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Billions of ringgits are consistently being invested by the oil and gas companies to ensure pipeline integrity, especially to address problems caused by pipelines. However, the existing solutions in predicting corrosion occurrence often lead to an extremely high cost to be implemented. Worse, the current implementations require manual data entry, which lengthen the time taken for processing in order to obtain a reliable corrosion prediction. If a corroded pipeline failed to be predicted much earlier, the pipes might burst and will cause a significant chain of events that will affect the aqua eco-system. The companies will suffer huge financial losses to mitigate the catastrophic situation. Hence, a better pipeline corrosion determination mechanism needs to be developed to address the issues found in this dissertation. Through early prediction on the corrosion occurence, it will provide the user with the knowledge for a better decision making. This paper will deliberate on a system that predicts corrosion rate using the deWaard- Milliams model. Arduino UNO R3 was used in this project, in predicting the corrosion rate. As a proof of concept and performance, simulations were carried out using synthetic dataset to test the efficiency of the proposed system. Synthetic data was generated through the Gaussian function in Java. The proposed prototype was tested. Three types of testing were conducted which are data quality test, accuracy test and corrosion rate analysis. Data quality test is to ensure the synthetic data generated are closely matched with real data. Accuracy test evaluates the predicted corrosion rate against the real field data obtained from literature studies. Corrosion rate analysis provides an overview and comparison between the effects of the parameters determining the corrosion rate and the predicted corrosion rate. The results exhibit the capability of the mechanism to accurately predict the corrosion rate.

Over-reliance in the information provided by electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) is a higher risk in navigation. This paper states the advantages of ECDIS and potential human errors, equipment errors and operation errors that have been found in using ECDIS. The root cause analysis for determining the core errors, the error chain in using ECDIS is discussed and identified, then the comments for correctly using ECDIS is proposed.

Events, incidents, accidents, failures, production losses, life reduction of equipment, casualties, and insurance coverage are all critical topics with respect to safety, reliability, and economics. This paper identifies and summarizes some typical failures, chain of events, and causes as related to electrical systems. The aim of the work is to depict the state of the art and the current challenges of engineering practices for the design, operation, and safety of electrical systems in mining environments. Among other situations, a case of failure analysis related with an important loss claim, regarding the loss of field excitation in a mill drive with a synchronous motor is presented. Methods and processes to effectively and consistently evaluate and avoid incidents are also analyzed.

An analysis of the causes of runway incursions is discussed. It is seen that control of airport surface operations is complex. Runway incursions usually occur because of multiple factors that combine to form a critical chain of events, culminating in an incident if uninterrupted. Taken individually, these same factors may seem insignificant. It is included that there is no single outstanding cause, and there is no single solution. >