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Aviation is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. As the adoption of electric cars increases and GHG emissions due to other modes of transport decrease, the impact of air travel on environmental pollution has become even more significant. To reduce pollution and maintenance, and ensure cheaper and more convenient flights, industry and academia have directed their efforts toward aircraft electrification. Considering various types of aircraft, several frameworks have been proposed: more-electric aircraft (MEA), hybrid electric aircraft (HEA), and all-electric aircraft (AEA). In the MEA framework, propulsion is generated by a conventional jet engine; however, all secondary systems (hydraulic, pneumatic, and actuation) are electrified. By further increasing electrification, electric motors can provide propulsion with the electric power supplied by the conventional engine (i.e., HEA) or from electrical energy storage (i.e., AEA). Power electronics and electrical machines play a key role in this scenario in which electric power must be efficiently generated, distributed, and consumed to satisfy extremely high requirements of aviation safety. This article provides an overview of recent advancements in aircraft electrification, and trends and future developments referenced to the global aviation roadmap. Published version

Transportation sector in Pakistan has been rapidly growing, leading to an increase in diesel and petroleum consumption, heightened energy import bill, air pollution, and traffic congestion. The China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) is a cluster of different multi-billion-dollar projects with a significant emphasis on enhancing regional connectivity, and the transportation sector is considered its backbone. Electric road transportation appears to be a game-changer to tackle energy, economy, and environmental issues of a country. This research paper is focused on a scheme and valuation of deploying electric transportation (e-trans) for mass transit under the CPEC umbrella in Pakistan. This paper identifies barriers and challenges and explores various technological options for adopting suitable electric vehicles (EVs) for mass transportation. The paper investigates technical infrastructural requirements, financial, and policy implications for the successful deployment of the proposed electric transportation. In particular, it proposes an EV charging infrastructure based on solar power generation to avoid any electricity burden to recharge EVs from the national power grid. In order to be comprehensive, it presents a case study to develop an EV charging station network with an estimation of the cost for accommodating charging requirements of one thousand electric trucks and hundred mobile charging trucks. Obtained results demonstrate that merely 0.29% of the CPEC's energy sector approved budget will be incurred for deploying the proposed charging station network to support e-trans over the studies road segment, which appears to be a feasible initiative. Important factors which may influence the proposed scheme for implementation of e-trans under the CPEC is analyzed using SWOT analysis. The recommended set of policies for deploying electric transportation and its quantitative financial analysis will help the concerned stakeholders to discover and execute the necessary steps to ensure sustainable electric transportation under the CPEC in Pakistan.

Indonesia is going to enter the new era of electric vehicle. In this paper, the charging load of electric vehicles (EVs) is presented along with the operational cost optimization of the distribution grid based on the trend and the development of EVs in Indonesia from 2020 until 2030. Since the development of EVs in Indonesia has just officially begun, the charging loads and demand data from several types of EVs are analyzed. With no historical data for Jakarta, Monte Carlo simulation method is proposed with 3 main scenarios for forecasting the charging load of EVs, which are reference, moderate and advanced scenario. Operational cost optimization approach is proposed in order to achieve the most preferable pricing scheme for EV charging load in the distribution network. Accordingly, the optimization will be made based on the 3 main scenarios used in the forecasting process. As a study case, Jakarta City is chosen as the main object to analyze the best pricing strategy of the development of EVs throughout 2030 as its debut to start the electric transportation era.

Electric vehicles have been increasingly occupying space over traditional IC engine-based vehicles for addressing the aspects of GHG emission, fossil fuel depletion and climate change. In electric transportation, the charging and recharging of batteries are significant in the sense, they affect the dynamic performance of the vehicle. This paper discusses the characteristics and modes of working of a bidirectional converter with soft switching that can be used in electric vehicle battery charging. Closed loop is simulated with fuzzy logic and PI controllers and the comparative analysis clearly highlights the fact that fuzzy base controllers are more efficient than PI controllers. The circuit under discussion is a bidirectional converter which can be utilized for both EV battery charging and discharging.

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to an increase in the number of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). However, the lack of proper charging infrastructure can demote the expansion of the electric transportation fleet. In this regard, reducing the impact of EVCS on the distribution networks and choosing optimal charging operations are essential challenges. The optimal placement of an EVCS to minimize the supply cost will encourage the rapid development of the EV transportation system. This paper presents a two-step linear programming (LP) solution for the placement of EVCS with the purpose of optimal operation of an electric vehicle charging station. The charging starting time and charging time interval of each EV are modeled as uncertainty variables. A case study based on a medium-voltage CIGRE distribution network is used to perform simulations and demonstrate the proposed methodology. The numerical analysis is carried out for different charging operation modes based on the standard EV conductive charging systems, IEC 61851.

In this paper we analyzed the brake energy recovery solution as well as the energy use solutions for powering an advanced tram station. We have also identified an additional technical solution for mobile electrical storage, placed at the end of the tram line. The research effort was directed in two main ways. First was identifying the receiver assembly and the functionality of the modern tram station and modeling its operating cycles. The solution was subjected to an economic analysis to identify the feasibility of implementing this solution in a smart city. The second was to identify the optimal brake energy recovery solution as well as the energy efficiency of this technology chain. This approach was supported by a team of engineers from RATB, with whom we kept constant contact and validated (or invalidated) the various technical solutions originally proposed.

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) motors of two types, coreless and conventional topologies, have been studied in order to identify their merits and drawbacks at different ratings, particularly for in-wheel electric transportation applications. The performance of the coreless with several slotpole combinations and number of disks is evaluated. Design of experiments (DOE) methodology is utilized to determine the correlation between input variables and output parameters and the regression models are used to identify the optimum design. Detailed comparison between coreless and conventional topologies at two operating speeds at extreme ends of the driving cycle are conducted.

Recently, more and more countries decided to develop electric vehicles especially electric car. However, because of low prices and other issues, electric bicycles have become the most popular electric transportation vehicles in many developing countries. For example, there are more than 210 million electric bicycles in China. Large-scale electric bicycle charging demand from time to space will not only has an impact on power distribution grid, but also has demand side management (DSM) value. In this paper, we introduced a method for estimating the real-time charging load for electric bicycles. Then we visualized demand in space using heat map and power density node. The numerical results illustrate that large-scale electric bicycle charging demand not only has a great peak-valley but also exhibits unbalance in space.

We consider the coupling introduced between power and transportation systems through Electric Vehicles (EVs). We envision that a number of charging network operators track the mobility of EVs to better estimate their battery charging needs. They use this information to make better-informed decisions on how to participate in the wholesale market of electricity and also to design marginal retail prices that reduce wait times and electricity costs at charging stations. To formulate these decision-making and price design problems, we introduce a network flow model that can capture the temporally-variable travel and charge patterns of an EV population through expanding the transportation network with virtual arcs.

Over the last two decades, motor drives comprising of power electronic converters and advanced electric machines have deeply penetrated into the transportation sector, where new technologies are explored, in order to electrify various modes of transportation systems. Electric transportation puts much greater demand on power electronics than conventional fossil fuel powered automobiles. In many cases (e.g., hybrid internal combustion/electric drive vehicles), optimized power electronics suites are essential. Significant advances in power electronics and motor drives have helped reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). This paper reviews on evolution and advancements of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems for EVs. The paper also discusses on multiphase PMSMs and multi-motor drive systems which can be revolutionized for future electric transportation applications.

Opting for a multiphase electrical machine may provide, in several industrial cases, significant benefits in terms of performance, resilience and reliability. The interest in multiphase topologies is recently increasing due to the trend for more electric transportation and high power offshore wind turbines. In this paper, the classical analytical method for calculating the slot leakage inductance of three-phase electrical machines with double-layer windings are extended for other multiphase topologies.

This paper deals with the design of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESSs) for electric transportation such as Electric/Hybrid Vessel and Electric/Hybrid Train. The association of more than one Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) e.g., batteries which have different dynamics permit to take the advantages of the characteristics of both ESSs obtaining simultaneously a high energy density and high power density. This yields to a decrease in terms of the size of the main ESS and the total cost and an increase in terms of life span. The emulation of the batteries and with required control algorithm for the HESS are proposed. The design and the control of the HESSs is validated with the simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK® environment and also with the real-time emulation of batteries in a laboratory setup of a HESS. The real-time experimental results have been validated against PC simulations showing full consistency. The setup of the hardware of HESS can be used to test any technologies of batteries, being a low cost solution for testing and benchmarking, I would like to thank Prof. Pablo Garcia for his guidance and supporting. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Government, Innovation Development and Research Office (MEC), under research grant ENE2013-44245-R, Project “Microholo”, and by the European Union through ERFD Structural Funds (FEDER). Also, this work has been partially supported by the government of Principality of Asturias, Foundation for the Promotion in Asturias of Applied Scientific Research and Technology (FICYT), under Severo Ochoa research grant, PA-13-PF-BP13138

Emission from the vessel has not been taken serious in the past. Recently the concern has been intensified due to the fluctuation of oil price, mature in technology and commercial successful in other similar electric transportation such as train and road vehicle. Based on the modern power electronics, the technology is now ready to be used in vessel. Various type of vessel including boat, ship, tank and submarine are now ready for this revolution. The paper provide a design and technology discussion of the electric vessel development.

In order to capture real-time characteristics of ultracapacitors (UCs), especially for electric transportation applications, they need to be modeled dynamically. Dynamic models provide accurate estimation of UC charge/discharge responses to varied inputs. Dynamic models are useful in predicting the behavior of UCs under varied load conditions. Also, it is critical to build an accurate UC model, which can be used for tests in various power electronics/drive simulation toolboxes. This paper aims at constructing an accurate dynamic UC model, which can estimate the output voltage without the extraction of the model parameters. The critical parameters have been determined dynamically from characteristic equations. The complete dynamic model is fabricated and simulation responses to charging and discharging pulses have been presented. Finally, the results obtained from the dynamic model are compared with the output voltage estimation results obtained from the popular equivalent RC-branch model.

There is an increasing interest in electric transportation. Most large manufacturers now produce hybrid versions of their popular models and in some countries electric cycles and scooter are now popular. Motor sport is often used to develop technology and in this paper designs for electric racing motorcycles are addressed. These are in-frame motors (rather than hub motors which can affect handling and are not as powerful). Typically 10 to 12 kW-hours of batteries can be carried on the cycle and the batteries are almost exhausted at the end of a race. Therefore very high efficiency over a range of operation is needed, but also the motors need to be compact and have high torque density. This paper examines the use of permanent magnet motors and possible designs. © 2013 IEEE.

Novel electrical engineering applications play a major role in in-vehicle technology. Today's automobile industry is transforming from mechanically driven functions to electronic and software driven functions. We can see the impact of electrical engineering technology in many parts of vehicle and in all of its operations such as control, power conversion, navigation, communication, entertainment, safety and security. In addition, today's automobile industry is showing a renewed interest in electric transportation. This paper presents a review on the recent developments in the in-vehicle electrical engineering applications classified into two sections, the embedded systems and the power and energy system, both of which can strongly influence the automobile industry in the future.

This paper analyses the need of reintroduce electric transportation systems in countries that abandoned these modes and brings a methodology to assess the effectiveness of the electrification in terms of global warming mitigation. The potential interaction of grid connected vehicles and Smart Grids is presented among some ideas related to features that could be developed for massive transportation systems based on electric traction. As will be presented, Smart Grids could help to accelerate the electrification of transportation systems and the electrification could be used to accelerate the introduction of Smart grids. As reference cases in Colombia and Ecuador will be taken.

This paper presents a power flow adjustment method for unsolvable power flow equation. The proposed method is based on the line transfer limit and system PV, QV and Pδ curve. New slop indexes are defined to describe the characteristics of the system infeasible critical point. Using the indexes can find the system weak line when system power flow is on the solution boundary. Paper also discussed the relationship between the line transfer limit and system static stability. The method is tested on EPRI36 nods system and Hunan system.

The voltage coupled to wayside cables is a very common EMC interface in electric transportation system, that has impact on several subsystems. The choice of the calculation method and its accuracy influences the design and its optimization. Some real cases are used as an example to identify the relevant elements and to derive some general rules to guide the choice.

The paper deals with specific matters related to the electric braking processes in urban transportation systems that use power electronics (choppers). One presents theoretic aspects concerning the braking processes at urban electric traction d.c. motors, including the cases when power electronics are used. Problems related to the designing stage and to the optimum solution determination are addressed. The advantages of using a mixed electric braking system that use both resistive and respectively regenerative braking are emphasized. The designed and realized equipment are tested on stand. In the end one presents the efficiency of the adopted solution as revealed by tests on a tram. Aspects concerning both the resistive and respectively regenerative brakings are presented.

The paper presents an adequate simulation model in the Matlab environment of the electric transportation supply system behaviour finalized at the ESSs sizing. The algorithm simulates the operating conditions of any dc electric traction system and evaluates also the convenience of bidirectional electric substation for energy saving during the braking phase. The results given by the implemented algorithm have been compared with those obtained by using different probabilistic methods presented in the paper.

Battery powered electric transportation in the off-road, public mass transit, fleet vehicle and emerging consumer markets is projected to increase dramatically in the coming years. An all-electric transportation system for athletes living in the Olympic Village was implemented for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, USA. A power quality study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of geographically concentrated electric vehicle charging. Compatibility of the charger power electronics and the electrical distribution system was investigated. Experimental and simulation results are reported.

The impending large scale introduction of electric vehicles on the highways provides a unique opportunity not just to eliminate tailpipe emissions, but also to eliminate traffic congestion and to drastically reduce the cost of urban transportation. EVs can be far superior to today's combustion powered vehicles in convenience and cost per passenger mile when they are components of well-integrated urban transportation systems. Current efforts to make EVs emulate combustion powered vehicles are counterproductive because they encourage the continued proliferation of single occupant automobiles as the basis of ground transportation. Use of single occupant vehicles, however powered, is intolerable because of the limited highway and parking capacity, and the associated energy consumption. One highly effective solution to urban transportation problems is to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads by making commercial service in electric vehicles convenient and inexpensive enough to make it the preferred mode of transportation. The author gives a view of transportation in the year 2000 as it can be, given unimpeded access to the highways and roads by the kind of vigorous entrepreneurs who created the basic transportation technologies a hundred years ago. >

Recent studies have demonstrated that fast charging techniques can significantly extend the effective daily range of lead acid battery powered EVs. A research team composed of Arizona Public Service (APS), CSIRO Division of Minerals (CSIRO), Electric Transportation Applications (ETA), and Hawker Energy Products, Incorporated (HEPi) has been assembled to conduct a detailed laboratory and field program to develop operating regimes that will both extend vehicle daily range and improve lead acid battery life in EV applications using fast charge. Research is being conducted under the cognizance of the Advanced Lead Acid Battery Consortium, both in the laboratories of CSIRO and HEPi, and in the electric vehicle fleet of APS and ETA. As the life of batteries under field testing in electric vehicle fleets has been extended using fast charge to as many as 600 cycles, the time to complete field tests has increased dramatically. In order to reduce the time required to evaluate various charge algorithms in field testing, the research team has developed a technique to predict the life remaining in Hawker Genesis/sup (R)/ lead acid batteries. This technique allows the research team to test various charge protocols by field testing for a representative number of cycles, then analyzing the remaining life in the battery, pack for comparison against other charge protocols. The predictive technique is a correlation of positive grid corrosion versus battery life for the Hawker Genesis/sup (R)/ battery. This paper details the results of this field testing and presents data to substantiate the use of percent positive grid corrosion as an estimate of life remaining in Hawker Genesis/sup (R)/ lead acid batteries.