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Protected crop production is rapidly expanding in the Mediterranean Basin, and particularly in Morocco. Increased local and overseas demand for these products led to a rapid development in greenhouse usage encouraged by government policies. The aim of this study is to investigate key design parameters that affect the thermal behavior and the heating/cooling energy need of a greenhouse situated in Agadir (Morocco). The parameters include the cladding material characteristics, shape, orientation, and air change rate. The greenhouse is modeled by a developed thermal model using TRNSYS software. The model considers the presence of the plants inside the greenhouse by adding the heat and humidity gain into the heat and water balance of the greenhouse using an evapotranspiration sub-model. The effect of evapotranspiration on the greenhouse thermal behavior was also examined in this study. A validation of the current TRNSYS simulation and evapotranspiration model was made using previous studies from the literature, and the comparison showed fair agreement. The relative error of the annually heating demand obtained by this model is 1.66%, and the evapotranspiration model used in this study shows relative deviation less than 6.5%. The results of this study indicate that the East-West greenhouse orientation is the optimum orientation as it can reduce the annual cost of air-conditioning of the greenhouse by 9.28% compared to North-South orientation. Quonset shape is the optimum greenhouse shape in Morocco as it can save 14.44% of annual cost of air-conditioning instead of the Even-span shape.

The targeted compounds included Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Pesticides (PESTs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and so on in the Great Lakes Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN), which is a platform based on the IoT (Internet of Things) technology to collect environmental pollutants data. While previous studies usually employed traditional statistical approaches to analyze the IADN results, we performed a complete modeling workflow of the total concentrations of PCBs, PESTs, and PAHs (which is referred to as $\sum $ PCBs, $\sum $ PEST s and $\sum $ PAHs orderly) in 1990–2016 samples by using a machine learning algorithm combined with data-driven research method, which lets the model fit the data, so as to change the model to achieve the effect. The main results of this article are as follows, 1) identifying the spatial and temporal trends of POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) in the air of the Great Lakes; 2) An appropriate data-driven intelligent model was constructed for the data at EH (Eagle Harbor) and STP(Sturgeon Point) sampling sites, via which we estimated their $\sum $ PCBs, $\sum $ PESTs, and $\sum $ PAHs in the following 4–5 years, showing the concentrations will continue declining with slight fluctuations; 3) The important role which IoT played in smart environmental protection was pointed out.

This paper proposes an environmental economic dispatch strategy for power-gas interconnection system considering spatiotemporal diffusion of air pollutant and P2G in coastal areas. Firstly, considering the complex and changeable meteorological conditions in coastal areas and the regional characteristics of the atmospheric layer, an air pollutant diffusion model considering the local sea-land circulation and thermal inner boundary layer is studied. Then, a multi-objective environmental economic dispatch model is employed, and the economic cost, carbon emission quantities, and pollutant concentration contribution values are set as optimization objectives. Finally, we conduct the optimization with the multi-objective distributed algorithm based on ADMM. Cases study is carried out on IEEE39 power network and Belgium 20 gas network, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Harvesting electrical energy from nonconventional sources like living plants has received attention of researchers over the past decade because it is renewable and sustainable. In the present paper we have harvested electrical energy from different living plants which are abundant in the dry areas. We have chosen aluminium and copper as two electrodes to conduct the experiment. Experiment has been conducted indoor and outdoor conditions. In this study, we have obtained maximum harvested voltage of 1.03 V from Sansevieria plant (which is easy to grow house plant and prefers warm locations) when two electrodes are inserted on same leaf and close to each other. This voltage does not remain constant but decreases and settles at 0.96 V in 18 mins.

In this paper the authors analyze the energy efficiency of using a combined hot water system needed for a major consumer. The system is composed of an installation with solar thermal collectors and a natural gas thermal power plant that provides the necessary hot water for a swimming and physiotherapy complex, respectively for its utilities. In the conditions of the alarming increase of thermal energy prices but also of taxes on polluting emissions (CO 2 , NO x , SO 2 ) is investigated the possibility of using solutions for producing thermal energy from renewable sources in areas less favorable to the conversion of solar energy (northern Romania), the real environmental impact and efficiency of a such investments.

This paper aims to study the leakage current characteristics of outdoor insulators exposed to pollution after a long dry season. This study observed the insulating phenomenon using the natural tropical climate of the Gowa Makassar region in Indonesia and the effect of NSDD, humidity, temperature, ultraviolet light, and rainfall in real-time. A microcontroller was used to collect data on leakage current and environmental-climate conditions over 23 months. Silicon rubber-type line posts and suspensions were used in the test sample, mounted on a 20 kV distribution network. The illustration of this test can represent actual conditions in the field. This leakage current test refers to the IEC 60060 standard with a real-time monitoring system for leakage current and tropical climatic conditions. For hydrophobic measurements using the spray method according to IEC 62073 and STRI 92/1 standards. The tests show that the leakage current and hydrophobic properties are influenced by changes in the tropical climate with temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, and rainfall parameters. Changes in hydrophobic properties are also controlled by the mechanism for cleaning pollutants during rain and experiencing recovery when climatic conditions return to normal due to the hydrophobic transfer of contaminants. In addition, laboratory-based flashover mechanism testing was also carried out to determine the reliability of the insulator. This test demonstrates that the flashover voltage is affected by the number of pollutants and wetting on the silicone rubber polymer insulator's surface.

This The use of floating photovoltaics is increasingly attractive and has become a concern. This is due to the consideration that the surface temperature of the photovoltaic influences the voltage and current output. The study was carried out using two units of 50 Wp photovoltaic, one of which was placed on the mainland and floating in the pond. From the test results, it is found that floating photovoltaic has a higher output compared to the output of photovoltaic on land with an average voltage difference of 1.04%, an average current difference of 1.08%, an average real power difference of 1.12%, and an average efficiency difference of 1.29%.

The CO 2 emission and greenhouse gasses due to the energy sources that are being used today such as coal, oil, and natural gases being pumped into the air is causing the rise of sea levels, increasing the temperature and extreme weathering conditions. The main aim of this study is to generate clean energy from vibration and the pressure caused by a vehicle car traveling on the highways. In this work, a piezoelectric energy harvesting system is proposed. The system has been built up and implemented in Kuwait. According to the results, although the harvested energy cannot be compared to the traditional ones, it might be used for street lighting and for some emergency cases.

Optimization of the use of power plants in the Ulunambo system by utilizing renewable energy sources (solar energy and wind energy) using an analysis of the right generation combination and considering the benefits from an economic and technical perspective. In line with PLN (State Electricity Company) transformation through one of its main aspirations, namely green, PLN has several strategies to encourage the use of new and renewable energy. The Ulunambo Electricity System is isolated in the Menui Islands region, Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi Province which supplies electricity for about 12 hours every day comes from a diesel plant (PLTD Ulunambo) with a system capacity of 479 kW and a peak load of 400 kW. The analysis was carried out using the HOMER Pro application by entering data on the ulunambo system loading, economy, components used, fuel costs and transportation services, generation, and potential of renewable energy sources obtained using the NASA database. Based on the simulation, optimal results are obtained on a 24-hour system operation and are not a priority for a 12-hour system operation. The use of renewable energy in the Ulunambo system also reduces environmental emissions caused by diesel generators by 33%, thereby reducing the risk of pollution around the PLTD Ulunambo environment adjacent to residential areas. The use of wind power plants is not a priority for the scenario because wind energy sources in the Menui Islands tend to be unstable with an average annual wind speed of 4.07 m/s at an altitude of 50 meters.

Sulawesi has high potency in renewable energy. Wind potency is used for generating electricity through wind power plants (WPP). Large penetration of WPP will affect the variability of net load curve. This study aims to determines the penetration level of WPP based on the unit commitment solution considering primary reserve. Maximum penetration level is determined by gradually increasing the WPP penetration level so that no feasible solution is found. This method was repeated with the consideration of battery energy storage system (BESS) technology. The result shows that the maximum penetration level for the weekdays curve and weekend curve are 30% and 34% peak load. With BESS, the penetration level can be increased up to 36% and 41% for the weekday and weekend load curves.

The traditional sweeper dust reduction method is to spray water around the brush, spray electrostatic water and high-pressure water, because the ground is wet by water after the dust is easy to become mud, if the amount of water spray is not well controlled, less than the purpose of dust removal, more than the ground is not easy to sweep clean, the sweeping effect is not ideal, and there is a general problem of large water consumption. In winter, the temperature in many northern cities are below zero degrees, the water tank of clear water is easy to freeze, coupled with the traditional nozzle spray water volume, the suction nozzle can not be completely sprayed to the ground water suction pick up clean, easily lead to problems such as road ice, the formation of potential dangers to passers-by. For this reason, some domestic manufacturers, research institutes on this issue have been making unremitting efforts, and this paper describes the small road sweeping blowing dust truck as a newly developed economical and practical sweeping machinery.

Technological developments in renewable energy continue to grow today to support the optimization of renewable energy potential obtained from an area and reducing the need for primary energy sources such as fossil fuels. In addition to environmentally friendly energy, renewable energy also provides many other benefits. The potential for geothermal energy (geothermal) and solar energy (solar) needs to be developed considering the territory of the State of Indonesia, which has many geothermal sources and is located on the equator. This study aims to determine geothermal energy potential and solar energy feasibility in Sipoholon Village, North Tapanuli Regency, with a hybrid system using RETScreen Expert software. Analysis was conducted to obtain feasibility based on technical and financial aspects. The simulation begins by entering the geothermal and solar plant parameters. The analysis results show that this hybrid system can produce 156,737 MWh of power, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 93% per year and is financially feasible. The conclusion obtained from this research is that the hybrid system of geothermal and solar power plants for Sipoholon Village, North Tapanuli Regency is feasible and profitable.

South Sumatra has a great potential for renewable energy development, including solar energy. South Sumatra enjoys year-round sunshine due to its location on the equator. South Sumatra has open-pit coal mining, which creates open land suitable for solar power plant development. Given that the open-pit mining area is exposed to mining dust, this potential must be continuously explored and investigated to determine if the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Environmental conditions strongly influence electrical generation via the photovoltaic effect, where shading and partial shading due to dust and soil deposition can reduce PV panel performance. This paper is part of research to study the feasibility of harvesting solar energy in open-pit mining. The experiments were conducted in six months; starting from June, the cleaned PV panel had higher average power and efficiency of 1.85 W and 0.94% than the soiled panel. The same condition also occurred in July (2.05 W and 1.06% higher), August (3.63 W and 1.30%), and December; it is 3.2 W and 1.57% higher than the soiled panel. The six-month experiments show that the collection of dust and soil can reduce the power output and efficiency; however, with regular cleaning maintenance, installing solar farms in an open-pit mining area is beneficial due to open space without shading and higher irradiance potential.

Although the identification of effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by plasma has been extensively studied, yet the subcellular mechanism of microbial inactivation has never been clearly elucidated in plasma disinfection processes. In this study, subcellular mechanism of yeast cell inactivation during plasma-liquid interaction was revealed in terms of comprehensive factors including cell morphology, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, membrane potential, intracellular redox homeostasis (intracellular ROS and H 2 O 2 , and antioxidant system (SOD, CAT and GSH)), intracellular ionic equilibrium (intracellular H + and K + ) and energy metabolism (mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Ca 2+ and ATP level). The ROS analysis show that O• H, 1 O 2 , •O 2 − and H 2 O 2 were generated in this plasma-liquid interaction system and O• 2 − served as the precursor of O 2 . Additionally, the solution pH was reduced. Plasma can effectively inactivate yeast cells mainly via apoptosis by damaging cell membrane, intracellular redox and ion homeostasis and energy metabolism as well as causing DNA fragmentation. ROS scavengers ( L -His, D -Man and SOD) and pH buffer (phosphate buffer solution, PBS) were employed to investigate the role of five antimicrobial factors (•OH, 1 O 2 , •O 2 − , H 2 O 2 and low pH) in plasma sterilization. Results show that they have different influences on the aforementioned cell physiological activities. The •OH and 1 O 2 contributed most to the yeast inactivation. The O• H mainly attacked cell membrane and increased cell membrane permeability. The disturb of cell energy metabolism was mainly attributed to 1 O 2 . The damage of cell membrane as well as extracellular low pH could break the intracellular ionic equilibrium and further reduce cell membrane potential. The remarkable increase of intracellular H 2 O 2 was mainly due to the influx of extracellular H 2 O 2 via destroyed cell membrane, which played a little role in yeast inactivation during 10-min plasma treatment. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the antimicrobial mechanism of plasma, which can promote the development of plasma as an alternative water disinfection strategy.

Sunspace integration is a simple and effective passive solar technique to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. However, their effectiveness should be evaluated regarding different design parameters and climatic conditions to achieve the most appropriate implementation. In this regard, the impacts of sunspace integration to a detached house in Istanbul on heating and cooling loads are numerically investigated. Various sunspace configurations considering three different sunspace depths, six different glazing unit structures, and the inclusion of active shading devices are examined to reveal the most effective designs, compared to the reference house, which has no sunspace. Both steady-state and transient (annual) analyses were conducted. It is found that the maximum cooling load (16.91 kW) is significantly higher than the maximum heating load (6.17 kW) regarding steady-state analysis for representative days, hence, it is concluded that the equipment selection should be carried out with respect to cooling load values. By the annual analysis, it is revealed that sunspace attachment is significantly beneficial for the reduction of heating load for all considered sunspace configurations. The annual saving of heating energy can reache up to 6.6 kWh/m2 (23.5%). However, attachment of sunspace for the cooling period can cause an adverse effect in some cases and increase the cooling load. Depending on the configuration, a sunspace can attain a yearly cooling energy saving of up to 9.6 kWh/m2 (19.5%), or it may cause an increment up to 17 kWh/m2 (34.5%) with an improper selection of sunspace design configuration. Obviously, this adverse effect is due to the lack of shading device in the sunspace. Besides, the configurations yielding the highest energy saving in heating and cooling periods are different from each other, hence, it is suggested that an optimization study is required before the implementation of sunspace.

Russia has a large territory, which is located in different climatic and time zones. There are settlements at a significant distance from each other, hard-to-reach areas, and a lack of natural resources. Research findings of efficient resource supply and re-use are topical for the residents of these territories. This paper discusses optimising the distribution of heat energy between consumers in a district heating system using the P-Graph approach. The heat supply system includes the hot water distribution from thermal power plants and boiler stations of Tomsk city. Thermal power plants and boiler houses use coal, natural gas and diesel fuel. It was revealed that the considered subgroups of heat suppliers have a significant imbalance of heat energy distribution. The surplus of heat energy of 274.54 GJ/h was identified. Optimisation of the heat supply system allowed decrease operating costs by 463 million RUR/h, carbon dioxide emissions reduce by 500,196 t/h and sulfur dioxide emissions by 124,392 t/h.

The article analyzes information on the degree and nature of soil pollution of agricultural land with heavy metals near the territory of metallurgical enterprises. It is proposed to use the soil buffering scale to characterize the soil quality in relation to heavy metals. Based on the calculations, a soil map was constructed with a gradation of the degree of soil pollution depending on the degree of remoteness from the epicenter of pollution. It was shown that the mass of carbon in the soil and the values of cation exchange correlate with the degree of retention of carbon and heavy metals in the soil. In the studied soils of East Kazakhstan, the mass of carbon varies from 1.4 to 2.7 g and the values of cation exchange range from 16.0 to 40.8%. Based on the considered soil factors - soil buffering capacity, carbon content and cation exchange capacity, it was revealed that the most susceptible to heavy metals were leached powerful low-humus chernozems. It was found that by spraying soybeans with fullerenol, an effective process of soil phytoremediation is ensured.

In this era of the industrial revolution, air Pollution is emerging as the most concerning problem specifically in developing countries. This air pollution considers the escalation of several pollutants in the air like nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter (PM), CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons), odors, and radioactive pollutants, etc. The rise of these pollutants in the air is putting a significant impact on the health of mankind and animals in the affected area. In this manuscript, the authors aim to analyze the quality of air in terms of SO 2 and NO 2 emissions. Further, an analysis is also made regarding the amount of PM in the air in terms of Reparable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). To perform this survey, the authors consider the air quality of various states in India. Among the various states considered for the survey, authors consider Chandigarh and Delhi for further analysis.

Soil measurements are important for agriculture as improper conditions can generate important losses. This paper presents a new IoT based system, created to monitor some important parameters for soil, such as solar illumination, air temperature, air humidity, soil humidity, soil pH, and total salt content. Measurements are performed using several microcontrollers, connected to each other, status information being generated, available on the cloud. In this respect, the goal of the proposed device is to perform useful measurements for agriculture applications and provide instruments to take the proper actions.

Air quality inside a classroom will determine the comfort level of its inhabitants. Carbon dioxide, temperature, and relative humidity are primary gasses determining the air quality level inside a classroom. Carbon dioxide exceeds 1000 ppm based on ASHARE might cause drowsiness or disturbing health level. Many research has already been done by implementing air ventilation control or placing plants inside a classroom. This research applies low-cost IoT devices to monitor carbon dioxide value inside a classroom, costly USD 35.92 on primary devices. Two classrooms are compared, one without plants and another with plants inside. The measurement taken on 9.00-13.00 due to this is the peak time of carbon dioxide concentration based on previous research. Found that 500 ppm decreased on carbon dioxide concentration value in a classroom with plants

This paper presents the design of a cost-effective stand-alone electricity generation system with a storage option for Dedelo farming community in the Eastern Cape province in South Africa using plant biomass feedstock. Average load for the community is estimated to be 338.88 kW with a peak load of 1 510 kW and average energy consumption of 8 133 kWh/day, respectively. A plant-based biomass resource assessment of Dedelo was carried out. A cost, technical and environmental analysis was made for each of the proposed case studies. The most cost-effective system was found to be that of the biomass gasifier hybridized with diesel generator and storage with Net Present Cost and Cost of Energy. The system had no capacity shortage, no unmet load and no excess electricity.

In order to quantitatively analyze the total alkalinity of water in eco-industrial park, conduct on-line detection of total alkalinity of water in eco-industrial park, and improve the monitoring and dredging ability of total alkalinity of water and related pollutants in eco-industrial park, an on-line detection model of total alkalinity of water in eco-industrial park based on improved genetic algorithm was proposed. The statistical information mining model of total alkalinity and concentration characteristic distribution of related pollutants in eco-industrial park is constructed, the hydrogeological conditions are identified, the characteristic structural parameters of total alkalinity in eco-industrial park are determined, the improved genetic evolutionary algorithm method is adopted to manage the distribution characteristic of total alkalinity and concentration of related pollutants in eco-industrial park, and the aquifer parameters in the evaluation area are simulated. A transfer conduction control model of total alkalinity and related pollutants concentration characteristic distribution in eco-industrial park was established. The diversion rate and throughput of total alkalinity and related pollutants concentration characteristic distribution in eco-industrial park were taken as constraint indicators, and the transfer control of total alkalinity and related pollutants concentration characteristic distribution in eco-industrial park was carried out, so as to realize numerical quantitative detection and analysis of total alkalinity in eco-industrial park. The simulation results show that this method has good performance in online detection of total alkalinity of water quality in eco-industrial park, and has strong dredging ability, which improves the treatment level of total alkalinity of water quality and related pollutants in eco-industrial park.