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This paper analyzes the potential impact of implementing demand response strategies in a power system. This work aims to present a methodology to evaluate three demand response models to reduce frequency variations in the system. The method starts with the modeling of the system load and the demand response strategies. The power loads are modeled through active power and reactive power measurements in the system’s different buses. A data-driven methodology is proposed to obtain three profiles that simulate residential, commercial, and industrial users’ behavior. Mathematical modeling is proposed for demand response strategies. Time of Use tariff, Solar PV Distributed Generation, and Load Curtailment are the strategies used for residential, commercial, and industrial users, respectively. A brand-new combination of scenarios is developed in this paper with different penetration levels of the demand response strategy. Besides, a novel analysis of the frequency profile is performed for the proposed scenarios. A modified IEEE-39 power system is proposed, adjusting generation and demand using the Colombian demand profile and the generating units’ energy mix. The results indicate that the implementation of demand response strategies improves the system’s frequency profile. The frequency drop was reduced by 11.4 %, and power generator units released up to 2.1 GWh through the day with the implementation of the DR strategies.

Solar energy technology has gained significant attention in recent years. It has strongly emerged as an alternative to the conventional mode of electricity generation for developing countries like India for their rising energy needs. Solar energy based electricity generation not only addresses environmental concerns but also increases the energy security and reduces the carbon footprints generated by the coal-based power plant. To boost the share of Renewable energy in the energy mix, the renewable energy policy introduced by the government has acted as a catalyst for large scale deployment of solar energy system to push it as the major energy alternative for India. The normal intensity of solar radiation in India is 220 MW per km square with around 300 sunny days in a year, whereas the coal-based plant generates a huge amount of carbon footprints. Therefore, solar based power generation has the potential of not only reducing the emissions and but also it can cater the rising energy demand. Thus solar photovoltaic plants has become a major alternative energy option in India with the ability to give an improved power supply, reduced global warming and enhance the security of energy supply. In this paper, efforts have been made to look into the overall perspective of solar energy and coal based generation by studying and analyzing the present status, technologies use, accessibility, policies interventions, major contributions, future potentials and trends of solar energy and fossil fuels in the Indian power sector. A feasibility analysis of solar technology implementation with the replacement of coal based plant pant is carried out for Singrauli, India. Results of the proposed study shows that the coal-based power plant generates a huge amount of carbon footprints and it can be reduced by replacing the coal based power plants with solar energy based power generation system. Consequently solar energy based power generation system is a key alternative for developing countries like India having metrological parameters similar to the case study done in this paper with the capacity to provide an improved supply, decreased global warming in addition to improving the energy security.

This paper aims to optimize the energy cost for Hybrid Thermal Electric Vehicle (HTEV). The considered HTEV combines an irreversible source fuel tank with two electrical sources, namely a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor. The complementarity of these energy sources improves the overall performance of the traction system. More precisely, the main objective of this article is to minimize the cost of the vehicle's mission, by exploiting the on-board energy mix. To establish a compromise between the simplicity of the real time implementation and the optimality of the solution, this paper develops a strategy that combines an optimization technique with a deterministic method. The proposed approach consists firstly in distributing the traction power between the thermal engine and the electric motor. This sharing is treated as an optimization problem under constraints. The corresponding objective function includes the on-board sources operating costs as well as penalty cost on CO2 emissions. This problem is solved using the Bellman algorithm through the dynamic programming. Thereafter, the adopted energy for supplying the electric motor is shared between the battery and the supercapacitor using a deterministic rule, namely frequency separation. To achieve optimum performances from on-board electrical sources, ajudicious choice of the sharing filter cut-off frequency is made based on several criteria, namely: the effective power, the state of charge variation, and the storage devices charge and discharge cycle number. The effectiveness of the proposed energy management system is illustrated with various simulations carried out under the Matlab environment.

Climate change significantly impacts people’s lives. Since the declaration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the nexus of climate change, land use, energy, and water (CLEW) has attracted attention. As an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia was predicted to experience a significant impact of climate change. To minimize the impact of climate change, the government of Indonesia (GOI) commits to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the Paris Agreement. One of the plans is in the energy sector, in which 87% of existing power plants are made up of fossil fuels. According to the GOI target, renewable energy (RE) should share the national energy mix of a minimum of 31% by 2050. However, RE resources are highly dependent on the natural condition. Currently, Indonesia’s long-term planning has not considered the impact of the CLEW Nexus on RE power generation. This paper reviews the generation expansion planning (GEP) method considering CLEW in Indonesia. Systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted as a methodology of the research. Based on the review results, the system dynamics method is one of the possible solutions to the generation expansion planning problems considering the CLEW nexus.

At present, 5G technology has good universality and future development prospects. However, behind 5G's huge potential, its energy consumption has been one of the problems that has yet to be solved. At present, photovoltaic system as the representative of renewable energy electronic energy storage system more and more in life. They can reduce power bills and optimize the energy mix. It also provides a way to solve the problem of 5G energy consumption. This paper puts forward a scheme to install photovoltaic energy storage system for 5G base station to reduce the power supply cost of the base station, compares it with the energy consumption cost of 5G base station in different situations, and analyzes the economy of the scheme. In this scheme, the paper modeled the three main modules (photovoltaic system, energy storage system and base station load) in the scheme, and specified the parameters and their ranges according to the actual situation, and formulated the objective function in combination with the system and objectives. After that, MATLAB is used to calculate the optimal solution of the objective function, and the data is used to evaluate the cost and compare the energy consumption cost in other cases. The results show that the scheme is significantly lower than the baseline strategy in terms of periodic energy consumption costs, and has significant advantages over other schemes in different situations.

Considering the increasing proportion of offshore wind generation in the energy mix, it becomes essential to properly account for aerodynamic effects that impact the power extracted from the wind. Indeed, due to computational matters, offshore wind energy is currently modelled in a very simple and approximate way in adequacy studies, neglecting important factors such as wake effects. Hence, in this paper, data-driven proxy models are developed to learn the complex relation between free flow wind information and the resulting aggregated output power of wind farms. Those Machine Learning-based models are used as fast and reliable surrogates of wake models, embedding their ability to describe the wind behaviour, but with much lower computational times. These models are then included in an adequacy study built upon sequential Monte-Carlo simulations. The collected results are compared with those obtained with the current simplified modelling approach for offshore generation. We observe the importance of accurately representing intra-park aerodynamic effects since reliability indices can be significantly underestimated when using the simplified modelling.

Changes in the current electrical power system operation significantly impact the electricity market, and has motivated this study on the evaluation of the transition in energy pricing reforms. This paper reviews the market design, operation and retail tariff structures of electricity supply, distributed energy sources, reliability, efficiency, energy supply and demand response, and recommends that energy policymakers of developing nations to prioritize decentralization of their energy sectors, encourage independent power producers (IPPs) to participate in their distribution generation, and incorporate renewable energy sources in their energy mix.

More and more wind and solar are installed to limit the global warming. Demand side management is often seen as a tool to allow more renewables to be integrated. The renewable generation such as photovoltaic (PV) power and wind power generation and load in the microgrid may have considerable forecast errors with uncertainties of solar radiation, wind speed and local demands. In this paper, scenarios are selected corresponding to a specified confidence interval by mathematical formulation of duration curves methodology in energy mix optimization for considering the uncertainty. The methodology to reflect the degree of uncertainties of renewable generation and load according to their patterns using the duration curves of the forecasted generation and load is presented when a stochastic solution is achieved by energy mix optimization. Through the case study for a microgrid with uncertainties, it is shown that this stochastic methodology can be applied effectively for optimal operation of a microgrid with uncertainties through the case study.

Energy demand is increasing sharply over the years in Bangladesh with the advancement of rapid population growth. The country is very vulnerable to climate change. To mitigate its energy demand as well as to mitigate carbon emission, Bangladesh has taken long term development Plan for renewable energy resources. According to the power system master plan (PSMP) the country has sent up a target of 10% of the total electricity to be met from renewable energy resources by 2020, 15% by 2025 and 20% by 2030. At present Bangladesh shares 2.93% renewable energy of total energy ratio which is 650.14MW whereas total installed capacity of power is 22215MW. 48% which is 10678MW of total power generation depends on natural gas. Since reserve of natural gas is going to be diminished one day so, it is the proper time to achieve the targets set by the country. Major renewable energy sources in Bangladesh are hydro, solar, wind and biogas. This study has examined the present renewable energy status, energy mix of Bangladesh and reviewed the future prospect of renewable energy resources.

Will compact PV-CSP hybrid systems with thermal energy storage be able to improve the dispatchability of solar electricity and increase its share in the energy mix worldwide? In this work, we investigate how compact PV-CSP hybrid systems with integrated thermal energy storage could allow increasing the annual output energy and the capacity factor of solar power plants. The energy yield and the capacity factor are calculated for two hybrid PV-CSP strategies and compared to that of a conventional CSP plant with consideration of the same storage technology for all the systems. The impact of the electric load value and the storage duration on both the energy yield and the capacity factor are finally discussed.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the current status of wind energy in Romania renewable energy mix, in the context of fulfilling the goal 7 for 2030. Wind energy is an important renewable source in Romania, highly available, reliable and sustainable. In the last decade, there was an increased interest in developing new wind facilities, in order to reduce the energy generated by non-renewable sources, such as coal, gas or oil. In this paper were assessed, based on energy reports and the climate action simulators, perspectives on renewable energy development.

The national plan of Libya aims to reduce the use of traditional energy sources and increase the renewable energy penetration rate to the energy mix in order to settle the renewable energy in the country. One of these projects are Maqroon and Derna wind farms. Maqroon is an area in the eastern region of Libya, near Benghazi city, where the wind speed has proven excellent. The Maqroon project aimed to connect 240 MW. While in Derna, the second largest city in the same region, the country’s plan is to implement 120MW wind project. However, these ambitious projects are considered one of the main steps toward a strategic plan for renewable energy to reach 15% of the country’s total generation mix by the end of 2030.This paper presents and discusses the results of the impact of connecting large scale wind farm on the eastern Libyan network using NEPLAN software. The study considered the impact of proposed projects in 2030 according the national plan. The study includes different operating scenarios in which the voltage of all sub-stations, loading of the lines and transformers are checked, short circuit level in different bus-bars is inspected and the contribution of all power stations is readjusted. Also, the harmonics impact will be examined in the case of increasing wind energy penetration on the eastern power grid.

Jordan is one of the few countries in the Middle East that has very limited resources of fossil fuel such as natural gas and crude oil. The country is fast growing with a population growth rate of 1.8%. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Jordan reached USD 40.4 billion in 2015 with a population exceeding 9.96 million. Food and energy demands are increasing every year. Energy security and maintaining energy flow to meet the yearly demands are the biggest economic challenges facing Jordan. Renewable energies are the most vital solutions that provide energy security and accelerate economic growth. There are numerous studies and projects that focused on solar and wind power systems as an energy mix strategy. However, biomass to energy is not deeply explored in Jordan. Biofuel production from renewable biomass has a big potential for biogas and bioethanol production. The biofuels in Jordan can play significant roles in reducing dependency on imported oil and gas, and significantly reduce Jordan’s energy bill. The bioethanol utilization as a source of fuel can reduce the oil import bill by mixing it with classical gasoline. From a mechanical point of view, a normal car engine can handle up to 10% bioethanol blend without engine modifications. The bioethanol blend can save up to 200 kt of imported oil which will have a direct impact on the Jordanian economy. Jordan has a big biogas production potential despite the very humble projects for biogas production from renewable resources. The available resources for direct biogas production can replace about 5% of the total gas consumption for power generation. In this paper, we will discuss the right policy and mechanism to implement biofuel mix and blend which aims at reducing the energy bill.

Jordan is one of the most hydrocarbon-poor countries in the Middle East, with neither significant production of oil nor natural gas. It relies heavily on imported oil and gas for power generation. This let energy remains Jordan’s top challenge. In its future energy strategy, Jordan pledged to diversify its energy supply by increasing domestic sources contribution to the total energy mix. The available alternatives vary from conventional energy sources including natural gas power plants, nuclear power, and oil shale to renewable energy comprising PV power plants, wind energy, and concentrated solar power plants. This makes it a very challenging task for the decision makers to choose in which track to invest more heavily than others. This paper uses Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to accomplish this goal. MCDA are techniques used to compare a number of alternatives using monetized, quantitative or qualitative criteria. Six options were compared; new CCGT plants, nuclear power plants, oil shale direct combustion, wind turbines, PV technology, and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). The value tree of the objectives was constructed with five high level factors that each option is evaluated against that include the aspects of environmental, economic, political, social, and technical. These factors are then broken down into 15 performance criteria. Criteria used for the evaluation were CO2 emissions, external costs, visual impact, noise, capital cost, operation and maintenance costs, fuel costs, cost of generated electricity, water requirements, promotion of renewables, jobs creation, capacity factor, predictability, and hybridization. Results show that renewable energy technologies outperform conventional ones in terms of the overall weighted score. In the renewables; PV technology come first with overall weighted score of 84.89 out of 100. CSP energy come second with this score of 64.61 while wind energy scored 61.14. The overall weighted score for the conventional technologies of natural gas, nuclear, and oil shale power plants were 31.57, 324.17 and 26.94 respectively. Conclusions withdrawn from this research work are that power supply systems based on renewable technologies, will play a greater role in generating electricity in Jordan and are the most preferred options to invest more heavily in to diversify the future energy mix and that MCDA is a great tool serving decision makers in their energy sector policies that can handle complex decision-making problems.

In the modern world wind energy is becoming a significant part of the energy mix in developed countries of Asia, Europe, and America. Importantly, China has installed wind turbines, which is almost half of the world's installed wind power capacity. Similarly, Denmark is producing 42% of its total electricity from wind. Currently, Pakistan is experiencing an acute level of electricity shortage, which causes blackouts of several hours per day. Furthermore, due to modernization, the electricity demand is increasing rapidly as compared to the installed capacity of electricity generation. Therefore, to cope with rising electricity demand without harming the environment, a smooth transition from thermal towards renewable energy is required. One short-term alternative to meet the uprising electricity demand is to allow the community to produce electric power by wind energy. Fortunately, Pakistan has enormous wind energy potential. The total extractable wind power capacity is 120 GW. Urban cities like Karachi, Hyderabad and Quetta have an average wind speed of 3-4.5 m/s at 10-meter height, which is best suitable for small scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). Like, India, Brazil and other developing countries, Pakistan should take measures to utilize the VAWT technology for electricity production at a community level.

This paper describes how the design of distributed energy systems (DES) with renewable energy sources, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) generation, could be improved with an approach based on the management of electricity consumption and behavior of end-users. With the use of HOMER Grid software, a grid-connected DES with three different load profiles has been designed, simulated, and compared in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness. Using demand flexibility to shift consumer loads throughout the day to better match the availability of renewable energy sources could represent a valuable key to enhancing DES development with regulated customers by increasing the penetration of renewables in the energy mix and subsequently increasing savings on utility bills.

Increased investments into renewable energy as distributed energy sources throughout the distribution grid are a driving force behind the need to adopt smart grid advances. Issues such as intermittency of generation from these renewables have been studied concerning the stability of the grid at higher penetration levels. One need that industry meetings have pointed out is the need for forecasting models and advanced controls that mitigate the intermittency effects. Wide-scale adoption of computing nodes into the power grid such as smart meters and smart inverters have transformed the traditional grid into a cyber-physical system (CPS), as well as independent CPS nodes such as microgrids. Centralized command and control are necessary to maintain visibility over resources and management of them. With developments in cyber-physical-systems integrations more distributed controllers are potential. Data collection becomes a more challenging task as the number of intelligent devices in the field that generates data increases. New key-store based database technologies could be utilized in highly heterogeneous data environments. One of the potential distributed CPS controllers are demonstrated in this paper is a case study of a forecasting based economic dispatch controller for large scale PV power plant that is part of the energy mix. The cost in this scenario is found to be lower when the controller is used.

The Middle East is in a rapid quest to reduce the dependency on oil resources to meet the region’s increasing energy demand and to bring down carbon emissions. The region as on 2018 has got only 20.03 GW Renewable Energy (RE) capacity in their energy mix and its share towards the total REcapacity of the world stands at 0.85%. Although the region has got great potential in tapping the abundant wind energy resources, the installed wind energy capacity of the region is only 612MW. This paper analyses the commercial wind energy potential of three representative sites in the Middle East. The Maximum likelihood estimation method is used to attain Weibull distribution parameters and subsequently, wind power densities at a height of 50m is estimated for all the three locations. Three commercial wind turbines of different power ratings are selected for assessing the annual energy output as well as capacity factor at each of the three sites.

Based on Electricity Supply Business Plan 2019– 2028, Indonesia targets energy mix of 23% for renewable energy. As Indonesia lies in equator line, the development of photovoltaic (PV) is promising in the future. The utilization of PV can be implemented by installing rooftop PV as it can supply electricity independently. Due to the falling price of PV, the user of rooftop PV is predicted to rise significantly. This paper aims to forecast rooftop PV installment in Indonesia from 2020 to 2030. Firstly, the savings bill if installing rooftop PV is calculated. The higher the capacity of rooftop PV is installed, the higher the savings by customers will be made. Prediction of rooftop PV adoption is then calculated using Bass diffusion model. It uses the historical data from three years ago while considering the effect of PV falling price. As the price goes lower, the adoption of rooftop PV is faster each year. Because of the presence of rooftop PV in the system, the annual production of energy can be reduced as the users can generate their own electricity. Consequently, the total production cost can be lower, leading to generation cost change each year.

The electrical energy produced by fossil fuel has two disadvantages: the environment pollution, and nonrenewable nature. To overcome these problems, Photovoltaic (PV) technology has been developed. But, the characteristics of the PV output power depending on the intensity of the existing sunlight, so it can cause instability in the system. This instability can be minimized by combining a PV system with a battery. This study aims to conduct transient stability analysis on the Baubau power system when a 10 MWac hybrid PV-battery power plant is added. In this study, the power flow and stability analysis of the Baubau system was simulated using ETAP software and the energy mix from power plants was simulated using Homer Pro software. From the simulation result can be concluded that installation of 10 MWac PV + 4 MWh batteries in the Baubau System did not harm the overall system stability. The hybrid system can increase the power capacity and installed power of the system.

The reduction of greenhouse emissions will require that renewable energy sources represent a significant portion of the generation energy mix. An important contribution is expected by resources installed at the distribution network level, such as photovoltaic generators. The distribution networks will then play a key role for the decarbonisation of the power system and they will require both conventional reinforcements and innovative control solutions. These issues are not new, since in the past years some countries already faced the problem of combining network refurbishment and advanced control strategies to install a significant share of distributed generation. The objective of this paper consists of showing how historical data can be used to estimate the future evolution of the power system. The analysis is focused on the Italian electricity distribution system, where the distributed generation already represents a large percentage of the energy mix.

In future power systems the resources connected at the distribution level will become increasingly important from the energy mix and flexibility reserve point of views. The additional renewable generation, particularly photovoltaic, will be mostly located at the distribution level. The same can be also expected for electric loads, which will increase due to the spread of electric vehicles and electric heat pumps. The distribution system operators have different options in order to face these transformations. The possible solutions range from the classical network reinforcements to the adoption of advanced control solutions. In order to determine the best approach from an economic, regulatory and technical point of view, extensive simulations have to be performed on a large number of real distribution networks. However, the network data of real distribution networks are not usually public. This paper shows how a method for generating synthetic networks can be integrated with available public data in order to obtain realistic distribution network models of a specific area. The approach is used to reproduce the distribution networks of the Italian power system, modelling their electrical structure and the connected loads and generators. These networks can be used to investigate scenarios of future development of distribution networks.

Energy is a crucial ingredient for economic development of any country. Renewables provides access to clean energy quickly with lower cost and stable energy prices, with increase in reliability and resiliency. The integration of RES to the utility grid raises more fascinating challenges in integration, operation and control, protection as numerous components (power electronic converters) and constraints are involved. Grid codes are the enablers of the energy transition era, also plays an important role in defining the boundary between the requirements of secure grid operation and receiving highest possible share of RES to achieve the cost efficient energy mix. In this paper we investigated the requirements to connect the Renewable Energy Sources plants to the utility grid considering different grid codes and international standards. A renewable plant controller is proposed at plant level in order to make renewable plants to compliant to the connected grid code standards. The DIGSILENT power factory software is used to model and simulate the operation of renewable power plants, along with Battery Energy Storage System. The simulation model is analyzed with different operating conditions of power grid, to validate the compliance of renewable plant controller. In addition overview of the various international standards are provided, focusing on operational and control requirements demanded to grid connected Renewable Energy Sources plants.

Natural gas plays an important role in the European energy mix. Its fields of application are diverse. In the future, significant changes in European gas flows will occur such as less indigenous production and more imports of LNG. It is also possible that green or blue hydrogen will be mixed into the gas flows in the future. The effects of these changes on gas prices and gas flows can be calculated with the global gas market model WEGA. However, analyses to discover regional bottlenecks are not possible. Thus, in this paper, a model coupling between WEGA and the regional gas market model MInGa is performed. It is demonstrated that the model coupling is viable and that it provides the opportunity to discover regional bottlenecks in scenarios with disruptions, a cold spell or hydrogen injection of power-to-gas plants.

The constant increase of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) into the energy mix will pose significant challenges in the operation of the future European power system. In this paper, we investigate the curtailments of these sources due to the power transfer limitations posed by the transmission grid as well as limitations in demand flexibility. To that end, a pan-European dispatch model with high spatial and temporal resolution is developed, which also allows for part of the electricity load to be shifted. Due to the significant problem size, the model consists of four separate levels with different spatial resolutions temporal coupling horizons. For the investigation of the future European power system, respective scenarios for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 are implemented in high spatial and temporal resolution and analyzed with regard to VRES curtailments and the impact of load shifting. It is found that curtailments rise dramatically for 2050, primarily due to the increased wind generation near the North and Baltic seas. Moreover, it is shown that the rationale of the corresponding scenario, in terms of the degree of spatial distribution of generation, constitutes one of the most influential factors for the amount of VRES curtailments. On the contrary, it is shown that load shifting can only exhibit limited capacity in reducing curtailments (2% - 9%), primarily restricted by the available shifting window and the scenario rationale. The total amount of VRES curtailments for 2050 reaches 1,122 TWh in the "100% RES" scenario.

To achieve the deep decarbonization goals of Paris agreement, European union has set a zero net CO2 emissions target by 2050. This ambitious target can only be achieved by massive reduction of fossil fuels’ share in the primary energy supply side. While the energy mix for different sectors has been studied abundantly in the literature, fewer studies deal with the impact of sector-coupling on achieving the goal of deep decarbonization, with limited representation of emerging low-carbon options and incomplete coverage of the main energy sectors.To this end, we develop a detailed model of energy sector, leaving the vector choice for different sectorial end-use demands endogenous. Applying this model to the French case, we study the synergies of sector-coupling and the impact of the social cost of carbon (SCC) in reaching an optimal carbon-neutral energy mix in 2050.Our results show that (1) a nearly carbon neutral energy sector can be achieved for a SCC value of €200/tCO2, in case of availability of renewable gas. (2) For a SCC value as low as €100/tCO2 renewables become the main source of the primary energy supply and the share of renewable energy can reach up to more than 80% of the primary energy supply. (3) We find that a very big proportion of transport demand is satisfied by gas-powered internal combustion engine vehicles and the share of electric vehicles in the final light transport demand never exceeds 9%. (4) For social cost of carbon values of more than €100/tCO2, the heat sector is fully electrified by individual and central heat pumps. Our sensitivity analysis suggests that (5) a robust SCC of €300/tCO2 would lead to carbon neutrality taking into account cost uncertainties.This study suggests further development of gas charging network (for transport end-use) and heat pumps and investment in renewables to reach climate goals in cost-optimal ways.

White certificate schemes mandate energy companies to promote energy efficiency with flexibility mechanisms, including the trading of energy savings. The calculation of white certificates aims to highlight how the energy consumed in different time states (from unconventional sources), has a variable content. The goal is not to influence the production mix, for us, the production mix gives us a measure of how much really, in each hour you are consuming that amount of energy. We will focus on ‘how much’ and ‘when’ changes in power consumption due to an Energy Efficiency Measure impact on the Italian energy system and its possible value. In particular using the hourly energy mix f the national system and the hourly profile before and after the intervention, we propose to introduce a time based evaluation of white certificates In the whole analysis, we consider two distinct interventions implementing efficiency by renewable energy self-consumption: photovoltaic installation and phtovoltaic plus storage installation. Results and comments of such calculation will be provided in the paper.

The prognosis of electricity potential using Landfill Gas Emission Model (LandGEM) and Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change (IPCC) method with emphasis on methane gas in Lesotho is exemplified in this paper. The study is based on landfill Gas to Energy (LFGTE) technology based on anticipated waste from 2020 to 2045. Four districts were selected with their waste assumed to be disposed at one landfill site. Determination of electricity from landfilled MSW is analyzed by mathematical model from annual landfill methane emissions. In 2045, the highest theoretical methane emissions and energy potential for LandGEM is $56.98\mathrm{E}+06\ \ \mathrm{m}^{3}/\text{year}$ and 133.1 MWh/year respectively while for IPCC is $134.96\mathrm{E}+06\ \ \mathrm{m}^{3}/\text{year}$ and 315 MWh/year. In conclusion, LFGTE technology has the capability of contributing to the energy mix of Lesotho thereby supplementing the existing electricity generation, thus improving local supply. Furthermore, the resultant projection outlook and technology can be applied in developing countries with similar terrain.

Intermittency of renewable energy sources is of great concern to Researchers. For example, PV panels are limited due to the variability of solar irradiances. To further integrate PV into the overall energy mix, accurate assessment and evaluation of its performance is important. This paper aims to evaluate the potential and variability of solar energy at Afe Babalola University, also the possibility of incorporating PV system into the energy mix in ABUAD is investigated. To this end, measurements of solar irradiance (GHI) are collated from January 2018 to December 2018 using the Tenmars TM 206 Pyranometer. In addition, a hybrid system was modeled using HOMER, which gives an optimal system comprising of 1800kW PV panels, 1500kW diesel generator, 1200kW converter and four Trojan T-105 batteries with the levelized cost of energy (COE) of 0.719$/yr and Net Present Cost (NPC) of $41,676,188.

In order to achieve its aim of energy security and sustainable development, the South African government has embraced renewable energy as part of its energy mix with wind energy playing a very crucial role in achieving this set objective. Despite the efforts to embrace renewable energy and wind energy in particular, the implementation of wind energy technologies has been slow due to certain challenges. This paper discusses some of these challenges mitigating against the grid integration of wind energy in South Africa and some solutions in addressing these issues.

This paper focuses mainly on computing the optimum installed capacity of base load power plants considering the average hourly demand over the months of the year and the cost of generation of each of the sources of base load power plants. To compute the optimum installed capacity of base load power plants, based on the past trends three cases have been considered - lowest out of minimum of average hourly demand, lowest out of average of the average hourly demand and highest out of minimum of average hourly demand.The approximate costs of generation of each of sources used for base load, i.e. coal, gas and hydro are calculated based on data taken from the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission regulations. The proposed methodology for installed capacity has been implemented on the average demand chart of state of Maharashtra, India for the year 2018. The energy mix for base load is suggested based on the installed capacity and the cost factor. This mitigates the environmental impact to a reasonable extent and simultaneously makes these plants operate at their optimal levels with increased plant load factor and reduced energy losses thus reducing the overall cost of generation.

This paper presents an analysis of energy resources in Bulgaria and Romania. The aim of this study is to justify the need for energy mix in the energy system of Romania and Bulgaria. There is a shift from the traditional energy pillars, such as coal-fired power plants, which were the main electricity producer, to an energy sector where hydropower and other renewable energy sources provide the largest part of electricity generation. Romania and Bulgaria cannot cope with a single source of energy to meet their own energy and environmental objectives, and to guarantee sufficient stability and reliability of supply. Therefore, it is clear that the energy mix is necessary. This study can help in developing projects related to the two countries' energy strategy.

Until 2017, coal still dominates up to 58.3% of the energy mix in Indonesia. Based on the 2027 projection for Sumatra Island, the composition of electricity production with coal primary energy will increase to 43.9% from the previous 37.7% [1]. By considering the principle of regional balance, the contribution of electricity needs in Sumatra Island mostly will be supplied from the coal fired steam power plant. One of important parameter in determining the efficiency of a power plant is the value of Heat Rate. In this study, it is consists of three subsystems, namely boiler, coal, and feed water. Dynamic System method is used to create a model that can represent the heat rate real system because its variables which influence the value are dynamic, complex and integrated one to another. The simulation results from modeling are useful for improvement process to predict the heat rate value in future periods. It is also describe which one will be the significant variables in heat rate system in order to reduce the operational costs. As the final results, it is predicted the total cost of heat rate losses will increase from 21,175 USD in the last 12 months to 38,851.9 USD for the next 36 months. The biggest cost in heat rate losses is the coal subsystem, which is 8,000 – 31,000 USD. Followed by boiler subsystem which is 12,000 – 18,000 USD and feed water subsystem is 1–15 USD. Coal moisture which contributes as the highest value losses in the heat rate losses system should be the main focus for South Sumatra-V management in making policies.

The changing nature of the energy grid has prompted innovative solutions to incoming challenges. In a distribution system with microgrids, residents with distributed energy resources (DERs) and interactive devices can interact with one another and the grid to exchange energy. Blockchain-based transactive energy could dynamically align active grid elements to incentivize demand-side energy resource investment and energy efficient behavior. This work models a blockchain-in-the-loop framework and simulates it using a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network and the transactive energy simulation platform (TESP). Blockchain smart contracts are used to coordinate a microgrid market. Three market coordination schemes are compared, namely two auction-less schemes and one simple auction scheme, in a 30 home microgrid with different DER penetration levels. Results show that the auction-less scheme is more beneficial to community residents if the energy mix within the microgrid is diverse.

Wind energy is an exciting emerging sector and plays a major role in reducing the dependency on fossil fuels. Now-a-days, electricity generation is becoming more reliant on renewable energy and therefore wind energy is steadily increasing share of its power generation in the energy mix. Globally, massive Wind Turbines (WT) are widely being used to capture wind's power and converting it to electricity. The wide use of polymer composites in wind turbine primary structures such as blades and nacelles increases the potential for fire related hazards. Safety management of WT and keeping them fully operational and at low levels of risk is becoming more important. A novel Fire Resistant Material called “FIRESS” was developed for fire mitigation applications. FIRESS is composed of up to about 82% fly ash (a waste by-product from coal-fired thermal power stations) and the remainder is a high char yield organic binder. In this paper, the concept of fire mitigation in composite structures using FIRESS is described. The fire resistant and mechanical properties of FIRESS has been evaluated and the results showed ultra-superior fire resistance, excellent set of mechanical properties and low density (light weight). FIRESS's outstanding fire resistance qualifies itself as a passive fire protection material for wind turbines.

The United Arab Emirates energy industry has changed dramatically over the last decade. The country is the first in the region to move forward towards energy diversification and deliver clean and affordable energy. This study aims to review the current renewable energy options available in the UAE, assess the current status, and identify future potential. It also discusses the main renewable energy strategies and summarizes the renewable energy projects in the UAE. A comprehensive literature review was conducted. It was found that solar energy has the most significant potential, and a hybrid renewable energy system that combines solar, wind, and waste-to-energy could be the best combination to be implemented in the UAE. These findings are consistent with the current UAE's renewable energy strategies and targets that aim to conserve natural resources and to diversify the energy mix towards alternative sources. The findings will help decision-makers to formulate a set of recommendations to start the transition toward renewable energy.

In the last years a progressive shift from the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) toward electric vehicles (EV) has been observed, which has as primary objective that of favouring a sustainable mobility. Indeed, one of the most important topics tightly linked with this alternative refers to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced along the entire vehicle’s life cycle. The aim of the present work is to develop an emission-model that is able to calculate the CO2 emissions produced along the entire vehicle’s life cycle, so to estimate EV CO2 emission values and compare them with those of ICEV. The emission model, developed leveraging on a thorough literature review on the topic, is then applied to the Italian context, to enable a comparison of the emission results for EVs and ICEVs taking into account the peculiarities of such country. It emerges that overall CO2 emissions associated to EVs are lower than the ones associated to ICEVs. A significant portion of emissions arising from the manufacturing of the battery pack still represents the main gap to be filled with respect to ICEVs. Evaluating both vehicle typologies and based on different assumption in terms of the geographical locations in which the stages of the vehicle life cycle take place, it emerges that EVs show a consistent CO2 emission reduction ranging between -11% to -50% compared to ICEVs over the entire vehicle’s life cycle. The most relevant contribution for such performance is due to the cleaner energy mixes on which some countries can rely on compared to others. Given that the most impactful phase – in terms of CO2 emissions - is represented by the vehicle use, it has been performed a sensitivity analysis on the energy mix used for vehicle’s charging. Results show that coupling of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and EVs can be a key factor for achieving very low emission values.

Smart home energy management system (HEMS) are being employed to optimize the consumption of electricity based on load demand and renewable forecast. It is essential for a smart HEMS to ensure the right energy mix by optimizing the power consumption from the local resources and the main grid in order to improve efficiency and reduce overall cost of the system. The smart HEMS proposed here implements this idea using an optimal source selection algorithm. The proposed system comprises of two input sources which are namely, a PV-battery duo source and the main electricity grid. The system takes into consideration the electricity price information, user load profile, solar irradiance profile and, the battery power output information. The input information is used to select the right power source for every home load to ensure the right energy mix and reduce the overall cost for the electricity. Hardware implementation of the proposed smart HEMS was successfully tested on a small-scale prototype in the laboratory.

In this paper an above-ground, dry gravity energy storage system to help integrate wind energy sources into the energy mix, is described and developed. Using the principle of gravitational potential energy and a single piston example, multi-piston shafts and multi-shaft systems are proposed. From this analysis, some of the basic characteristics of the system, such as round trip efficiency and energy density, is derived. Using a generic wind farm and available literature, the paper discusses how the system can be constructed and used to help integrate wind farms with an electrical grid, while also demonstrating the comparatively small surface area that the storage system requires.

In this paper the environmental impacts of the Colombian electrical grid operated by INTERCOLOMBIA are assessed during operation and maintenance phases. Energy transmission is necessary to the places where it is consumed as a consequence of energy generation. The methodology used here is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with ReCiPe 11 as impact assessment method and Ecoinvent 3.5, as dataset. Around 7200 km of power lines are evaluated (length of installation during 2016). The results show that for each power line kilometer, both, the land occupation and climate change are the most important impacts, comparing the Brazilian energy mix. According to the results of this analysis the environmental impact of power lines is greater than the impact of substations. The damage category with more impact was ecosystems for power lines, and human health for substations. The correlation with the Environmental Matrixes and the Green House Gases Inventory were also analyzed.

Countries all around the world, especially those with significant renewable potential, are beginning to adopt strict policies to increase the share of renewable energy use in order to strengthen their own energy mix. This leads researchers to think of appropriate solutions for an ease integration of renewable energies into electricity sector and to overcome its major obstacle, which is none other than intermittency. In this context, we defend our proposed architecture based on a grid-connected PV-battery hybrid system. Our proposal was tested under real meteorological solar conditions for a typical year using TRNSYS. Its performance evaluation was carried out using statistical analysis via Minitab and shows that the system could be in deficit with a frequency less than 10%• That means that the proposed hybrid system able to meet the demand for its 90% energy states. Such a statistical analysis of the hybrid system energy states let us deduce influence of stochastic parameters on the system size, architecture and energy management.

Transitioning to a sustainable energy supply system is becoming an imperative for many countries around the world. This transition is imposed on many countries for at least three reasons, the first one is environmental, to achieve the COP21 GHG emissions targets; the second one is economic, to reduce the cost of the energy supply and of the budget uncertainties due the fluctuation on the energy prices, and finally the third one is security, to provide more independence in the energy supply chain. In the case of Morocco, these three factors are all important. Indeed Morocco relies heavily on fossil fuels for its energy needs. According to [1] Morocco's energy mix is composed of 90% of fossil fuels for its total primary energy supply, and most of it is imported. In 2009, Morocco adopted a National Energy strategy as a road map for its energy independence. This strategy's main vision is to transition from a fossil fuels based energy system to a more sustainable one where renewable energies will compose 52% of the installed power capacities by 2030. This paper investigates the pathway for the transition to RE with the objectives of achieving the percentage of renewable energies in the energy mix of 42% by 2020, and 52% by 2030. The pathway is determined based on the daily energy demand of the year 2016 as a baseline and assuming an annual growth of 3% of the energy demand until 2030. An optimization program is used the determine the optimum RE source options to implement for achieving the objectives. The results show that wind energy sources could present a strong advantage, given its low cost and its availability in the context of Morocco.

This article presents the MASERA1 microgrid testbed, conducted in partnership with NTU 2 on Semakau Island (Singapore) for which one of the research objectives is to implement a fully optimized solution to maximize the share of renewable in its energy mix while integrating for the first time in the world innovative technologies in a Microgrid context (ZincAir storage, V2G3 station, bi-facial solar…).

The prediction of renewable energies production such as solar energy could improve their integration in the energy mix which is heavily penalised by their intermittent nature. Accurately predicting the total renewable power available helps to control the electricity flows in the grid and therefore guarantee the balance between production and consumption and avoid power overloads or outages. It is in this light that the American Meteorological Society organised a solar energy prediction competition aiming at predicting the total daily solar energy received at 98 solar farms based on the outputs of various weather forecast models. In this paper, a methodology to reach this goal has been explained and the performance of the most used regression models in the field of solar energy prediction has been compared under the same experimental setup. The results have shown that the best performance is obtained using the Ridge regression with a Mean Absolute Error of 2.215E+6.

The progressive installation of power plants based on renewable energy sources is improving the sustainability of the energy sector. Despite the availability of commercial solutions, most of the small islands in the world are nowadays affected by a deep dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, the paper investigates the feasibility of an energy mix composed by solar, wind and sea wave, suggesting a sizing approach based on the minimization of the Levelized Cost of Electricity of the entire energy mix. As case study, the Aeolian Islands are presented.