance tests are discussed.

The paper is deal with to monitoring the course of stress using experimental optical method PhotoStress and FEM analysis. The experiment was performed on the clutch pedal Tatra 815 coated with photosensitive coating to observe level of stresses and for locating critical areas. These stresses could leads to its failure. For full field analysis was use the PhotoStress method. The PhotoStress method is an experimental method used to determine the principal deformations and principal normal stresses using a photoelastic coating [2].

The limitation of corona inception field strength is a key issue in the design of flexible DC system. In this paper, a full-field simulation of converter valve hall based on Udongde ±800kV Flexible HVDC Project is present. Two major methods are employed to reduce computational complexity. One is the application of component decomposition method based on superposition principle instead of traditional method, and the other is the reasonable simplification when building simulation model. Analysis of simulation results shows that the maximum electric field strength at the given valve hall design is within the electric field limit, which meets the design requirements.

Full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (FF-SS-OCT) achieves high-resolution high-speed images of the sample by parallel interferometric detection. However, the image quality is very susceptible to the cross-talk-generated noise [1]. This issue results from the so-called signal degrading speckles [2], and can be reduced, if the spatially incoherent light source (thermal lamp or LED) is employed [1] but reduces the imaging speed. Recently, it was demonstrated that, the PSF of the FF-OCT with spatially incoherent illumination is almost insensitive to low-order geometrical aberrations, e.g. defocus [3]. These results lead to a hypothesis that the cross-talk-generated noise and low-order geometrical aberrations can be overcome by damping the spatial coherence of the incident light beam. Here, we present a novel method, in which the cross-talk-generated noise is suppressed with the spatiotemporal optical coherence (STOC) manipulation. In STOC, the phase of incident light is modulated in time with a set of phase patterns displayed sequentially on the spatial light modulator (SLM). Light modulation is synchronized with light acquisition to effectively control the spatial coherence of the detected light.

The purpose of this paper is to segment red blood cells from the Full-Field OCT data of human skin, using deep learning technique. Test results show the developed technique is very promising for real time detection and counting of red blood cells.

Full-field optical coherence tomography with ultra-precise positioning of the PZT by polynomial hysteresis compensation enables depth-dependent spectral data extraction from raw OCT interferometric data. Spectral analysis could quantify molecular/chemical composition of the tissue constituents.

We demonstrate a single-shot temporal measurement technique based on a multimode fiber. The complex spatiotemporal speckle field created by a known pulse propagating through the fiber interferes with an unknown signal. From the time-integrated interference pattern, both amplitude and phase of the signal are retrieved.

In the material tensile test, the fracture usually starts from generation of the Luders band. The Luders band can be measured by strain, but the conventional strain gauge cannot be used to measure due to undetermined position of the Luders band. The fracture phenomenon can be monitored by the full field strain measurement. However, the common full-field measurement method must cause delay because of the excessive calculation amount. Hence generation of the fracture cannot be measured in real-time. The 3D-DIC method is an efficient way of the full field non-contact measurement. By simplifying the 3D- DIC method and transforming the object of interest, this paper can focus on the generation of large strains, greatly reduce the amount of calculation and monitor the production and development of the Luders band in real time at last.

Demodex mite is believed to cause skin diseases such as rosacea, demodex folliculitis and demodex-aggravated perioral dermatitis. Its conventional diagnostic methods are skin scrape tests and superficial biopsies, which are invasive and painful to patients.

The vertical misalignment of corresponding features in the left and right eyes' images are known as vertical disparities. They can arise from misalignment of cameras during image capture, projectors during presentation or misalignment of the eyes. The typical response to vertical disparity is an adjustment in the posture of the eyes, called vertical vergence. The range of disparities which elicit vertical vergence movements is unknown. Furthermore, previous research has investigated vertical disparities applied to the whole visual field, possibly masking any differences between regions of the visual field that elicit vergence movements more effectively than others. We determined the maximum disparity that could elicit vergence movements using disparities applied to the full field. We also measured the range of vertical disparities that elicit vertical vergence eye movements at discrete locations in the visual field and found that they drove corrective vertical vergence movements. However, we found no systematic differences across locations in the visual field. and that vergence movements were larger for full screen than for discrete stimuli. Finally, we examined the relationship between vertical vergence and fusion, finding that vertical vergence movements are elicited by diplopic stimuli, consistent with research on horizontal vergence movements.

We present an analysis of the optical detection of two-dimensional vibration waves using two interferometric systems: a point-scanning heterodyne interferometer by optical reinjection (Laser Optical Feedback Imaging — LOFI) and a full-field stroboscopic Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We compare the spatial (resolution, sensitivity) and temporal (resolution, speed, bandwidth) performances for both vibrometers and discuss their application to photoacoustic imaging.

We introduce a new concept for broadband invisibility, enabling the first experimental demonstration of phase-preserving cloaking, undetectable by coherent spectral and temporal measurements. The concept is demonstrated by concealing a filter in a fiber-optics system.

Shear wave imaging with optical detection system has the potential to achieve high sensitivity and resolution. In our previous report, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) has been implemented to demonstrate non-scanning two-dimensional shear wave imaging, where the shear wave speed estimation errors of less than 4% were achieved on homogeneous phantoms. In this report, the system was further developed to include one-dimensional mechanical scanning and optical sectioning. With this, a feasibility study in three-dimensional shear wave imaging is presented. The lateral (X) and depth (Y) shear wave imaging resolutions of the system were evaluated separately on two heterogeneous agar phantoms. The lateral and depth resolutions achieved are 176 µm and 1.5 mm, respectively. The developed system is potentially suitable for three-dimensional shear wave imaging in low-scattering samples, such as three-dimensional cell cultures, with sub-millimeter resolution.

A RRC filter with a 0.1% roll-off factor reduces the impact of linear crosstalk-induced penalty in a Nyquist spaced 10GBd DP-16QAM transmission system with a net ISD of 7.47(b/s)/Hz and the maximum reach is extended to 1940km using full-field DBP.

Via Mirau-based full-field optical coherence tomography using Gaussian-like spectrum light source from Ce3+:YAG single-clad crystal fiber, melanocytes and keratinocytes are successfully classified with their shape dissimilarity and nucleus-cytoplasm ratio from epidermal primary cell culture.

EFOV sonography can acquire a full field of vision, which can help doctors to make more objective and accurate diagnosis. This paper explores parallel implementation techniques for Extended-Field-of-View (EFOV) Sonography based on Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). In our method, the SIFT algorithm is used to more accurately register the images. Bidirectional matching algorithm is chosen to improve the accuracy of image registration. For real-time applications, we propose a parallel computing approach to speed up the generation of panorama. Based on the cluster of PCs, we erect a parallel computing platform and perform preliminary experiments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by comparing to traditional methods.

In this paper, we introduce a method for measuring the thickness of photoresist on the surface of full-field spherical substate. This method is implemented by measuring the reflection power of incident light. Compared with other metrology, our method has many features such as real-time and compact optical setup. Key word: Photoresist; Thickness; Full-field; Spherical-surface ; reflection

We describe the inclusion of parametric behavioral macromodels within the Transmission-Line Modelling (TLM) method. The macromodels reproduce the input/output port nonlinear behavior of digital integrated circuit (IC). They are integrated in the 3D electromagnetic full-field code Minisolve either through a current source or conductance of the medium. The numerical results are compared to experimental data.

In this paper, the experiences on full field EUVL lithography are reviewed. Besides the imaging performance of the EUV ADT at IMEC, also the progress in resists and reticles are discussed and compared to the production requirements for EUV lithography.

Breast cancer is among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Screen-film mammography (SFM) is still the standard method used to detect early breast cancer thus leading to early treatment. Digital mammography (DM) has recently been designated as the imaging technology with the greatest potential for improving the diagnosis of breast cancer. For successful mammography, high quality images must be achieved and maintained, and reproducible quantitative quality control (QC) testing is thus required. Assessing images of known reference phantoms is one accepted method of doing QC testing. Quantitative QC techniques are useful for the long-term follow-up of mammographic quality. Following a comprehensive critical evaluation of available mammography phantoms, it was concluded that a more suitable phantom for DM could be designed. A new relatively inexpensive Applied Physics Group (APG) phantom was designed to be fast and easy to use, to provide the user with quantitative and qualitative measures of high and low contrast resolution over the full field of view and to demonstrate any geometric distortions. It was designed to cover the entire image receptor so as to assess the heel effect, and to be suitable for both SFM and DM. The APG phantom was designed and fabricated with embedded test objects and software routines were developed to provide a complete toolkit for SFM and DM QC. The test objects were investigated before embedding them.

Most applications involving metallic nanoparticle labelling necessitate both fast imaging and local spectroscopy of individual beads. We present an imaging method based on a guided laser illumination associated to spatial modulation which allows the detection of gold particles down to 10 nm. Using an imaging spectrometer and white incoherent illumination, the same system delivers individual spectroscopy of several gold beads simultaneously, allowing a fast and selective discrimination between individual metal particles and aggregates or dust.

Amblyopia, or 'lazy eye', is currently treated by wearing an adhesive patch over the non-amblyopic eye for several hours per day, over a period of many months. Noncompliance with patch wearing is a significant problem. We propose a new binocular amblyopia therapy approach which based on Virtual Reality (VR) technology with Full-field vision. We devised a novel system providing interactive binocular treatment for amblyopia; the Viston-VRTM. We let children watch a cartoon movie, followed by playing an interactive computer game to improve their vision. In this way, the lazy eye can be constantly stimulated, which consequently increase visual acuity, enhance their amalgamation ability and improve stereo vision. This paper describes research development of the Viston- VRTM system providing Virtual Reality interactive computer games. By contrast with the traditional occlusion therapy, the Viston-VRTM system provides a more interesting approach. The result of clinical application is encouraging.

In this paper, we report results of comprehensive studies of defects originating in immersion photolithography clusters comprising immersion volume production tool (S609B, NA=1.07) and engineering evaluation tool (EET NA = 0.85). Defectivity S609B was very low, 0.013 cm2 it attained dry exposure level successfully. Defectivity results using EET were also very promising in all three major resist processes including solvent soluble topcoat, developer soluble topcoat and topcoat-less resist. Defectivity did not show any scan speed dependency and target size dependency, showing the extendibility of our immersion technology in future mass production phase. In particular, we found that for 50 ml water droplets, weeding angle larger than about 70 degree provides immersion process free of immersion-specific defects. We successfully demonstrated very effective defect analysis technique named DSA (defect source analysis) to show what defects are immersion-specific. We also revealed the defect generation mechanism of each defect types. Deep understanding of defectivity behavior leads to a conclusion that immersion lithography is viable for IC manufacture at 45 nm node

A simple technique for the direct full field observation of 3-D spatial coherence function with the capability of variable scale adjustment is proposed. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

For a rational design of onboard radar systems the analysis and synthesis of radar-tracking fields of scattering from objects of the complicated spatial form in view of noises of a underlying surface are necessary. A totality of sites of a natural and antropogeneous form a radar-tracking scene, which elements have electrodynamic and statistical properties. For description of a radar-tracking stage the method of mathematical simulation is used, in which basis the representation it as a totality of elementary reflectors with a defined of electrodynamic and statistical properties lies. The field of scattering of each reflector (object and sites of a underlying surface) at use of electrodynamic models practically is possible for to determine with any specific exactitude. The contribution which is brought in by separate types of the elements to a reflected signal, is various and depends on direction of radar-tracking observation and polarization of a radiation. The polarizing components of a full field from an observable of a scene are as a sum of coherent fields from elementary reflectors by approximation of a scattering surface of a scene

We present a new method for full-field mammogram analysis. A mammogram is analyzed region by region and is classified as normal or abnormal. We present methods for extracting features that can be used to distinguish normal and abnormal regions of a mammogram. We describe our classifier technique that uses a unique reclassification method to boost the classification performance. We have tested this technique on a set of ground-truth full-field mammograms.

We demonstrated full-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) using achromatic phase shifting with a rotating polarizer. Using this phase shifter and conventional phase shift method, we obtained en-face OCT images of an onion at different depths.

We demonstrated time-gated full-field OCT. We simultaneously measured two interference images that had a 90/spl deg/ phase difference using a CCD camera, and then obtained an en-face OCT image of an onion from two captured images.

Full-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) is demonstrated using a parallel heterodyne detection technique with a pair of CCD cameras. A series of depth-resolved horizontal cross-sectional OCT images are acquired at 100 frames/s in a single longitudinal scan.

This study investigates the thermal deformations of an electronics package using a SEM (scanning electron microscope) Moire method and compares the results with those obtained using an optical Moire method. The specimen used to obtain Moire fringes to evaluate thermal deformations was a flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) package. The shear strains in different solder joints were analysed using the SEM Moire method. The results were then compared to those obtained. using an optical Moire interferometry technique, and they coincided well. The scanning Moire technique can be a useful method for deformation study of a wide range of problems in deformation analysis. Deformation measurement with a high resolution is possible by using the SEM Moire technique. The advantages and disadvantages of a full field optical Moire, a micro optical Moire, and two scanning Moire methods are also compared in this paper.

The prediction of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of equipment cabinets is a very important aspect of EMC design and therefore one for which significant modelling effort has been dedicated over many years. The complexity of practical designs is such that a completely rigorous approach is problematic. Several approaches have been devised to deal with such problems starting from semi-empirical models through intermediate and full-field models. Each class of model has its own strengths and weaknesses. The paper surveys the different classes of model available and presents their main characteristics.

Several inversion algorithms for diffraction tomography have previously been provided in a wide range of situations where the first-order Born or Rytov approximation fails. These algorithms are based on the assumption of full field data so that it is assumed that both intensity and phase of the scattered field are measurable. However, it becomes difficult to measure the phase of the scattered field directly, if the frequency of the incident wave is beyond several tens of GHz. Therefore, some intensity-only reconstruction algorithms for the objects within the first-order Born or Rytov approximation were proposed. The present authors give an intensity-only reconstruction algorithm for the scatterers beyond the first-order Born approximation. This algorithm is based on the optimization method minimizing a functional which is the norm of the discrepancy between the measured intensity of the total field in the far-zone and the calculated one for an estimated object function. An outer boundary of the scatterer is used as a priori knowledge at each step of iteration. The proposed algorithm is an extension of Takenaka et al. (1993).

The fractional fringe moire interferometry full field deformation monitoring technique, which has been successfully implemented for accurate measurement of thermally induced strains in electronic packages, is discussed. Its applicability to thermal stress analysis of microelectronic devices is considered. Illustrative examples of measured thermal strain distributions in devices subjected to steady-state as well as transient thermal loading histories are also discussed. Such distributions are arrived at accurately and realistically. The technique possesses an excellent potential for addressing several reliability problems in microelectronics and becoming a basic strain analysis tool in that arena. >

Matched field and ocean acoustic tomography concern the estimation of parameters for models of ocean environments using acoustics. Both require full field representations for the observed signals since waveguide effects are important. The authors present Cramer-Rao lower bounds for the attainable accuracy of both methods. These bounds are expressed in terms of the Green's function for the propagation between source and receivers.

In order to maximize the efficiency of the injection process into the Main Injector Ring, the beam gap required for the extraction and injection kickers can be reduced. A switching magnet which will achieve full field within 1% on the order of 30 to 40 nSec is required to achieve efficient transfers of beam between Booster and the MIR with the removal of only one bunch from the Booster ring. The magnet designed to perform this task is a 25 /spl Omega/ traveling wave device which reaches its full field of 136 Gauss in 30 nSec. The field is developed across an aperture of 102 mm, 51 mm in width, by a pulse current of 1200 amps. To minimize reflections, the termination resistor has become an integral part of the magnet structure.