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The lead-acid battery and ultra-capacitor energy system which is combined with a two quadrant DC/DC converter is investigated. The simplified equivalent circuit model is built; also an energy flow model of the duplex energy storing system is established based on system energy flow. The simulation is carried out under Matlab/Simulink, and the HIL (hardware-in-loop) test is accomplished on the regenerative braking system test bench. The result indicated that the reclaimed energy with duplex energy storing system is much larger than separated one of them, and the use of duplex energy storing system is better for optimizing management of regenerative braking.

We investigate that the equivalent Kerr self-phase-modulation (SPM) and cross-phase-modulation (XPM) effects introduced in cascaded second-order processes is dependent on the phase mismatch and group velocity mismatch. Adiabatic compression of quadratic solitons and frequency shift is reported.