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The presented study is focused on the idea to develop a thermo-chemical model for calculations in the interior ballistics, which is based on the first law of thermodynamics for the open system of variable chemical composition. This one governing equation is completed by influences of: the rate of burning and the propellant gases release by combustion of propellant, heat transfer, frictional losses, etc. The problem is solved using the MATLAB code. The result of the solution represents the determination of the time courses of the propellant gases chemical composition, the pressure, the temperature, the bullet travel, and the bullet velocity. The developed computer program can be used for various tasks in the interior ballistics of arm guns. Presented model and program was validated for the case of 9 mm Luger cartridges.

In order to better simulate the vertical ejection process of a certain type of surface-to-air missile, this article establishes a certain type of surface-to-air missile ejection device high-pressure indoor ballistic equation, low-pressure indoor ballistic equation, missile motion equation and pressure relief hole exhaust equation, and use MATLAB software to program. The pressure curves of the high and low pressure chambers with time, the gunpowder combustion curve and the missile movement curve are obtained. Comparing the data simulation results with the research results of other scholars, the results show that the algorithm can better reflect the change trend of each key parameter in the missile ejection process, and the obtained data can be used as the experimental basis for missile launch dynamics simulation.

This paper describes the analysis of interior ballistics of 9x19 mm Luger cartridge using the Monte Carlo method. Varieties of input data are changed pseudo-random following a certain distribution function. The number of iterations was determined based on the stability of the output data, which are the initial velocity of the bullet and maximum pressure of gases in the barrel bore. Based on the analysis of output data, the tolerances of inputs (risk variables) were determined. For the 9x19 mm Luger cartridge, the number of iterations 2 000 was taken; if the tolerance of maximal pressure is 1 0%, the tolerance of propellant’s mass has to be lower than 4 % within the tolerance of 3 % for all other risk variables; if the tolerance of initial velocity is 3 %, the tolerance of projectile’s mass has to be lower than 4 % (resp. m q =8± 0. 16g) within the tolerance of 3 % for all other risk variables. The research method in this paper can be used in the development of a new cartridge.

The paper presents a system of differential equations to solve the interior ballistics of HV-76 trial gun [1], which uses the principle of high - low pressure weapon. The paper has researched the effect of the nozzle ultimate section diameter on the highest value of pressure in the high-pressure chamber as well as in the low-pressure chamber, and the muzzle velocity of the projectile fired from HV-76 trial gun to determine parameters of electronic fuse [7]. The results obtained of the paper were used as a scientific basis which helps to determine the reasonable parameter of the nozzle ultimate section diameter for design and manufacture of HV76 trial gun as well as other types of high - low pressure weapon.

The method of three-dimensional ballistic modeling and simulation of shipborne air-defence guided projectile is discussed. Firstly, the force and guidance law of the projectile are analyzed, and taking the proportional guidance as an example, the method establish the simulation model of the air-defence guided projectile ballistic from the perspective by dynamics. Secondly, the selection criteria of some parameters are discussed, and the three-dimensional ballistic simulation is performed by Matlab. Finally, the effects of the motion parameters such as projectile speed, target speed and proportional coefficient on the trajectory and encounter time are analyzed. The simulation results show that the method is correct and feasible, and it has certain significance for the ballistic design and optimization of shipborne air-defence guided projectile.

This paper presents a novel concept of a naval decoy launcher working on the principle of high-low pressure system using a secondary propellant charge located in the low-pressure chamber. A system of internal ballistic equations suitable for computer analysis is developed to predict the considered decoy launcher performance. The problem is solved using MATLAB environment. The variation of gases pressure and the time change of decoy velocity and displacement are studied. An experimental setup has been established for the purpose of verifying the results of solution.

The motion of the projectile inside the gun barrel and its emergence from it causes different flow phenomena such as precursor phenomena, muzzle flash phenomena to occur, across its surrounding. The projectile is under the influence of muzzle flash shock wave till it is completely out of it. To visualize the intermediate ballistic zone of a low calibre supersonic projectile, an effective non-intrusive flow visualization tool i.e. Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) technique is implemented here. The technique involves that the variation of density in the flow field causes change in refractive index. The BOS technique involves a background of good contrast characteristics, digital camera of good resolution. The details about the experimental set up are described in the paper. The density field is reconstructed by solving the Poisson equation in which the source term is obtained from cross-correlation between the distorted and undistorted image of the background. The muzzle flash phenomena and the density field distribution in the intermediate ballistic zone are discussed.

Latest technology demands good design matric. Digital counter is one of the fair product use to counting purpose. In military domain need to maintain various logbook to maintain firing round and magazine. As results need of smart electronic tools to help out in better performance of weapons. Working life, maintenance, soldier shooting training performance, information relating weapons is major issue can solve with smart counter. Position sensor used to sensing redundant event of weapon. So, arduino is best IDE to develop a hardware plus firmware for counting the number of round fired of ballistics projectiles. The armaments like rifle, gun and big cannons require to count the number of round fire and process the data for various analytical purpose. The proposed work will design and develop a round counter, which can display remaining round in magazine with less power and memory consumption.

The need to accurately predict the terminal ballistics of kinetic energy projectiles in Vulnerability/Lethality models is of paramount importance to the U.S. Department of Defense. In previous work, an artificial neural network was trained on a set of 1,877 data points to predict perforation, residual velocity, and residual mass of a kinetic energy projectile impacting a target consisting of a single homogeneous-monolithic-metallic element. The capability of that neural network was extended to handle targets consisting of multiple homogeneous-monolithic-metallic elements by iteratively applying the artificial neural network on each element in the target and using the predicted residual properties as inputs for the next element. The performance of that approach is analyzed against a phenomenological model that is currently used by the U.S. Department of Defense for modeling the terminal ballistics of kinetic energy projectiles. For completeness, the performance of the neural network against single element targets is also revisited since more data are now available.

The paper is focused on the development of a thermodynamic mathematical model describing the internal ballistic phenomena, taking place within working chambers of an airgun. The objective is to derive a governing equation modeling the change of gas temperature in a control volume subsuming several incoming and outgoing mass airflow rates. A novel algorithm for solving internal ballistics of all types of airguns is also developed and applied for the case of spring-piston airgun. The mathematical model and solving algorithm are validated and verified experimentally.

The knowledge of internal ballistics simulation is quite obscure due to security reason related to rocket implementation for national defense. Internal ballistics simulation involves complex calculation of thrust profile generated by burning solid propellant mass. The design of appropriate solid propellant mass for desired thrust profile requires visualization of propellant mass and overlook how it burns from the start to the end. Object-oriented programming has been used as a tool for simulation of complex mathematic algorithms in many fields. This paper introduced object-oriented programming framework and software architecture for solving complex calculation of thrust profile and visualization of burning solid propellant. JAVA programming language is chosen to implement a test program for proving objected-oriented programming based internal ballistics simulation. The result shows the reasonable trend of thrust profile according to the real behavior of thrust generated by solid propellant. This paper gives intuitive idea of implementing simulation tool for designing of solid propellant mass in rocket application.

The work is devoted to development of software complex for simulation of artillery shot, which includes calculation module, input and output data, modules of scientific graphics and 3D visualization. Mathematical models of internal and external ballistics of artillery shot are shown. Developing toolkit for software complex and its functionality are described in the paper.

Current gun technology uses solid propellants that consist of small geometrically similar grains which are ignited by a primer. Propellant burn characteristics are determined by a combination of the chemical propellant itself and grain geometry. The ballistic characteristics of a preformed cartridge cannot be changed in real time. Thus, varying applications require the use of different projectiles, propellants, and launch systems.

Aiming at solving gun management hidden trouble when privates on duty, a new tear gas grenade which launches without barrels was putting forward. MATLAB software simulation technology applied for programming and testing on interior ballistics model for numerical simulation of this grenade, and analyzed of the ballistic law of motion in the projectile and the factors that affect the indicators, laid the theoretical foundation for the design of the missile body.

Since the traditional ballistics imaging system is dependent upon the expertise and experience of end-user, an intelligent ballistics imaging system is highly demanded to overcome the drawbacks of traditional techniques. This paper aims to develop a novel ballistics imaging system so as to combine the traditional functions with new features such as the line-scan image module, the characteristics extraction module, and the intelligent image processing module. With the help of these features, the new system can identify firearm more efficiently and effectively than the traditional techniques.

The identification of ballistics specimens from imaging systems is of paramount importance in criminal investigation. Binarization plays a key role in preprocess of recognizing cartridges in the ballistic imaging systems. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to get the satisfactory binary image using existing binary algorithms. In this paper, we utilize the global and local thresholds to enhance the image binarization. Importantly, we present a novel criterion for effectively detecting edges in the images. Comprehensive experiments have been conducted over sample ballistic images. The empirical results demonstrate the proposed method can provide a better solution than existing binary algorithms.

A new species of gun (Rarefaction wave gun) propulsion that dramatically reduce recoil momentum and heat imparted to the future cannons during firing. The method may be considered a hybrid propulsion technology with features common to both closed-breech cannons and recoilless rifles. A new interior ballistics model is presented, which may better be understood. Expatiated and argued contents as follow: background and meaning of study the task, the theory and numerical simulation of interior ballistic based on modern two-phase flow theory.

Base on the launch mechanism and structure characteristic of rarefaction wave gun, interior ballistic gas dynamic model of it applying the inertial breech that considering the dynamic opening process of went equipment is established. By calculating the model the distribution of interior ballistic parameters in the launch process are also discussed, and then by contrasting the distribution of press, temperature, recoil force and recoil momentum of the same type general gun. It is concluded that rarefaction wave gun can extremely reduce recoil momentum to 88.3% and reduce the barrel temperature to 34.1% without effect the muzzle velocity under the same loading condition.

The paper describes some of important technologies in the firearm identification using forensic ballistics specimens. The mapping of micro-surfaces on regions on the specimens for comparison to establish identification according to the precision of measurement of the features has been proposed. The physical techniques of linescan, laser depth proofing, and photonic 3D topography can be developed into future tools for forensic ballisticians for identification of cartridge cases and projectiles.

This paper will discuss an experimental approach for matching toolmark images from the linescan technique and measurements from the profilometry technique of surface mapping. By relating the topography of a region on the surface of a cartridge case and projectile to that region on the unwrapped image from the linescan technique, a potential match may be developed. The application of depth profiling of imperfections on the projectiles and cartridges from the firing of a weapon has the potential to map unique markings on the ballistics specimens from crime scene firearms. The paper will show depth profiles of land marks and groove marks of projectiles, and firing pin marks and breach face marks on cartridges as examples supporting the potential for the profiling technique.

The characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet fired from a gun can be recognised as a "fingerprint" for identification of the firearm. Over thirty different features within these markings can be distinguished, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for identification of a firearm. The analysis of marks on cartridge casings and projectiles that have been fired, provides a precise tool for identifying the class of firearm from which a bullet was discharged. The measurement of features on ballistics cartridge cases and projectiles allow precise ballistics metrics to be obtained of cartridge case and projectile class characteristics for the identification of the make and model of the firearm. These different features within these markings and patterns can be identified, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for any type of firearm. A variety of features can be observed under moderate or high magnification of the specimen. However, not all features are observable for all weapons under all conditions of discharge. This situation represents the classical situation of "missing data" when attempting to demonstrate "similarity" between specimens. This condition is overcome by seeking "feature by feature" comparisons without achieving identical matching for the crime scene and test specimens. This paper will describe progress in the development of a multi-dimensional cluster analysis model for forensic ballistics specimens to identify the type of weapon that produced these ballistics specimens. The cluster analysis will provide classification that is based on scalar shape and measurement parameters for the three-dimensional features of class characteristics. These class characteristics include calibre, firing pin mark, ejector mark, and extractor mark for the cartridge case; and number and widths of land and groove marks, and the direction of twist of rifling on the projectiles. The selection of appropriate class characteristics for cartridge and projectile can be mapped in N-dimensional space to provide clustering for particular weapon types. By mapping the crime scene specimen to the multidimensional ballistics data, the possibility of a match for identification may be achieved. This project has the potential to significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of tracing of firearms used in criminal activities.

The identification of firearms from forensic ballistics specimens is an exacting and intensive activity performed by specialists with extensive experience. The introduction of imaging technology to assist the identification process of firearms has enhanced the ability of forensic ballisticians to conduct analyses of these specimens for identification. The characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet fired from a gun can be recognised as a fingerprint for identification of the firearm. Forensic ballistics imaging has the capacity to produce high-resolution digital images of cartridge cases and projectiles for matching of crime scene specimens to test specimens. Projectile bullets fired through the barrel of a gun will exhibit extremely fine striation markings, some of which are derived from minute irregularities in the barrel produced during the manufacturing process. The examination of these striations on the land marks and groove marks of the projectile is difficult using conventional optical microscopy. However, digital imaging techniques have the potential to detect the presence of striations on ballistics specimens for identification matching. This paper describes a linescan imaging technique to examine the striation markings on the land marks and groove marks of projectiles for positive identification. The paper discusses the application of the technique to cylindrical forensic ballistics specimens, and the potential of the technique for image matching. Digital images of land marks and groove marks of projectiles produced by the line scan technique are presented, and analyses of the images are conducted.

The need forfirearm identijication systems by police services continues to increase with greater accessibility to weapons in the national and international contexts. The d$ficuIties associated with traditional imaging of ballistics specimens are numerous, and include the smallness ofthe samples, the nature ofthe surfaces and shapes for the cartridge cases andprojectiles. The "mechanicaljingerprinl" onfired bullets and cartridge cases can be used to identify thejirearm that theypassed through. A PC basedfirearm identijicafion system, Fireball, has been developed at Edith Cowan University and used by police ballistics sections in Australia. This paper willgive a brief description of this system and details ofthe image processing such as segmentation, feature extraction and image processing before saving images to the image database. Examples will be given to demonstrate the methodology.

Characteristic markings on the cartridge case and projectile of a fired bullet are created when it is fired. Over thirty different features within these marks can be distinguished, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for a firearm. By analyzing features within such a set of firearm fingerprints, it will be possible to identify not only the type and model of a firearm, but also each every individual weapon as effectively as human fingerprint identification. A new analytic system based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) for identifying the projectile specimens by the line-scan imaging technique is proposed in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed system can be used for firearm identification efficiently and precisely through digitizing and analyzing the fired projectiles specimens.

The potential exists for the detection of ballistics projectiles in flight by electro-optics and allied optical systems which provide discrete numerically coded output signals for the determination of the position and diameter of a projectile passing through the test region. This paper evaluates these technologies that could be applied to the development of a forensic ballistics projectile location system. The requirements of forensic ballistics research for projectile location are discussed and the properties of the electro-optical technologies that favour application to the development of the high-resolution projectile location systems are examined. This paper considers a selection of optical projectile location systems in order to exhibit the principles of operation of detecting both subsonic and supersonic bullets in flight. The forensic applications of the precise measurements of the parameters associated with the motion of the projectile will permit a better understanding of the behaviour of weapons and projectiles in the solving of weapons-related crime.

Characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet are produced when a gun is fired. Over thirty different features within these markings can be distinguished, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for identification of a firearm. This paper will describe an investigation into the development of an imaging system for Police Services which can store, analyse, retrieve, and match high resolution digital images of cartridge cases. A computerised imaging system for ballistics identification will produce efficiencies in time and personnel, and permit a more precise audit of firearms within a country. The project has produced good quality high resolution digitised images of cartridge cases for the identification function. The development of the optical system to optimise image quality has been crucial for the image identification phase. By classifying cartridge image attributes, it is possible to store the unique "signatures" of cartridge cases for identification. Appropriate image processing provides the signatures for the image library. The Fireball forensic ballistics interactive database incorporates a Graphics User Interface (GUI) to obtain precise ballistics metrics of cartridge case class characteristics. Features of the Fireball forensic ballistics database will be presented, together with a description of the major applications of this ballistics imaging system.

A new line-scan imaging technique, well-suited to the inspection of ballistics specimens, is presented. The proposed system addresses a number of problems associated with the imaging of cartridge cases when conventional inspection techniques are used. This particular paper deals exclusively with imaging of the cylindrical surface of cartridge cases. Imaging of the firing pin marks on the end of the case is not considered. Results obtained so far from a prototype system are presented. It should be noted that this technique is still very much in its experimental phase and that as yet it has not been fully investigated for this forensic ballistics application.

Characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet are produced when a gun is fired. Over thirty different features within these markings can be distinguished, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for identification of a firearm. This paper describes an investigation into the development of an imaging system which can store, analyse, retrieve, and match high resolution digital images of cartridge cases. A computerised imaging system for ballistics identification will produce efficiencies in time and personnel, and permit a more precise audit of firearms within a country. The project has produced good quality high resolution digitised images of cartridge cases. The development of the optical system to optimise image quality has been crucial for the image identification phase. By classifying cartridge image attributes, it is possible to store the unique "signatures" of cartridge cases for identification. Appropriate image processing provides the signatures for the image library. The FIREBALL forensic ballistics interactive database incorporates a graphics user interface (GUI) to obtain precise ballistics metrics of cartridge case class characteristics. This project will significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of ballistics records and assist the tracing of firearms used in criminal activities by law enforcement agencies.

The characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet fired from a gun can be recognised as a "fingerprint" for identification of the firearm. Over thirty different features can be distinguished. The intelligent imaging of the class characteristics of ballistics specimens will provide the potential to identify the make and model of the firearm. Precise measurement of features allow ballistics metrics to be obtained for the identification of the weapon. This paper will describe progress in the development of a multidimensional cluster analysis model for forensic ballistics specimens. The cluster analysis will provide classification that is based on scalar shape and measurement parameters for the 3D features of class characteristics. The selection of appropriate class characteristics for cartridge and projectile can be mapped in N-dimensional space to provide clustering for particular weapon types. By mapping the crime scene specimen to the multidimensional ballistics data, the possibility of a match for identification can be achieved.

The identification of firearms from forensic ballistics specimens is an exacting and intensive activity performed by specialists with extensive experience. The introduction of imaging technology to assist the identification process of firearms has enhanced the ability of forensic ballisticians to analyse the specimens. This paper describes a development in the application of imaging technology for the identification of forensic ballistics specimens. Both the line-scan technique and the surface profiling technique have been applied to cylindrical ballistics projectiles to provide additional optical information for analyses. The combination of these two techniques will allow correlational data to validate the analysis of class characteristics and unique markings on forensic ballistics specimens.

A system for enemy jet aircraft detection, targeting, and elimination using ballistic projectiles is demonstrated using a scaled down model. The enemy jet aircraft is a plastic 1/48 scale model of a F-16C tactical air defense fighter. An optical target acquisition system is used to locate the jet aircraft in 3-dimensional space. Once the aircraft is located, a microcontroller then calculates the required ballistics to fire a 'ping pong ball' projectile at the target. A pneumatic reservoir is used as a pressure source. The main gun uses a high velocity jet stream to propel the projectile down the firing tube. Upon operator command, the microcontroller will fire the projectile eliminating the Bogie. Communication occurs through a 10 button key pad and a 40 character 2-line display on the main control unit. This project demonstrates the maximum I/O usage of the MC68HC11 EVB Evaluation Board at the minimum cost. It incorporates mixed signal integration of analog and digital signals using proven noise reduction techniques. This project explores basic engineering equations and included fabrication of a pressure sensor using the storage container as the sensing element.