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An on-chip analog waveform sampling system was demonstrated in a 65nm process focusing on extreme temperature step response measurements. Amplifier output waveforms were measured under different temperatures ranging from -40 degrees Celsius ambient temperature to 300 degrees Celsius heater temperature. For reliability testing, the amplifiers were stressed at a 1.6x supply voltage and a 350 degrees Celsius stress temperature for 100 hours.

Defrosting apparatus for cryopreserved blood products must perform defrosting to a target temperature of +37 degrees Celsius under conditions of an optimally selected and fixed heating time, ensure and maintain the biological value of the substance used for transfusion. When the target temperature of the substance to be thawed is reached, the temperature deviation from +37 degrees Celsius should not exceed ± 0.5 degrees Celsius. However, the currently existing technical means have an accuracy of maintaining the temperature during the thermostating process of ± 1 degree Celsius. During developing technical means for rapid high-precision defrosting of cryopreserved blood products, it is necessary to determine the parameters of the system, such as type of blood product, heat carrier, heating technology, overall dimensions of the defrosting chamber, volumes of bags with blood products to be opened, and so on. The combinatorial approach allows one to determine the optimal parameters of the system, however, to date, there are no studies of modeling the thawing of cryopreserved blood products for transfusion-infusion therapy, taking into account the multivariance of the thawing system. Thus, in the development of technical means for rapid high-precision defrosting of cryopreserved blood products for transfusion-infusion therapy, the fundamental task is to develop a software solution for simulating defrosting systems. This article shows the review and comparative analysis of electronic test equipment for defrosting and heating plasma, blood and infusion solutions.

Chronic ulcer such as venous leg ulcer (VLU) required an extensive healing process. It has a high recurrence rate where 33% of the recovered patients will relapse. Current treatment for VLU include compression therapy using compression bandage and stocking. Skill professional are required to apply the compression bandage therapy. An optimum compression pressure between 35mmHg and 45mmHg will aid in the healing of the VLU. Micro environment with an increase of 1.5-degree Celsius to 2.2-degree Celsius indicate an inflammation onset. Through monitoring the pressure applied onto the patient’s leg and temperature of the wound site, it would help in the overall wound management and improve healing. In this work, an integrated pressure sensing strips with 24 pressure sensing elements and temperature sensors was developed to monitor of compression pressure and temperature of the wound sites. Bench-top characterization result shows that the proposed device is able to operate within the required optimum pressure range with a repeatability of less than 3.5%. The proposed device is able to detect temperature range within 28-degree Celsius to 40-degree Celsius with ADC value of 12/ degree Celsius.

Abnormal climate change and air pollution have a certain impact on population health. In order to explore the impact of air pollution and meteorological conditions on weather-sensitive diseases, this paper uses the non-parametric Generalized Additive Model (GAM) after controlling for the effects of the "day of the week" and the meteorological conditions, the correlation between the data of circulating system diseases and respiratory system diseases in Beijing in 2010 and the data of air quality and meteorological conditions in the same period was analyzed. The results showed that the minimum temperature of two days before the onset of circulatory system diseases decreased by 1 degree Celsius, the incidence of circulatory system diseases increased by 0.79%, weekend admission rate was 1.05 times the usual hospital admission rate. The number of respiratory system diseases increased by 0.04% for every unit of air pollution index (API) increase by 1%. The minimum temperature T min decreased by 1 degree Celsius and the number of respiratory system diseases increased by 0.58%. It can be concluded that the number of people seeking medical advice on respiratory system diseases on weekends is 1.29 times of the working day.

This article proposes a machine for the process of pasteurization of Tarwi vegetable milk. The importance of this process lies in achieving a temperature profile that eliminates the greatest amount of pathogens present in milk without drastically reducing its protein concentration. However, this process has not been used in the production of milk based on Tarwi grain. Therefore, the mechanical design calculations were carried out, as well as the construction of the plant to have a milk processing capacity from 10 kilograms of untapped Tarwi. Also, the appropriate controller was selected and tuned to maintain a constant temperature of 75 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. The tests were carried out with Tarwi milk from a cooking and filtering process at a temperature close to 50 degrees Celsius.

For epoxy resin equipment, voids may exist owing to imperfection of insulation manufacturing. The electric field becomes high in the voids, and partial discharges (PDs) occur in such defects. Incidentally, the insulation material temperature varies with the status of load and the environmental condition. It is crucial to investigate PD activity at diffe re nt void te mpe rature and electric field. In this study, we carried out measurements of PDs in an artificial void of epoxy resin at various temperatures in the range of 30_50 degrees Celsius. The maximum electric fields in the void 1.5 mm in diameter were set at 4.6 kV/mm and 8.0 kV/mm. For a 4.6 kV/mm-void, the number of PDs was large at lower temperature at around 30 degrees Celsius. The number of PDs de cre ase d with the incre ase of the numbe r of te mpe rature-time cycles. The PD magnitude slightly incre ase d with the increase of temperature because the dielectric constant of epoxy resin might become high and the electric field in a void might become high. In contrast, the variation tendency of the number of PDs for an 8 kV/mm-void was much different from that for a 4.6 kV/mm-void. The number of PDs was large at around 50 degrees Celsius and in the middle of temperature rising from 40 to 50 degrees Celsius. Thus, we investigated that PD behavior during temperature-time cycles differs in electric field.

This paper presents implementation and control of an induction dehydrator for food applications. The technique of induction heating is applied, for better efficiency and controllability of the system, compared with the conventional food drying method. The temperature is controlled by regulating the resonant current flowing in the induction coil through switching frequency adjusting. With proposed control strategy, the temperature can be controlled to constant at 55 degrees Celsius throughout the operation where the average system efficiency of 96.5% is achieved.

With the aim of applying to the olfactory media content, this paper investigates effects on a subjective evaluation of lemon aroma of its temperature and quantified density. We first made 12 aromatic gases (4 amounts of lemon essential oil (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg in a glass bottle of 1.35 L volume) × 3 temperatures (5, 25, and 60 degrees in Celsius)), and performed a quantitative analysis of limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene, and citral in the gases by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurement. We next asked subjects to evaluate them by using the semantic differential (SD) method with respect to the following five words—clean, thick, refreshing, relaxing, and favorite—and their antonyms. As results, we found that the effect of the temperature of aromatic gas was dominant for the evaluation items; cleanliness, refreshing feeling, relaxing, and preference, and that the lemon aroma less or equal 25 degrees in Celsius was effective for the impressions of cleanliness, refreshing feeling, relaxing, and preference.

The Wide-field Aurora Imaging Camera (WAIC) with a large-temperature-difference (LTD) optical system is to provide an opportunity to obtain the light intensity map of the aurora. And thus an appropriate thermal design for the compact LTD space optical system is necessary. Depending on the character of the optics, several optical components temperature indexes were achieved. The temperature level of the BaF 2 filter should be high at 107–140 degree Celsius, but the best temperature of the mirrors is just at 20–40 degree Celsius. These present a challenging thermal control problem. We introduced thermal design for all optical components in details. Especially, the thermal design for the high temperature BaF 2 filter took the great thermal resistance design approach to maintain the BaF 2 filter within allowable temperature limits and minimize the influence on the temperature of the other optics. Subsequently, the camera finite element thermal model was established and the thermal test was also carried on. The results indicated that under the cold and hot extreme cases the filter average temperature could reach 106.5 degree Celsius and 139.0 degree Celsius, the control temperature precision was less than 2.5 degree Celsius and the temperature stability was less than 1.5 degree Celsius/2min. The temperature index of the mirrors and detector window also could be satisfied. Thermal design of the LTD space optical system with a large temperature difference is feasible and reasonable.

Waveguide extenders are used for reflection and transmission measurements at frequencies higher than 70 GHz. The extenders produce a lot of heat during operation and thus their test-port temperature rises above 23 degrees Celsius. By using an active cooling system with a large thermal mass, excellent stability and test-port temperatures close to 23 degrees Celsius can be achieved.

The CMOS-compatible MHP with tungsten as the heater material shows excellent stability at 300 degrees Celsius, yet its thermal reliability at higher temperatures and failure mechanism have not been reported previously. In this paper, the fluctuation of the tungsten heaters of the MHPs were recorded when the MHPs were heating at temperatures higher than 400 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. For the MHP with Al electrodes for gas sensor application, failure occurs at around 650 degrees Celsius when the Al material begins to melt. Without Al, the W-based MHP worked stably with variation of heater resistance around 0.5% at 700 degrees Celsius before it broke down at 750 degrees Celsius. The microscope observations show that, unlike the electro-stress migration failure of Pt-based MHPs or the resistance drift problem of poly-Si-based MHPs, the W-based MHP breaks down because of the delamination of the membrane.

In this paper we report on enhanced excitation rates from the abdominal nerve cord of the large red crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) upon exposure to ∼ 100 kHz ultrasound. We have observed firing rates increases of as much as 10.65% that are linear with the ultrasonic pressure ranging from 8900 to 120,000 Pa. We used a silicon-horn transducer that allows the delivery of high intensity ultrasound over an area that is approximately the size of the nerve. Probe tip temperature increases of 1 – 2 degrees Celsius were measured in saline corresponding to the range of ultrasonic intensities used. The increase in firing rate is also accompanied by an increase in the slopes and amplitude of each individual action potential in the nerve cord. We form initial hypothesis based on the data that suggest mechanisms of ultrasonic effect on triggering nerves.

This paper, deals with Thermal Analysis of Energy Efficient Clock Gated Arithmetic Logic Unit on FPGA for reduction of leakage power and total power consumption and it has been analyzed that there is reduction in Leakage Power when ambient temperature decreases from 50 degree Celsius to 20 degree Celsius. Virtex-6 is 40-nm FPGA, on which Thermal Analysis of Energy Efficient Clock Gated Arithmetic Logic Unit has been analyzed with device operating frequency is 1GHz. This reduction in leakage power is analyzed on arithmetic and logic unit with latch free clock gating technique and on arithmetic and logic unit with latch based clock gating technique. There is significant Leakage power reduction by varying ambient temperature. With Latch free clock gating technique in Low Power Arithmetic and Logic Unit the Contribution of leakage power was 1.327W, when Ambient Temperature is 50 degree Celsius, which is further reduced to 1.246W at 40 degree Celsius Ambient Temperature, 1.176W at 30 degree Celsius Ambient Temperature, 1.114W at 20 degree Celsius Ambient Temperature. With Latch based clock gating technique in Low Power Arithmetic and Logic Unit the Contribution of leakage power was 1.328W When Ambient Temperature is 50 degree Celsius, which is further reduced to 1.247W at 40 degree Celsius Ambient Temperature, 1.177W at 30 degree Celsius Ambient Temperature, 1.115W at 30 degree Celsius Ambient Temperature. So, there is reduction in leakage power in energy efficient arithmetic and logic unit.

Wire bonding is the dominant first-level interconnection technology for packaging of microelectronics. This paper presents the results of testing silver and gold wire bonds for electromigration with substrate temperatures from 100 degrees Celsius to over 200 degrees Celsius. Wire resistances were measured during testing, and, following testing, the wires were imaged by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Silver wires withstood 4 × 10 5 amperes per square centimeter for 180 hours at a peak temperature of 190 degrees Celsius without detectable damage. For the same current density, gold wires showed surface cracking and a small increase in the resistance of one wire after 330 hours of testing at a peak temperature of 350 degrees Celsius. For a current density of 2.5 × 10 5 amperes per square centimeter and peak temperatures above 600 degrees Celsius, silver wires showed severe distortion from electromigration along grain boundaries, followed by open circuit failures after between 35 and 50 hours of testing.

In Text analysis, the current focus of researcher is on performance. There is a wide research gap to design energy efficient hardware which is in use in text analysis. When room temperature is 25 degree Celsius, there is 60.01%, 39.98%, 20% reduction in Clock Power when we scale down device operating frequency from 250GHz to 200GHz, 150GHz and 100GHz respectively. When ambient temperature is 50 degree Celsius, there is 55.56%, 33.33%, 16.67% reduction in Logic Power when we scale down device operating frequency from 250GHz to 200GHz, 150GHz and 100GHz respectively. When ambient temperature is 75 degree Celsius, there is 59.91%, 39.67%, 19.83% reduction in Signal Power when we scale down device operating frequency from 250GHz to 200GHz, 150GHz and 100GHz respectively. When ambient temperature is 100 degree Celsius, there is 60%, 40%, 20% reduction in IOs Power when we scale down device operating frequency from 250GHz to 200GHz, 150GHz and 100GHz respectively. With Thermal Scaling, there is no change in Clock Power, Logic Power, Signal Power and IOs Power. There is 26.56%, 64.73%, 79.46% significant reduction of leakage power when we scale down ambient temperature from100 C to 75 C, 50 C and 25 C.

This paper presents development of a microwave system for noninvasive blood perfusion measurement. The proposed system is based on a thermal perfusion measuring method using microwave techniques. In this method, the tissue temperature is raised by microwave heating (900 MHz) to no more than one degree Celsius, and after the discontinuation of the microwave heating signal, the temperature decay measured using microwave radiometric sensing (1-2 GHz) is indicative of the blood perfusion rate. The preliminary results of the system's test are provided.

This research studies the effect of a range of variables on the properties of A356 aluminum reinforced with silicon carbide particles after extrusion process. These variables are the ratio of liquid material and the percentage of particles. The percentage of carbide particles used was 10%, 15% and 20%. %. The composites were prepared by vortex method. Experimental results were compared with the simulation results which were obtained by finite element method and neural network method. The results of the tensile tests conducted at room temperature for reinforced alloys before forming and after forming showed that the increase in the weight of silicon carbide particles caused a decrease in the tensile stress and strain in the as cast state. The deformed composites followed the same behavior, but with marked improvement in the maximum tensile stress and yield stress of the composites which was formed at 585 degrees Celsius and the improvement was less in the case of composites that have been formed at 595 degrees Celsius.

Metal foams are a class of materials with extremely low densities and an outstanding combination of mechanical, electrical, thermal, and acoustic properties. They offer a large potential for light-weight structures with high stiffness and high mechanical properties, energy absorption, and thermal management. Their extraordinary property combinations make them interesting for applications where more than one function can be met. Steel foam produced by slip reaction foam sintering process (SRFS) had a chemical composition of 1%C, 1.3 %Mn, 0.5% Si and 0.5 % Cr is subjected to many different heat treatment and corrosion conditions. In the presented work, the effect of different heat treatment conditions was applied to investigate its effect on the mechanical behavior of produced steel foam. Austenizing at 800, 850 and 900 degree Celsius for one hour was applied and tempering at 400, 450 and 500 for one hour respectively was examined. Corrosion characterization for the samples was carried out by using the salt spray test; samples were subjected to marine "corrosive" atmosphere for 54 hours at 40 degrees Celsius and by using the autoclave (high temperature/high pressure) samples were subjected to steam of distilled water at high pressure and high temperature reached 170 degrees Celsius for 96 hours. Compression test was carried out to test and evaluate the mechanical properties for the samples, before and after corrosion tests also before and after heat treatment process. The results showed that corrosion can negatively affects the mechanical properties of the steel foam, as in the compression test the samples which was not subjected to any of the corrosive atmosphere showed much better results than the samples which was tested in the salt spray or the autoclave test. Not only but also heat treatment process showed a great influence on the mechanical behavior of steel foam, as using different heat treatment cycle, better compression stress could be achieved.

An effect of repetitive electric pulses on differentiation of myoblasts has been studied in vitro. C2C12 (Mouse myoblast cell line originated with cross-striated muscle of C3H mouse) was exposed to repetitive electric pulses. The adhered cells were exposed to the electric field between two electrodes made of a platinum wire dipped in the medium at 37 degrees Celsius. The repetitive electric pulses at a period of one second were generated with a function generator. Variation was made on the amplitude of the pulse. To find the limit of amplitude of the electric pulse, the number of adhered cells was counted after exposure to the continuous electric stimulation for 72 hours. The cells were microscopically observed during cultivation, after electric stimulation with repetitive pulses for 72 hours. The responsive movement of myoblast was observed with the electric stimulation to confirm differentiation. The results show that the repetitive electric pulses accelerate differentiation of myoblast.

According to the characteristic of high concentration and non-biodegradation of industrial effluents, temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was related to the effect of operation in the reactor, an experimental study on hydrolysis acidification process as a preprocessing method. Results: with acidification pretreatment process as a means of biological treatment is effective, the effect of acidification reactor was obvious when the temperature in the 25-28 degrees Celsius, for 12h HRT, at the same time, CODcr removal was about 35%, acidification rate could reach 28.1%. The biochemical of effluent could also greatly improve from 0.25 to 0.4 of B/C.

Paphia undulate was used to prepare low-molecular peptides by enzyme autolysis. The optimum condition for autolysis was studied to reach a maximum yield of peptides. Results showed that the yield of low-molecular peptides was 4.33% and 78.57% of the total protein can be recovered under the optimized condition: pH 6.5, temperature 45 Degrees Celsius, reaction time 4h, ratio of starting material and water 1∶3 and the enzyme dosage of 1374.0 U/g.

Facial temperature distribution is affected by blood flow supply, which is compromised in carotid stenosis. Therefore we conducted a study to compare the parameters of infrared thermograph of face and the result of simultaneous carotid angiography. Totally 26 consecutive patients underwent carotid digital subtraction angiography and the patency of common, external, and internal carotid was measured according to the principle of North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial . All the stenotic lesions detected were recorded as ECAS for external carotid stenosis, CCAS for common carotid stenosis, and ICAS for internal carotid stenosis. On the other hand, infrared thermograph of bilateral facial sides of the particiants was taken as well. Using a computerized programmatic strategy, the raw image data were processed to calculate the mean temperature and the standard deviation of each side of the 26 patients. In 52 samples (both sides of 26 patients)of this study, there are 29 (55.8%) CCAS, 25 ( 48.1%)ECAS, and 31 ( 59.6%)ICAS. The mean temperature of all 52 samples is 32.72 +/-1.19 degree Celsius, and the average standard deviation of all the samples is 2.01 +/-1.10 degree Celsius. The mean temperature of the ECAS group is significantly lower than that of non-ECAS group (32.33+/-1.03 versus 33.08+/-1.24degC, p=0.022), and the standard deviation of the facial temperature distribution is also lower in the CCAS patients (1.68+/-1.09 versus 2.31+/-1.04degC, p=0.037). In contrast, the ICAS group has the higher mean facial temperature (33.06 +/-1.02 versus 32.22 +/-1.28, p=0.012) (Figure 9), and higher standard deviation of the facial temperature distribution (2.27+/-1.12 versus 1.62+/-0.97, p=0.036) than the non-ICAS patients. The mean temperature and the standard deviation of facial infrared thermograph are significantly associated with carotid stenosis. Such an approach might give a light on the development of the fast screening method of carotid stenosis.

To quantify the permeability of rat pial microvessels, we measured the apparent microvessel permeability (P) to various sized solutes. Rats (SD, 250-300 g) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital given subcutaneously and kept warm on a heating pad. The pial microcirculation was observed by a high numerical aperture objective lens through a section of frontoparietal bones thinned with a high-speed micro-grinder (revised method from Easton et al., 1997). During the measurement, the surface of the brain was constantly superfused with 37 degrees Celsius artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Sodium fluorescein (MW 376, Stokes radius 0.45 nm) with concentration 0.5 mg/ml or FITC-dextran (MW 4000, Stokes radius 1.8 nm) with concentration 1 mg/ml in 1% BSA mammalian Ringer, was introduced into the cerebral circulation via the ipsilateral carotid artery by a syringe pump at a constant rate of 3 ml/min. P was determined using a quantitative fluorescence imaging and analyzing method. The mean P to sodium fluorescein for 10 vessels was 1.31 (plusmn0.36 SD) times 10-6 cm/s. This value is about one-twentieth of that found in rat mesenteric microvessels, 2.6 times 10-5 cm/s (Fu and Shen, 2004). The mean P to FITC-Dextran for 5 vessels was 0.41 (plusmn 0.29 SD) times 10-6 cm/s.

Leaching behaviors for polychlorinated biphenyls in solid materials (PCBs-ISM) found onboard ex-Navy vessels have been investigated under laboratory-simulated shallow water (artificial reef) conditions. The following broad classes of shipboard solids were the focus of this study: electrical cable, felt gasket, bulkhead insulation, foam rubber, black rubber, and paint. Experiments were performed at 25 degrees Celsius to approximate sea-surface temperatures found in United States coastal areas (shallow/reef conditions). Average leach rates were determined by continuously exposing the solids to seawater under dynamic laboratory-simulated reef conditions for 14-16 months. The PCB mass released from each solid was determined from the PCB mass present in the seawater volume surrounding the solid at sequential time intervals over the course of the total exposure or leaching time. In general, results of these leaching experiments indicate that PCB release from shipboard solid matrices is very low and attenuated to varying degrees as a function of solid matrix type. The shipboard-solid-specific leaching behaviors were quantified as a function of time to evaluate temporal effects related to shipboard solid conditioning and PCB depletion. None of the materials tested exhibited a constant PCB release rate; rather, the leach rates were variable and changed as a function of exposure time. This type of behavior is characterized by an initial leach rate increase, followed by a leach rate maximum, beyond which the leach rate decreases monotonically over a significantly longer timeframe. The required exposure time to reach a maximum leach rate was variable for each solid, from immediate (days) to gradual (months), suggesting differing degrees of initial conditioning for each solid upon seawater exposure. Leach rates observed over the course of each leaching experiment for any given solid were observed to span several orders of magnitude. Upon comparing the leach rate behaviors observed for different shipboard solids, these differences also spanned several orders of magnitude, indicating that PCB release is also affected to varying degrees by different solid matrices. Although these warm temperature leach rates were the primary focus of the effort reported here, these studies were complemented by a set of experiments performed to investigate thermodynamic effects for lower temperatures expected at greater ocean depths (4 degrees Celsius). These cold temperature leach rate behaviors and relative leach rate rankings were similar to the 25 degrees Celsius leach rate results. However, 4 degrees Celsius leach rate magnitudes were significantly suppressed and slower initial kinetics were observed during the initial conditioning period. This temperature dependence is significant for the sinking of vessels as artificial reefs in cold shallow water, in addition to the sinking of vessels in deeper ocean environments. PCB leach rate results and data treatments will be presented, with particular emphasis on using these empirical data in risk assessments evaluating the re-use of ex-Navy vessels for constructing artificial reefs

To more scientifically discuss fracture problems associated with cryopreservation of aorta, the effects of temperature, cooling rate and cryo-protective agent on the fracture mechanics properties of frozen rabbit aorta have been investigated with dynamical mechanics analyser (DMA), and the test method for crack criterion of frozen rabbit aorta was also explored. The results show that: as temperature is decreasing, the fracture modes of frozen rabbit aorta are from typical ductile fracture to typical brittle fracture, and its resist-fracture ability weakens remarkably from -20 centigrade to -80 centigrade . The cooling rates have no effects on the fracture modes when cooled to -50 centigrade , but the resist-fracture ability of frozen rabbit aorta will be stronger when the sample treated by a higher cooling rate. Due to the hydration action of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), the rabbit aorta permeated by 10% (V/V) DMSO presents typical ductile fracture when it was cooled to -50 centigrade, so its resist-fracture ability is enhanced obviously. Compared to the axial sample, the peripheral sample's resist-fracture ability is larger than that of the former

Whether copper sulfate affects the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes in blood was investigated. We performed the experiment by placing by 1ml of blood in plastic vials. After that, we added 10/spl mu/l of 1% CuSO/sub 4/ solution to an aliquot. Then, we put 10/spl mu/l of 5% of CuSO/sub 4/ to 1ml of the same blood into different vial. Following this procedure, we incubated the blood with the various concentrations of CuSO/sub 4/ to 37 degrees Celcius for ten minutes. Then, we determined the sedimentation rates of the red blood cells (RBCs) for the control, the blood that contained .001% of CuSO/sub 4/, and the blood that contained .005% of CuSO/sub 4/. We repeated this experiment with fourteen (n=14) different samples of blood. The results indicate that there was a statistical significance (P

In CELSIUS, the tunes are up till now measured by FFT-analysing the response, at a beam position monitor, of a transverse kick of the beam. This FFT has to be performed over a wide frequency range and requires a high sampling frequency, and thus a large number of samples. By mixing-down the frequency range of interest, with a signal equal to the RF-frequency multiplied by the expected tune, and measuring the deviation from the expected tune-value, the FFT can be made with a smaller number of samples and in the same frequency range independently of the RF-frequency. This way the FFT will be calculated faster by the computer, making it possible to measure the Q-values with a higher repetition rate. The set-up of this system and the results will be reported.

We report the results obtained with a frequency instability measurement system based upon the dual-mixer time-difference scheme working at 10 MHz with a 1 Hz beat note. It shows a two samples (Allan deviation) measurement floor of 5.6.10/sup -14///spl tau/ and a temperature sensitivity of some picoseconds per Celsius.