Search

Sketching education is a hot topic in design and this paper presents an exploration on the elements of sketch to develop its quality. It focused on the relationship between text description in sketch and sketch quality. By monitoring the sketch process and recording the sketch data, the relationship was chiefly explored by coding the creative points in sketch process and comparing the behavioral properties of creative points in sketches. Sketches are also divided into text sketches and graphic sketches according to their description form. The analysis showed that behavioral patterns related to text description were the same between high quality group and low quality group, but high quality sketches had more text description around the creative points. It also presented that high quality sketches with text description sketched slower in creative points. We advise that emphasis on combination of textual and graphic thinking maybe more proper in designers' sketching education.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has a crucial role in inflammation and is synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), of which the expression is induced in inflammatory site by inflammatory stimuli like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, nine flavonoids were tested for their effects on prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. All the nine compounds, including apigenin, lute Olin, scutellarein, quercetin, myricetin, isoquercitrin, genistein, hyperoside, rutin effectively inhibited the LPS-induced PGE2 production but only isoquercitrin showed the significant inhibitory effect on the COX-2 expression. It was found that isoquercitrin exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of PGE2 production and COX-2 expression with the estimated IC50 values of 25 µM and 65 µM, respectively. The results introduce isoquercitrin as a good compound capable of down regulating the expression of COX-2.

In this study, antioxidant peptides from scallop were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis using scallop skirt as the material. Firstly, the trypsin was one of the hydrolysis of scallop skirt. The content of AN was the standard of choosing the suitable enzyme for the hydrolysis. Finally, the aim of the study is to search the proper condition of trypsin and prospect for the future work.

To enhance the rate of reuse of seafood by-product,we choose discarded oyster shells and Glycine as the main raw material, using water-phase synthesis to prepare chelate. The mass ratio of ash and Glycine, add water and the reaction time are the three factors, The reaction under the conditions of aqueous phase in the 90∼100 centigrade, with stirred tank reactor. Through the single factor experiments and orthogonal test and analysis, finding the most suitable conditions for chelation, according to primary and secondary in the order: Glycine and ash ratio of 1∶3, Glycine concentration of 2.5%, reaction time is 30min.

Through domestication and enrichment culture, 53 bacterial strains were screened from polluted soil of different sources, among which 2 strains with strong degradation ability were identified.T-2 Strain belongs to Flavobacterium, M-4 Strain, Fusarium . Study on the optimal conditions of T-2 and M-4 for degradating castor-based lubricant was made. The optimal condition of T-2 strain is : 30 °C, pH 7.0, while the best condition for M-4 strain is : 30 °C, pH 6.5 .Research on degradation characteristics of castor-based lubricant of T-2 and M-4 strain shows that adding appropriate nitrogen source prompting degradation of castor-based lubricant ,among which ammonium sulfate is better. Low concentration of surfactants could promote the growth of microorganisms and the degradation of castor-based lubricant, and the optimal concentration of Tween-80 were 600 mg / L and 900 mg / L. Co-substrate culture showed that 0.02% glucose increased the degradation rate of T-2 strain.

For hundreds of years, safflower seed oil has been used in folk medicine for inflammatory skin disorders. In its natural state, the oil contains high levels of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly linoleic acid (LA), which has several pharmaceutical properties. Safflower seed oil is a nice resource of linoleic acid with a content of 69.5% of the total fatty acids. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, whose absence in a normal diet has been described as responsible for the development of a wide variety of diseases. Highly purified LA is required on pharmaceutical products and it can be produced through urea inclusion and column chromatography. This work reports as recovery of highly purified linoleic acid from safflower seed oil by means of a process, which involves safflower seed oil saponification, followed by concentration of the fatty acids by urea inclusion adducts method. Thereafter, the fatty acids were methylated and linoleic acid methyl ester was purified by using argentated silica gel column chromatography. The recovery in the combined process was 77%, and the final purity was 96.7% The suitability of a single procedure without urea inclusion fractionation was also studied and compared.

Natamycin is a safe polyene antifungal compound. This paper investigated the inhibiting effect of natamycin on Saccharomyces cerevisiaes. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of natamycin on Saccharomyces cerevisiae S101 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae S201 were 9ppm and 7ppm, respectively. Natamycin was used to detect the beer spoilage bacteria in the process of beer production. The results indicated that natamycin could be used as antifungal in the determination of beer-spoilage bacteria of brewing.

In this work, the optimum culture for Monacolin K generaion by Monascus was investigated using rice, sweet potato, potato and dioscorea as the substrates, respectively, and the effect of citric acid on the secondary metabolism of Monascus was also evaluated. Results showed that the production of Monacolin K reached to 4.209 mg/g with dioscorea as the substrate, which was 45.6% higher than that using rice as the substrate. Furthermore, the production of Monacolin K could elevate to 5.26 mg/g by adding 1% citric acid to dioscorea substrate, which was 28% higher than that without citric acid supplementation, while the generation of citrinin declined by 62% with a content of to 3.56 μg/g. According to adjusting pH by lactic acid to the same level as that by adding 1% citric acid, lower production of Monacolin K was obtained with a concent of 4.098 mg/g, that is, a decreasement of 23.3%, indicating that citric acid could affect the secondary metabolite throught regulating the metabolism of Monascus.

Pinus armandi franch is a special local plant in China and its seed oil is a nice resource of linoleic acid (LA) with a content of 63% of the total fatty acid. LA is an essential fatty acid and it exerts a variety of physiological functions. The absence of LA in the diet is responsible for the development of various abnormal disorders. Highly purified LA is required on pharmaceutical applications. This work reports recovery of highly purified LA from Pinus armandi franch seed oil by means of a process including Pinus armandi franch seed oil saponification and concentration of the fatty acids by urea inclusion fractionation method. Afterward, PUFA were methylated, and the urea-concentrate methylated was purified by using silver-silica gel column chromatography. Silver-silica gel chromatography yields high purity LA in the procedure in Pinus armandi franch seed oil. The recovery for the combined procedure was 79%, with a final purity 97.03%. Therefore, highly pure PUFA linoleic acid could be obtained by silver-silica gel chromatography column.

Lactobacillus acidophilus La-1 was encapsulated as freeze-dried culture and its survival rates under various extreme conditions were investigated in this work. The survival rate of the freeze-dried bacteria remained at 87.1% with the viable counts of 2.26×108 cfu/mL, while keeping at pH 2.5 for 2 h, and the micronized culture was also tolerant to 6% NaCl. In 0.1% bile salt medium, the viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-1 reached to 3.39×109 cfu/mL, and it could also grow exposing to 0.5% bile salt medium. The viable counts were 9.33×107 and 1.03×108 cfu/mL, with survival rates of 44.64% and 49.28%, after keeping in simulated gastric or intestinal juice for 2 h, respectively. These results indicated that the encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-1 as lyophilized culture could be quite effective for the bacteria to survive in extreme conditions, and the freeze-dried culture powder might be thus appropriate to be applied in foods or nutritious supplements.

The pickled Chinese cabbage is one of the traditional fermented vegetables in China. In this article, the spontaneous and Lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculated fermentation methods were compared. The nitrite peak came forth at the middle stage of natural fermentation, but did not appear at the LAB starter fermentation. The pickled Chinese cabbage with natural and inoculated processing was safe, as no nitrite was monitored at the end of the fermentation. The acid milieu was meritorious in eradicating the cumulated nitrite in pickled Chinese cabbage.

Monascus pigment, one kind of natural food colorants made from Monascus fermentation, is usually accompanied with citrinin contamination more or less. In this paper temperature influence on citrinin accumulation was investigated. Two strains, Monascus aurantiacus (CGMCC AS 3.4384, a citrinin producer), and Monascus sp. M108 (a pigments producer) were examined. The citrinin production of two strains decreased dramatically when the culture temperature increased from 27 o C to 37 o C. The results also demonstrated that the citrinin can be metabolized by Monascus itself. A simple and effective method was found to reduce citrinin content by manipulating the fermentation at proper high temperature without decreasing the pigment production. As a result, we acquire a safety pigment production offered by Monascus.

In order to obtain high quantity and quality of pigment, we investigated the blue light effects on pigment and citrinin production of Monascus in submerged fermentation. Our study showed that at the 6 th day of the fermentation, the pigment production enhanced 28.5% upon blue light illumination whereas the citrinin content decreased 79.0% when comparing with that in dark. The degradation effects of blue light on pigment and citrinin were also investigated. The degradation of pigment and citrinin were followed a first-order reaction kinetics. The half lives of citrinin and pigment were 4.7% and 47% of those under the darkness, respectively. Although the pigment was unstable under blue light illumination, the production of pigment still increased dramatically, which further implied that the blue light, maybe as a signal factor, stimulated the pigment accumulation. Higher degradation rate upon blue light seems to be the dominant factor that contributed to the lower citrinin content obtained from blue light assisted fermentation.

The relationship between alcohol consumption and onsets of breast cancer (BC) keeps obscure. A local gene network (LGN) was constructed using 24 breast cancer susceptibility genes that participate in known signal transduction pathways. It was found that the LGN was able to directly link several genes (ALDH, ADH1B and HDAC1) that have approved functions in alcohol metabolism. Further analysis indicated that the above three genes were associated with each other by other genes and metabolic molecules. Microarray data from 106 individual breast cancer patients and 4 normal people indicated that several key alcohol metabolism related genes were de-regulated and would induce genotypic combinations with the BC-specific LGN.